Finnish verbs

A Finnish verb has two stems. The infinitive stem is the dictionary form without the ending of the A infinitive, as tul- of tul-la 'come', and the inflectional stem, from which the present is formed, is tule-, as in tule-n 'I come'. Karlsson sorts the verbs into six conjugations by how the two stems are related, each named after a member. Anta-a 'give' verbs, whose infinitive ending follows a short vowel, and saa-da 'get' verbs, whose ending follows a long vowel or a diphthong, have the infinitive stem alone. Tul-la 'come' and nous-ta 'rise' verbs add -e to it. The final -t of the infinitive stem becomes -A in huomat-a 'notice' verbs, is followed by -se in tarvit-a 'need' verbs and becomes -ne in lämm-et-ä 'get warm' verbs. Consonant gradation gives the infinitive stem the weak grade where the inflectional stem has the strong one, as in hypät-ä 'jump' against hyppää-n 'I jump'.

Each verb has an active and an impersonal form, as avat-a 'open' has avaa 'opens' and avat-a-an 'one opens, it is opened'. The impersonal form, traditionally the passive and the fourth person of Karlsson's grammar, says that an unspecified human agent performs the action, has no subject expressed as an independent phrase, and admits no correspondent to an Indo-European by-agent; it is the impersonal passive of the typology.

A verb taking an infinitival complement governs its infinitive and case, the A infinitive for uskaltaa 'dare', as in uskals-i avat-a ove-n 'dared to open the door', and the MA infinitive illative for pystyä 'be able', as in pysty-i tappelema-an 'was able to fight'. The entries include the implicative verbs of [Nad23b], with the polarity of the complement they entail.

Main definitions

• Finnish.Conjugation: Karlsson's six conjugations.
• Finnish.Verb: a Finnish verb, the root Verb with its conjugation, its two stems and the infinitive its complement takes.
• Finnish.Verb.infinitive: the infinitives of a verb.
• Finnish.verbs: the entries.

Main results

• Finnish.ofString?_form: the citation form of each entry is the A infinitive of its stem.
• Finnish.inflectionalStem_eq: the verbs of the anta-a and saa-da conjugations have one stem.
• Finnish.complement_mem_cases: each entry's complement is in a case its infinitive takes.

References

• [Kar18]
• [Nad23b]

inductive Finnish.Conjugation : Type

The conjugations, named after a member (§6.2).

• antaa : Conjugation

  The infinitive ending follows a short vowel, and there is one stem: anta-a 'give'.

• saada : Conjugation

  The infinitive ending follows a long vowel or a diphthong, and there is one stem: saa-da 'get'.

• tulla : Conjugation

  The inflectional stem adds -e: tul-la 'come', nous-ta 'rise'.

• huomata : Conjugation

  The final -t of the infinitive stem is -A in the inflectional stem: huomat-a 'notice'.

• tarvita : Conjugation

  The inflectional stem adds -se: tarvit-a 'need'.

• lämmetä : Conjugation

  The final -t of the infinitive stem is -ne in the inflectional stem: lämm-et-ä 'get warm'.

@[instance_reducible]

instance Finnish.instDecidableEqConjugation : DecidableEq Conjugation

Equations

• Finnish.instDecidableEqConjugation x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[instance_reducible]

instance Finnish.instReprConjugation : Repr Conjugation

Equations

• Finnish.instReprConjugation = { reprPrec := Finnish.instReprConjugation.repr }

def Finnish.instReprConjugation.repr : Conjugation → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
• Finnish.instReprConjugation.repr Finnish.Conjugation.antaa prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Finnish.Conjugation.antaa")).group prec✝
• Finnish.instReprConjugation.repr Finnish.Conjugation.saada prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Finnish.Conjugation.saada")).group prec✝
• Finnish.instReprConjugation.repr Finnish.Conjugation.tulla prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Finnish.Conjugation.tulla")).group prec✝

structure Finnish.Verbextends Verb : Type

A Finnish verb is the root entry, whose form is the A infinitive, together with its conjugation, its two stems and the infinitive and case its complement takes.

• valency : Valency
• voiceType : Option VoiceType
• passivizable : Bool
• perfectAuxiliaries : Finset PerfectAuxiliary
• vendlerClass : Option Aspect.VendlerClass
• scaleDimension : Option Degree.ScalarDimension
• scalePolarity : Polarity
• direction : Option Spatial.Path.Direction
• incrementality : Option Aspect.Incrementality
• phasal : Option Aspect.Phasal
• factivity : Option Presupposition.Factivity
• implicative : NaturalLogic.ImplicationSignature
• opaqueContext : Bool
• attitude : Option _root_.Attitude
• readings : List Reading
• complementSig : Option NaturalLogic.Signature
• levinClasses : Finset ArgumentStructure.LevinClass
• levinExcluded : Finset ArgumentStructure.LevinClass
• root : Semantics.Root
• morphs : List Morphology.Morph
• speechActVerb : Bool
• senseTag : SenseTag
• conjugation : Conjugation

  The conjugation.

