German verbs

This file defines the German verb as a lexical entry: the root Verb with its case array and its stem, the infinitive, third person singular present and past and past participle its conjugation is built from. The stem of a weak verb is built from its infinitive and that of a verb with a prefix from the verb it is formed on, by the rules of German.Conjugation, so that bestraft comes from strafen and zeigt an from zeigen; a strong verb gives its own principal parts. A verb whose only object is in the dative, as danken 'thank' and gratulieren 'congratulate' are, records the dative in its case array. A verb of motion records the direction of its theme's path, from which, with its frame, the auxiliary of its perfect follows (German.perfectAuxiliary).

The entries are the verbs the studies use: a few causative and attitude verbs, bauen 'build', the simple, change-of-state and prefixed verbs of Benz's resultatives and nominalizations, the sixteen occasion verbs whose presuppositions Solstad and Bott test for projection, and the predicates of Schwarzer's experiments, four that take a dass-clause and four that do not, and the intransitive verbs of Durrell's rule for the perfect auxiliary (§12.3.2). The present tense of kaufen 'buy' is the paradigm Dalrymple and Kaplan use for indeterminate agreement.

Main definitions

• German.Verb: the entry, the root Verb with its case array and its stem.
• German.Verb.ofStem: the entry with the forms of a stem.
• German.Verb.withPath: the entry with a path phrase.
• German.Verbs.allVerbs: the entries.
• German.Verbs.kaufen: the present tense of kaufen.

References

• [Dur11]
• [Ben25]
• [SB24]
• [Sch26]
• [DK00a]

structure German.Verbextends Verb, Verb.CaseArray German.Case : Type

A German verb is the root entry with its case array and its stem.

• valency : Valency
• voiceType : Option VoiceType
• passivizable : Bool
• perfectAuxiliaries : Finset PerfectAuxiliary
• vendlerClass : Option Aspect.VendlerClass
• scaleDimension : Option Degree.ScalarDimension
• scalePolarity : Polarity
• direction : Option Spatial.Path.Direction
• incrementality : Option Aspect.Incrementality
• phasal : Option Aspect.Phasal
• factivity : Option Presupposition.Factivity
• implicative : NaturalLogic.ImplicationSignature
• opaqueContext : Bool
• attitude : Option _root_.Attitude
• readings : List Reading
• complementSig : Option NaturalLogic.Signature
• levinClasses : Finset ArgumentStructure.LevinClass
• levinExcluded : Finset ArgumentStructure.LevinClass
• root : Semantics.Root
• morphs : List Morphology.Morph
• speechActVerb : Bool
• senseTag : SenseTag
• subject : German.Case
• objects : List German.Case
• stem : Conjugation.Stem

  The stem, from which the verb conjugates.

@[instance_reducible]

instance German.instBEqVerb : BEq Verb

Equations

• German.instBEqVerb = { beq := German.instBEqVerb.beq }

def German.instBEqVerb.beq : Verb → Verb → Bool

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• German.instBEqVerb.beq { toVerb := a, toCaseArray := a_1, stem := a_2 } { toVerb := b, toCaseArray := b_1, stem := b_2 } = (a == b && (a_1 == b_1 && a_2 == b_2))
• German.instBEqVerb.beq x✝¹ x✝ = false

def German.Verb.ofStem (s : Conjugation.Stem) : Verb

Verb.ofStem s is the entry cited by the infinitive of s, with its forms and no further lexical information.

Equations

• German.Verb.ofStem s = { morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root s.infinitive], stem := s }

def German.Verb.withPath (v : Verb) (p : Adposition.SpatialReading) : Verb

The predicate the entry v forms with a path phrase of reading p.

Equations

• v.withPath p = { toVerb := v.withPath p, toCaseArray := v.toCaseArray, stem := v.stem }

@[simp]

theorem German.Verb.toVerb_withPath (v : Verb) (p : Adposition.SpatialReading) : (v.withPath p).toVerb = v.withPath p

Causative verbs

def German.Verbs.lassen : Verb

lassen 'let' is a permissive causative with a small clause, as in Sie ließ ihn gehen 'she let him go'.

