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Linglib.Semantics.Attitudes.Basic

Attitude predicates: the classification #

This file is the root of the attitude API: the semantic classification a clause-embedding predicate's lexical entry records, from which its combinatorial properties are derived. A doxastic predicate is veridical or not, the [karttunen-1971] lineage of factive and non-factive complement-taking verbs (Doxastic.Veridicality). A preferential predicate has an evaluative valence, positive for hope and negative for fear (Preferential.Valence), and a compositional strategy (Preferential.Strategy): the degree comparison of [villalta-2008], whose question use is the existential over answers, or a relation to the question itself, anxious uncertainty for worry ([anand-hacquard-2013]) or anticipation of resolution for Mandarin qidai and relevance for care ([elliott-etal-2017]), which holds of no particular answer. Attitude composes the two dimensions, and its projections are what verb entries and the doxastic and preferential semantics of Doxastic.lean and Preference.lean read.

Implementation notes #

The binary cut between veridical and non-veridical is the classical default; [giannakidou-1998]'s three-way veridical, nonveridical, and antiveridical taxonomy and finer attitude typologies ([anand-hacquard-2013]) cut the space differently. The strategies are the ones whose clausal distributivity [qing-uegaki-2025] contrast; relevance-based is not a published label. Speech-act predicates are outside the classification.

References #

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inductive Doxastic.Veridicality :
Type

Veridicality of a doxastic predicate: know and discover entail their complement, believe and think do not.

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    @[instance_reducible]
    instance Doxastic.instDecidableEqVeridicality :
    DecidableEq Veridicality
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    def Doxastic.instReprVeridicality.repr :
    Veridicality → Nat → Std.Format
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    • One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
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      @[instance_reducible]
      instance Doxastic.instReprVeridicality :
      Repr Veridicality
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      inductive Preferential.Valence :
      Type

      Evaluative valence of a preferential predicate: positive for hope and wish, negative for fear and worry.

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        @[instance_reducible]
        instance Preferential.instDecidableEqValence :
        DecidableEq Valence
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        @[instance_reducible]
        instance Preferential.instReprValence :
        Repr Valence
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        def Preferential.instReprValence.repr :
        Valence → Nat → Std.Format
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        • One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
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          inductive Preferential.Strategy :
          Type

          The compositional strategy of a preferential predicate, from which its clausal distributivity is derived: a degree comparison's question use is the existential over answers (Preferential.mkDegreeComparison_isDistributive), while a relation to the question holds of no particular answer (Preferential.PreferentialPredicate.not_isDistributive_of_forall_not).

          • degreeComparison (valence : Valence) : Strategy

            Degree comparison ([villalta-2008]): ⟦x V p⟧ = μ(x, p) > θ.

          • uncertaintyBased : Strategy

            Anxious uncertainty about the question (worry).

          • relevanceBased (valence : Valence) : Strategy

            Anticipation of the question's resolution (Mandarin qidai) or its relevance (care).

          Instances For
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            def Preferential.instDecidableEqStrategy.decEq (x✝ x✝¹ : Strategy) :
            Decidable (x✝ = x✝¹)
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              @[instance_reducible]
              instance Preferential.instDecidableEqStrategy :
              DecidableEq Strategy
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              @[instance_reducible]
              instance Preferential.instReprStrategy :
              Repr Strategy
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              def Preferential.instReprStrategy.repr :
              Strategy → Nat → Std.Format
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              • One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
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                def Preferential.Strategy.valence :
                Strategy → Valence

                The valence of a strategy; worry is negative.

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                  inductive Attitude :
                  Type

                  The semantic classification of an attitude predicate: doxastic, with an accessibility semantics ([hintikka-1962]) and a veridicality, or preferential, with a degree semantics and a strategy.

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                    @[instance_reducible]
                    instance instDecidableEqAttitude :
                    DecidableEq Attitude
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                    def instDecidableEqAttitude.decEq (x✝ x✝¹ : Attitude) :
                    Decidable (x✝ = x✝¹)
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                      def instReprAttitude.repr :
                      Attitude → Nat → Std.Format
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                        @[instance_reducible]
                        instance instReprAttitude :
                        Repr Attitude
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                        def Attitude.veridicality :
                        Attitude → Doxastic.Veridicality

                        The veridicality of a predicate; preferential predicates are non-veridical.

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                          def Attitude.isDoxastic :
                          Attitude → Bool

                          Whether the predicate is doxastic, as a Boolean for lexicon filters.

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                            def Attitude.isPreferential :
                            Attitude → Bool

                            Whether the predicate is preferential, as a Boolean for lexicon filters.

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                              def Attitude.strategy? :
                              Attitude → Option Preferential.Strategy

                              The strategy of a preferential predicate.

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                                def Attitude.valence :
                                Attitude → Option Preferential.Valence

                                The valence of a preferential predicate.

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