• infinitiveStem : List Phonology.Segment

  The infinitive stem, on which the A and E infinitives are built.

• inflectionalStem : List Phonology.Segment

  The inflectional stem, in the strong grade, on which the present and the MA and MINEN infinitives are built.

• complement : Option (Infinitive × Case)

  The infinitive and case of the complement.

def Finnish.Verb.infinitive (v : Verb) : Infinitive → List Phonology.Segment

The infinitive i of the verb before a case ending is built on the infinitive stem for the A and E infinitives and on the inflectional stem for the MA and MINEN infinitives.

Equations

• v.infinitive Finnish.Infinitive.a = Finnish.surface (Finnish.Infinitive.a.base v.infinitiveStem)
• v.infinitive Finnish.Infinitive.e = Finnish.surface (Finnish.Infinitive.e.base v.infinitiveStem)
• v.infinitive Finnish.Infinitive.ma = Finnish.surface (Finnish.Infinitive.ma.base v.inflectionalStem)
• v.infinitive Finnish.Infinitive.minen = Finnish.surface (Finnish.Infinitive.minen.base v.inflectionalStem)

Voice

The impersonal passive is marked by the suffix -tA- and its variants with the personal ending -Vn ([Kar18] §21.1). The inventory lists the voices projecting transitive clauses.

def Finnish.impersonalPassive : Voice

The impersonal passive, the fourth person, is the passive marker -ttA, -tA, -dA or -A with the personal ending -Vn.

Equations

• Finnish.impersonalPassive = Voice.impersonalPassive.marked [Morphology.Morph.suff "tA", Morphology.Morph.suff "Vn"]

def Finnish.voices : Finset Voice

The active and the impersonal passive.

Equations

• Finnish.voices = {Voice.active, Finnish.impersonalPassive}

Entries

def Finnish.avata : Verb

avata 'open', with avaa 'opens' and the impersonal avataan.

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• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Finnish.lukea : Verb

lukea 'read'.

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def Finnish.tulla : Verb

tulla 'come'.

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def Finnish.haluta : Verb

haluta 'want', with the A infinitive.

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Implicative verbs

The positive implicatives entail their complement or its negation, onnistua 'manage' both ways and jaksaa 'have the strength' only when negated. Laiminlyödä 'neglect' and epäröidä 'hesitate' reverse the polarity.

def Finnish.onnistua : Verb

onnistua 'succeed, manage', with the MA infinitive illative.

Equations

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def Finnish.uskaltaa : Verb

uskaltaa 'dare'.

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def Finnish.viitsiä : Verb

viitsiä 'bother'.

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def Finnish.malttaa : Verb

malttaa 'have the patience'.

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def Finnish.hennoa : Verb

hennoa 'have the heart'.

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• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Finnish.kehdata : Verb

kehdata 'be unembarrassed, act without shame'.

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• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Finnish.ehtiä : Verb

ehtiä 'find time, make time'.

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• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Finnish.jaksaa : Verb

jaksaa 'have the strength'.

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• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Finnish.mahtua : Verb

mahtua 'fit, be small enough', with the MA infinitive illative.

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• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Finnish.pystyä : Verb

pystyä 'be able', with the MA infinitive illative.

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• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Finnish.laiminlyödä : Verb

laiminlyödä 'neglect'.

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• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Finnish.epäröidä : Verb

epäröidä 'hesitate'.

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• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Finnish.verbs : List Verb

The entries.

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• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

theorem Finnish.ofString?_form (v : Verb) : v ∈ verbs → ofString? v.form = some (v.infinitive Infinitive.a)

The citation form of each entry is the A infinitive of its infinitive stem.

theorem Finnish.inflectionalStem_eq (v : Verb) : v ∈ verbs → v.conjugation = Conjugation.antaa ∨ v.conjugation = Conjugation.saada → v.inflectionalStem = v.infinitiveStem

The verbs of the anta-a and saa-da conjugations have one stem.

theorem Finnish.complement_mem_cases (v : Verb) : v ∈ verbs → ∀ ic ∈ v.complement, ic.2 ∈ ic.1.cases

Each entry's complement is in a case its infinitive takes.