English verbs

This file defines the English verb entry and the simplest verbs. An entry extends the cross-linguistic Verb, with its argument frames, aspectual and semantic class, presupposition, causation and attitude facets, by the forms a dictionary lists, the past and past participle of an irregular verb. Verb.inflect gives the morphs of each cell, the base with the regular suffix on its root where no form is listed, and Verb.realize their spelling by the rules of English.Inflection. The verbs here are the plain intransitives, transitives and ditransitives that the studies reach for first, sleep, kick, give and the like, and a few verbs of consumption and creation; the other classes are in the sibling files and Verbs/Inventory.lean lists them all. A citation form with several entries is a polysemous lexeme told apart by senseTag. An entry's levinClasses are the classes whose member lists in Levin's book carry its citation form, less the classes that list the form in a sense the entry is not, and scripts/check_levin_classes.py checks the entries against the lists.

References

• [Lev93]
• [Bru21]
• [Fil86]
• [LRH95]

The entry type

structure English.Verbs.Verbextends Verb : Type

An English verb is the cross-linguistic Verb with the forms that the regular suffixes do not give. An entry that lists none is regular.

• valency : Valency
• voiceType : Option VoiceType
• passivizable : Bool
• perfectAuxiliaries : Finset PerfectAuxiliary
• vendlerClass : Option Aspect.VendlerClass
• scaleDimension : Option Degree.ScalarDimension
• scalePolarity : Polarity
• direction : Option Spatial.Path.Direction
• incrementality : Option Aspect.Incrementality
• phasal : Option Aspect.Phasal
• factivity : Option Presupposition.Factivity
• implicative : NaturalLogic.ImplicationSignature
• opaqueContext : Bool
• attitude : Option _root_.Attitude
• readings : List Reading
• complementSig : Option NaturalLogic.Signature
• levinClasses : Finset ArgumentStructure.LevinClass
• levinExcluded : Finset ArgumentStructure.LevinClass
• root : Semantics.Root
• morphs : List Morphology.Morph
• speechActVerb : Bool
• senseTag : SenseTag
• thirdSg : Option String

  The third person singular present, where it is not the -s form, as in has.

• past : Option String

  The past, where it is not the -ed form, as in ran.

• pastPart : Option String

  The past participle, where it is not the past, as in run and shown.

• doubling : Bool

  A base of more than one syllable doubles its final consonant letter before -ed and -ing, as one stressed on its last syllable does, regretted against visited.

def English.Verbs.instBEqVerb.beq : Verb → Verb → Bool

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• English.Verbs.instBEqVerb.beq x✝¹ x✝ = false

@[instance_reducible]

instance English.Verbs.instBEqVerb : BEq Verb

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• English.Verbs.instBEqVerb = { beq := English.Verbs.instBEqVerb.beq }

inductive English.Verbs.Verb.Cell : Type

The inflectional cells of an entry.

• base : Cell
• thirdSg : Cell
• presentPlural : Cell
• past : Cell
• pastParticiple : Cell
• presentParticiple : Cell

@[instance_reducible]

instance English.Verbs.Verb.instDecidableEqCell : DecidableEq Cell

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• English.Verbs.Verb.instDecidableEqCell x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[instance_reducible]

instance English.Verbs.Verb.instReprCell : Repr Cell

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• English.Verbs.Verb.instReprCell = { reprPrec := English.Verbs.Verb.instReprCell.repr }

def English.Verbs.Verb.instReprCell.repr : Cell → ℕ → Std.Format

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@[instance_reducible]

instance English.Verbs.Verb.instFintypeCell : Fintype Cell

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def English.Verbs.Verb.onRoot (v : Verb) (listed : Option String) (suffix : Morphology.Morph) : List Morphology.Morph

v.onRoot listed suffix is the entry's morphs with the root replaced by the listed form, or with the suffix on the root where no form is listed.

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def English.Verbs.Verb.inflect (v : Verb) : Cell → List Morphology.Morph

The morphs of an entry in each cell. The past participle is the past unless the entry lists one, and no entry lists a present participle.

Equations

• v.inflect English.Verbs.Verb.Cell.base = v.morphs
• v.inflect English.Verbs.Verb.Cell.presentPlural = v.morphs
• v.inflect English.Verbs.Verb.Cell.thirdSg = v.onRoot v.thirdSg English.Inflection.s
• v.inflect English.Verbs.Verb.Cell.past = v.onRoot v.past English.Inflection.ed
• v.inflect English.Verbs.Verb.Cell.pastParticiple = v.onRoot (v.pastPart <|> v.past) English.Inflection.ed
• v.inflect English.Verbs.Verb.Cell.presentParticiple = v.onRoot none English.Inflection.ing

def English.Verbs.Verb.realize (v : Verb) (c : Cell) : String

The form an entry realizes in each cell, the spelling of its morphs there.