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def German.Verbs.machen : Verb

machen 'make' is the productive causative, as in Das macht mich traurig 'that makes me sad'.

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def German.Verbs.toeten : Verb

töten 'kill' is a lexical causative formed on the adjective tot 'dead'.

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def German.Verbs.bauen : Verb

bauen 'build' is a transitive verb of creation, as in Borromini baute diese Kirche 'Borromini built this church'.

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Verbs of Benz's resultatives and nominalizations

def German.Verbs.haemmern : Verb

hämmern 'hammer' is an activity.

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def German.Verbs.malen : Verb

malen 'paint' is an activity.

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def German.Verbs.bemalen : Verb

bemalen 'paint over' is an accomplishment formed on malen with the inseparable be-.

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def German.Verbs.kuessen : Verb

küssen 'kiss' is an activity.

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def German.Verbs.fuehren : Verb

führen 'lead' is an activity.

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def German.Verbs.einfuehren : Verb

einführen 'introduce' is an accomplishment formed on führen with the separable ein-.

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def German.Verbs.rauben : Verb

rauben 'rob' is an activity.

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def German.Verbs.verkaufen : Verb

verkaufen 'sell' is formed on kaufen with the inseparable ver-.

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def German.Verbs.rennen : Verb

rennen 'run' is an irregular weak verb and a verb of manner of motion, which displaces its subject with no direction.

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def German.Verbs.brechen : Verb

brechen 'break' is an achievement.

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def German.Verbs.zerbrechen : Verb

zerbrechen 'break' is a lexical causative formed on brechen with the inseparable zer-.

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def German.Verbs.frieren : Verb

frieren 'freeze' is an unaccusative achievement, der See ist gefroren 'the lake has frozen', and an impersonal verb, es hat in der Nacht gefroren 'there was a frost in the night' ([Dur11] §12.3.2c).

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def German.Verbs.schiessen : Verb

schießen 'shoot' is a transitive verb.

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def German.Verbs.schaemen : Verb

schämen 'be ashamed' is inherently reflexive, sich schämen.

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def German.Verbs.beobachten : Verb

beobachten 'observe' is an accomplishment with the inseparable be-.

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def German.Verbs.verbinden : Verb

verbinden 'connect' is an accomplishment formed on binden with the inseparable ver-.

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Attitude verbs

def German.Verbs.hoffen : Verb

hoffen 'hope' is a positive preferential attitude verb.

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def German.Verbs.wuenschen : Verb

wünschen 'wish' is a positive preferential attitude verb.

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def German.Verbs.fuerchten : Verb

fürchten 'fear' is a negative preferential attitude verb.

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def German.Verbs.befuerchten : Verb

befürchten 'be afraid of' is formed on fürchten with the inseparable be-.

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def German.Verbs.sorgen : Verb

sorgen 'worry' is used reflexively, sich sorgen, and is based on uncertainty.

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Occasion verbs

An occasion verb presupposes an earlier eventuality of its object's that occasions the action: bestrafen 'punish' presupposes a wrong, belohnen 'reward' a merit.

def German.Verbs.bestrafen : Verb

bestrafen 'punish' is formed on strafen with the inseparable be-.

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def German.Verbs.belohnen : Verb

belohnen 'reward' is formed on lohnen with the inseparable be-.

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def German.Verbs.loben : Verb

loben 'praise' is a weak verb.

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def German.Verbs.kritisieren : Verb

kritisieren 'criticize' is a verb in -ieren.

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def German.Verbs.danken : Verb

danken 'thank' takes its object in the dative.

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def German.Verbs.verklagen : Verb

verklagen 'sue' is formed on klagen with the inseparable ver-.

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def German.Verbs.gratulieren : Verb

gratulieren 'congratulate' takes its object in the dative.

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def German.Verbs.zurechtweisen : Verb

zurechtweisen 'reprimand' is formed on weisen with the separable zurecht-.

