Clause-embedding predicates

import Linglib.Syntax.Clause.Embedding · namespace Clause

A predicate that embeds a clause has properties that concern its complement and do not depend on its word class, as know, be aware and the rest of Noonan's complement-taking predicates show: its factivity, the implication signature saying what it implies about the complement in positive and negative contexts, the attitude it expresses, whether it makes the complement opaque, and its monotonicity in the complement. A frame can override them for one complement (Clause.Embedding.Reading). A verb or an adjective carries them by extending Clause.Embedding, and a predicate that embeds no clause has the default values.

Implementation notes

Whether such a predicate triggers a presupposition is derived, not recorded. A factive presupposes its complement, and an implicative presupposes that what it asserts is a condition for its complement (Implicative.sentence); veridicality is an entailment and does not make a predicate factive.

References

Noonan 2007, Complementation formalized
Karttunen 1971, Implicative Verbs
Karttunen 1971b, Some observations on factivity formalized
Nairn et al. 2006, Computing Relative Polarity for Textual Inference
Bondarenko 2022, Anatomy of an Attitude formalized
Wurmbrand & Lohninger 2023, An implicational universal in complementation—theoretical insights and empirical progress
Hintikka 1962, Knowledge and Belief: An Introduction to the Logic of the Two Notions formalized
Heim 1992, Presupposition Projection and the Semantics of Attitude Verbs formalized

Declarations

A frame-conditioned reading of a predicate (Bondarenko 2022 §4.4.3 hanaxa; Greek thimame) overrides the lexeme-level attitude, factivity and opacity for its frame (none inherits the lexeme's) and records the sort of the frame's complement.

structure Embedding.Reading L45–60

Type

frame : ArgumentFrame
The reading applies to every frame of the predicate refining this one, in the refinement order on ArgumentFrame.
attitude : Option Attitude
Frame-conditioned attitude override.
opaqueContext : Option Bool
Frame-conditioned opacity override.
factivity : Option Presupposition.Factivity
Frame-conditioned factivity override.
size : Option Size
The semantic sort of the complement on this frame (Wurmbrand & Lohninger 2023).

Derives DecidableEq, Repr.

Used by Embedding, Embedding.reading?, Embedding.attitudeOn, Embedding.factivityOn

Used in Fragments/Adyghe/Clause, Fragments/Dutch/Verbs, Fragments/English/Verbs/Basic, Fragments/Finnish/Verbs, Fragments/Ga/Verbs and 14 more

What a predicate does with a clausal complement.

structure Embedding L66–88

Type

factivity : Option Presupposition.Factivity
The Karttunen 1971b factivity class of a factive predicate; none for a non-factive.
implicative : NaturalLogic.ImplicationSignature
The Nairn et al. 2006 implication signature of the predicate, the polarity of the complement it implies in a positive and in a negative context; ⊥ for a predicate that implies nothing.
opaqueContext : Bool
Does the predicate create an opaque context for its complement?
attitude : Option Attitude
The attitude the predicate expresses, doxastic or preferential, if it is an attitude predicate.
readings : List Reading
The frame-conditioned readings (Bondarenko 2022 §4.4.3), per-frame attitude and opacity overrides keyed to the predicate's frames.
complementSig : Option NaturalLogic.ProjectivitySignature
Entailment signature of the complement position, the predicate's monotonicity with respect to its clausal complement. .mono is upward monotone, the report closed under entailment of the complement, as in Hintikka-style doxastic semantics (Hintikka 1962). Set only where the classification is textbook consensus (believe, think, know); preferential attitudes (want, hope) are contested (Heim 1992) and stay none.

Derives Repr, BEq.

Built from

Used by Embedding.IsFactive, Embedding.IsTrigger, Embedding.reading?, Embedding.attitudeOn, Embedding.factivityOn

Used in Syntax/Category/Adjective/ClauseEmbedding, Syntax/Category/Verb/Defs