Washo Clausal Embedding Inventory

[BH21]

Washo (Hokan/isolate, ISO 639-3 was) inventory of complement-taking predicates. Theory-light: each predicate carries its [Noo07] CTP class where clear, [BH21]'s presuppositional classification ((5); their §5.3.2 argues factivity is not lexically specified — complements of 'remember'/'know' can be false, (86)–(87) — so this field deliberately is not named factive), and one morphological observable — the shape of the complement edge.

Forms follow the paper's orthography (after [jacobsen-1964]): : marks vowel length, ʔ ɨ ŋ are IPA, stress is acute. 'know' and 'remember' belong to a small inherently-negative class — the positive reading requires the negative suffix -e:s, and 'remember' is simply negated 'forget' (their fn. 7).

Predicate schema

inductive Washo.Clause.ComplementEdge : Type

Morphological shape of a predicate's notional-complement edge ([BH21] Table 1). The two morphemes co-vary without exception in their data, so one two-valued observable is faithful; there is no marginal cell. The -gi ~ -ge alternation is case (nominative vs accusative, their fn. 6) conditioned by the nominalization's matrix function — attitude complements are all accusative -ge.

• nominalized : ComplementEdge

  Clausal nominalization: nominalizer -gi ~ -ge over independent mood -i.

• bare : ComplementEdge

  Bare clause: dependent mood -aʔ, never nominalized.

@[instance_reducible]

instance Washo.Clause.instDecidableEqComplementEdge : DecidableEq ComplementEdge

Equations

• Washo.Clause.instDecidableEqComplementEdge x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[instance_reducible]

instance Washo.Clause.instReprComplementEdge : Repr ComplementEdge

Equations

• Washo.Clause.instReprComplementEdge = { reprPrec := Washo.Clause.instReprComplementEdge.repr }

def Washo.Clause.instReprComplementEdge.repr : ComplementEdge → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

structure Washo.Clause.WashoEmbedder : Type

A Washo complement-taking predicate.

• ctpClass: [Noo07] category; none where the assignment is unclear ('dream').
• presuppositional: [BH21] (5) — "the embedded clause refers to familiar content" — their descriptive classification, deliberately not factive (§5.3.2).
• edge: the complement-edge observable (Table 1).

• form : String
• gloss : String
• ctpClass : Option CTPClass
• presuppositional : Bool
• edge : ComplementEdge

@[instance_reducible]

instance Washo.Clause.instDecidableEqWashoEmbedder : DecidableEq WashoEmbedder

Equations

• Washo.Clause.instDecidableEqWashoEmbedder = Washo.Clause.instDecidableEqWashoEmbedder.decEq

def Washo.Clause.instDecidableEqWashoEmbedder.decEq (x✝ x✝¹ : WashoEmbedder) : Decidable (x✝ = x✝¹)

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[instance_reducible]

instance Washo.Clause.instReprWashoEmbedder : Repr WashoEmbedder

Equations

• Washo.Clause.instReprWashoEmbedder = { reprPrec := Washo.Clause.instReprWashoEmbedder.repr }

def Washo.Clause.instReprWashoEmbedder.repr : WashoEmbedder → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Presuppositional predicates — nominalized complements

[BH21] (5b), §2: complements are always nominalized with -gi ~ -ge and occur with the independent mood suffix -i.

def Washo.Clause.hamupay : WashoEmbedder

hamup'ay 'forget'. [BH21] (1), (9), (31), (33).

Equations

• Washo.Clause.hamupay = { form := "hamup'ay", gloss := "forget", ctpClass := some CTPClass.knowledge, presuppositional := true, edge := Washo.Clause.ComplementEdge.nominalized }

def Washo.Clause.hamupayEs : WashoEmbedder

hamup'ay-e:s 'remember' — negated 'forget' (inherently-negative class, fn. 7). [BH21] (8), (86).

Equations

• Washo.Clause.hamupayEs = { form := "hamup'ay-e:s", gloss := "remember", ctpClass := some CTPClass.knowledge, presuppositional := true, edge := Washo.Clause.ComplementEdge.nominalized }

def Washo.Clause.ashashEs : WashoEmbedder

ašaš-e:s 'know' — negated 'not know' (inherently-negative class). [BH21] (6), (32), (87).