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def German.Verbs.anzeigen : Verb

anzeigen 'report (to the authorities)' is formed on zeigen with the separable an-.

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def German.Verbs.auszeichnen : Verb

auszeichnen 'honour (with an award)' is formed on zeichnen with the separable aus-.

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def German.Verbs.belangen : Verb

belangen 'prosecute' is formed on langen with the inseparable be-.

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def German.Verbs.ehren : Verb

ehren 'honour' is a weak verb.

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def German.Verbs.entlassen : Verb

entlassen 'dismiss' is formed on lassen with the inseparable ent-.

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def German.Verbs.raechen : Verb

rächen 'avenge' is used reflexively with an, sich rächen an 'take revenge on'.

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def German.Verbs.revanchieren : Verb

revanchieren 'return the favour' is used reflexively with bei, sich revanchieren bei.

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def German.Verbs.zurVerantwortungZiehen : Verb

zur Verantwortung ziehen 'hold accountable' is a phrase whose noun phrase stands where a separable particle would.

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Predicates of Schwarzer's experiments

def German.Verbs.beenden : Verb

beenden 'end' is formed on enden with the inseparable be-, and takes a noun phrase and no dass-clause.

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def German.Verbs.streichen : Verb

streichen 'cancel' takes a noun phrase and no dass-clause.

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def German.Verbs.uebereilen : Verb

übereilen 'rush' is formed on eilen with the inseparable über-, and takes a noun phrase and no dass-clause.

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def German.Verbs.entwickeln : Verb

entwickeln 'develop' is formed on wickeln with the inseparable ent-, and takes a noun phrase and no dass-clause.

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def German.Verbs.veranlassen : Verb

veranlassen 'induce' is a weak verb formed with ver- on the noun Anlass 'occasion', and takes a noun phrase or a dass-clause.

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def German.Verbs.vergessen : Verb

vergessen 'forget' takes a noun phrase or a dass-clause; its ver- is not separable from a simple verb of today.

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def German.Verbs.erwarten : Verb

erwarten 'expect' is formed on warten with the inseparable er-, and takes a noun phrase or a dass-clause.

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def German.Verbs.beschliessen : Verb

beschließen 'decide' is formed on schließen with the inseparable be-, and takes a noun phrase or a dass-clause.

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The entries

Intransitive verbs of motion and state

The verbs by which [Dur11] §12.3.2 illustrates the choice between haben and sein in the perfect, with the principal parts of Table 12.12.

def German.Verbs.laufen : Verb

laufen 'run' is a strong verb of manner of motion, which displaces its subject with no direction.

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def German.Verbs.ankommen : Verb

ankommen 'arrive' is formed on kommen with the separable an-, a verb of motion to a goal: Um die Zeit werden wir schon angekommen sein.

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def German.Verbs.tanzen : Verb

tanzen 'dance' names the activity as such, Ich habe als junger Mann viel getanzt, and expresses movement from one place to another only with a directional phrase, Er ist aus dem Zimmer getanzt (§12.3.2c).

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def German.Verbs.arbeiten : Verb

arbeiten 'work' denotes a continuous action, Ich habe gestern lange gearbeitet.

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def German.Verbs.bleiben : Verb

bleiben 'stay, remain' denotes the continuation of a state, Wir sind in Dessau geblieben.

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def German.Verbs.liegen : Verb

liegen 'lie' denotes a state, ich habe gelegen in standard German in Germany, where South German commonly has ich bin gelegen.

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def German.Verbs.allVerbs : List Verb

allVerbs lists the entries.

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theorem German.Verbs.form_eq_infinitive (v : Verb) : v ∈ allVerbs → v.form = v.stem.infinitive

Every entry is cited by the infinitive of its stem.

def German.Verbs.kaufen : Person × Number → Option String

kaufen gives the present tense of kaufen 'buy'.

Equations

• German.Verbs.kaufen = German.Conjugation.weakPresent "kaufen"