Equations

• v.realize c = English.Inflection.spell (v.inflect c) v.doubling

@[simp]

theorem English.Verbs.Verb.realize_presentPlural (v : Verb) : v.realize Cell.presentPlural = v.realize Cell.base

theorem English.Verbs.Verb.realize_pastParticiple {v : Verb} (h : v.pastPart = none) : v.realize Cell.pastParticiple = v.realize Cell.past

A verb that lists no past participle has the form of its past for one.

Simple

def English.Verbs.sleep : Verb

"sleep" — intransitive, no presupposition

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def English.Verbs.sneeze : Verb

"sneeze" — intransitive

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def English.Verbs.run : Verb

"run" — intransitive, no presupposition

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def English.Verbs.dance : Verb

"dance" — intransitive activity

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def English.Verbs.arrive : Verb

"arrive" — unaccusative intransitive

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def English.Verbs.come : Verb

"come" — Levin 51.1 inherently directed motion, like arrive.

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def English.Verbs.go : Verb

"go" — Levin 51.1 inherently directed motion, suppletive in the past.

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def English.Verbs.eat : Verb

"eat" — transitive, implicit object is indefinite ("Have you eaten?")

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def English.Verbs.kick : Verb

"kick" — transitive

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def English.Verbs.aim : Verb

"aim" — with an at-phrase, and transitive with one

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def English.Verbs.give : Verb

"give" — ditransitive, alternates DOC/PP. The direct object may be implicit in the prepositional frame only, an indefinite (She gives to the Red Cross); the PP may be implicit, a definite ([Fil86]: pragmatically recoverable).

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def English.Verbs.put : Verb

"put" — locative

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def English.Verbs.weigh : Verb

"weigh" — measure predicate selecting for mass/weight.

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def English.Verbs.cover : Verb

"cover" — motion/extent predicate selecting for distance.

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def English.Verbs.measure : Verb

"measure" — general measurement predicate.

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def English.Verbs.buy : Verb

"buy" — irregular transitive

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def English.Verbs.meet : Verb

"meet" — irregular transitive

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def English.Verbs.set_ : Verb

"set" — irregular; the base, past and past participle forms coincide.

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def English.Verbs.clarify : Verb

"clarify" — regular transitive.

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• English.Verbs.clarify = { valency := Verb.Valency.ofFrame ArgumentFrame.np, morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root "clarify"] }

def English.Verbs.sell : Verb

"sell" — change of possession, alternates DOC/PP. Implicit DO is definite; implicit goal is indefinite.

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def English.Verbs.leave : Verb

"leave" — transitive (also used intransitively with argument drop)

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def English.Verbs.see : Verb

"see" — transitive; factive with a finite-clause complement

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Other

def English.Verbs.devour : Verb

"devour" — transitive, no presupposition

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def English.Verbs.drink : Verb

"drink" — Levin 39.1 Eat verbs.

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def English.Verbs.read : Verb

"read" — Levin 14 Learn verbs, with learn and study; also listed among the verbs of transfer of a message (37.1) and the register verbs (54.1).

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def English.Verbs.build : Verb

"build" — creation verb, strictly incremental theme. Base transitive that productively takes DOC ("build us a house").

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def English.Verbs.write : Verb

"write" — Levin 25.2 Scribble verbs, cross-listed with the build verbs; creation verb, strictly incremental theme. Alternates DOC/PP, and uniquely allows an implicit direct object, an indefinite, in both (She wrote me, She wrote to me; [Bru21]).

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def English.Verbs.sweep : Verb

"sweep" — motion + sustained contact, variable agentivity (default sense).

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def English.Verbs.sweep_instr : Verb

"sweep" instrument sense — obligatorily agentive, broom lexicalized.

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Words

def English.Verbs.Verb.Cell.features : Cell → Morphology.Features

The morphosyntactic features of an inflectional cell.

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• English.Verbs.Verb.Cell.base.features = Morphology.Features.of none none none none none none none false (some UD.VerbForm.Inf)
• English.Verbs.Verb.Cell.presentPlural.features = Morphology.Features.of none (some Number.plural) none none none none none false none (some UD.Tense.Pres)
• English.Verbs.Verb.Cell.past.features = Morphology.Features.of none none none none none none none false (some UD.VerbForm.Fin) (some UD.Tense.Past) none none (some UD.Voice.Act)
• English.Verbs.Verb.Cell.pastParticiple.features = Morphology.Features.of none none none none none none none false (some UD.VerbForm.Part)
• English.Verbs.Verb.Cell.presentParticiple.features = Morphology.Features.of none none none none none none none false (some UD.VerbForm.Part)

def English.Verbs.Verb.toWord (v : Verb) (c : Cell) : Morphology.Word

The entry's form in a cell as a Word, with the cell's features.

Equations

• v.toWord c = { form := v.realize c, cat := UD.UPOS.VERB, features := c.features }

def English.Verbs.Verb.passiveParticiple (v : Verb) : Morphology.Word

The past participle in passive voice, the same form as toWord .pastParticiple marked passive.

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