Equations

• Washo.Clause.ashashEs = { form := "ašaš-e:s", gloss := "know", ctpClass := some CTPClass.knowledge, presuppositional := true, edge := Washo.Clause.ComplementEdge.nominalized }

def Washo.Clause.iigi : WashoEmbedder

i:gi 'see'. Attested with a propositional complement ('I saw that it rained', (10)) and with plain DP objects ((89)). [BH21] (10), (20), (88).

Equations

• Washo.Clause.iigi = { form := "i:gi", gloss := "see", ctpClass := some CTPClass.perception, presuppositional := true, edge := Washo.Clause.ComplementEdge.nominalized }

def Washo.Clause.damal : WashoEmbedder

damal 'hear'. Attested only on the event-perception reading ('I heard it raining', (11); 'I heard the man singing', (84b)). [BH21] (11), (84).

Equations

• Washo.Clause.damal = { form := "damal", gloss := "hear", ctpClass := some CTPClass.perception, presuppositional := true, edge := Washo.Clause.ComplementEdge.nominalized }

Non-presuppositional predicates — bare complements

[BH21] (5a), §2: complements "surface with the 'dependent' mood marker -aʔ" and "are never nominalized".

def Washo.Clause.hamu : WashoEmbedder

hamu 'think'. [BH21] (2), (13), (41), (42).

Equations

• Washo.Clause.hamu = { form := "hamu", gloss := "think", ctpClass := some CTPClass.propAttitude, presuppositional := false, edge := Washo.Clause.ComplementEdge.bare }

def Washo.Clause.iid : WashoEmbedder

i:d 'say'. [BH21] (14), (37), (50).

Equations

• Washo.Clause.iid = { form := "i:d", gloss := "say", ctpClass := some CTPClass.utterance, presuppositional := false, edge := Washo.Clause.ComplementEdge.bare }

def Washo.Clause.metgiibilEs : WashoEmbedder

mɨtgi:bɨl-e:s 'believe' — negated 'disbelieve' (inherently- negative class, fn. 7). [BH21] (16).

Equations

• Washo.Clause.metgiibilEs = { form := "mɨtgi:bɨl-e:s", gloss := "believe", ctpClass := some CTPClass.propAttitude, presuppositional := false, edge := Washo.Clause.ComplementEdge.bare }

def Washo.Clause.gumsuus : WashoEmbedder

gum-suʔuʔuš 'dream' (reflexive gum-). Its 'that'-complement is always bare ((15), (52), (54)); the nominalized complement of the non-reflexive form is an internally headed relative, not a notional complement ((55)). No clear [Noo07] class. [BH21] §3.2.2.

Equations

• Washo.Clause.gumsuus = { form := "gum-suʔuʔuš", gloss := "dream", ctpClass := none, presuppositional := false, edge := Washo.Clause.ComplementEdge.bare }

Inventories

def Washo.Clause.allEmbedders : List WashoEmbedder

The complement-taking predicates with quotable per-predicate data in [BH21].

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Washo.Clause.nominalizedTakers : List WashoEmbedder

The predicates taking nominalized complements.

Equations

• Washo.Clause.nominalizedTakers = List.filter (fun (x : Washo.Clause.WashoEmbedder) => x.edge == Washo.Clause.ComplementEdge.nominalized) Washo.Clause.allEmbedders

def Washo.Clause.bareTakers : List WashoEmbedder

The predicates taking bare complements.

Equations

• Washo.Clause.bareTakers = List.filter (fun (x : Washo.Clause.WashoEmbedder) => x.edge == Washo.Clause.ComplementEdge.bare) Washo.Clause.allEmbedders

theorem Washo.Clause.nominalizedTakers_membership : nominalizedTakers = [hamupay, hamupayEs, ashashEs, iigi, damal]

Drift sentry: the nominalized-takers are exactly the five presuppositional predicates.

theorem Washo.Clause.presuppositional_iff_nominalized (v : WashoEmbedder) : v ∈ allEmbedders → (v.presuppositional = true ↔ v.edge = ComplementEdge.nominalized)

[BH21] Table 1's correlation, stated exceptionless in both directions: a predicate takes nominalized complements iff it is presuppositional.