Adyghe clausal embedding

Adyghe (Northwest Caucasian, ISO 639-3 ady) has no embedded declarative and no embedded polar interrogative of the matrix shape. A tensed clause under gʷəpšəsa 'think', ŝe 'know', gʷərəʔʷe 'understand', ʔʷa 'say' or qəč'ewəpč'a 'ask' has the shape of a relative clause: its verb carries the relativizer ze- and the applicative re-, and the clause ends in the case suffix a noun phrase would bear, absolutive -r or oblique -m according to the matrix predicate. A constituent question under 'ask' is a headless relative without re-, and the same predicates take plain noun-phrase objects. The volitional and aspectual predicates such as raʔežʼa 'begin' take an infinitive in -new instead.

Forms follow Caponigro and Polinsky's transliteration: ʷ marks labialization, ʼ ejectives, ə schwa. Factivity values are textbook consensus for the predicate concepts; the paper runs no projection tests. The data are Caponigro and Polinsky's; the relativization analysis is stated in Studies/Deal2026.lean.

References

• [CP11a]
• [Noo07]

Clause-typers

def Adyghe.zeRe : Complementizer

The relativizer ze- with the applicative re-, on the verb of every tensed clause under an attitude predicate; the clause ends in a case suffix ((98), (99), (108)).

Equations

• Adyghe.zeRe = { morphs := [Morphology.Morph.pref "ze", Morphology.Morph.pref "re"], coding := some Complement.Coding.indicative, licenser := some Complementizer.Licenser.nominal }

def Adyghe.new : Complementizer

The infinitive suffix -new of the volitional and aspectual class ((54)).

Equations

• Adyghe.new = { morphs := [Morphology.Morph.suff "new"], coding := some Complement.Coding.infinitive, licenser := some Complementizer.Licenser.verbal }

Predicates

inductive Adyghe.ComplementCase : Type

The case suffix at the right edge of a predicate's clausal complement, absolutive -r or oblique -m, which the matrix predicate assigns ((98), (99)).

• abs : ComplementCase
• obl : ComplementCase

@[instance_reducible]

instance Adyghe.instDecidableEqComplementCase : DecidableEq ComplementCase

Equations

• Adyghe.instDecidableEqComplementCase x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[instance_reducible]

instance Adyghe.instReprComplementCase : Repr ComplementCase

Equations

• Adyghe.instReprComplementCase = { reprPrec := Adyghe.instReprComplementCase.repr }

def Adyghe.instReprComplementCase.repr : ComplementCase → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• Adyghe.instReprComplementCase.repr Adyghe.ComplementCase.abs prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Adyghe.ComplementCase.abs")).group prec✝
• Adyghe.instReprComplementCase.repr Adyghe.ComplementCase.obl prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Adyghe.ComplementCase.obl")).group prec✝

structure Adyghe.Verbextends Verb : Type

An Adyghe complement-taking predicate is a verb entry with its [Noo07] class and the case it assigns to a clausal complement.

• valency : Valency
• voiceType : Option VoiceType
• passivizable : Bool
• perfectAuxiliaries : Finset PerfectAuxiliary
• vendlerClass : Option Aspect.VendlerClass
• scaleDimension : Option Degree.ScalarDimension
• scalePolarity : Polarity
• direction : Option Spatial.Path.Direction
• incrementality : Option Aspect.Incrementality
• phasal : Option Aspect.Phasal
• factivity : Option Presupposition.Factivity
• implicative : NaturalLogic.ImplicationSignature
• opaqueContext : Bool
• attitude : Option _root_.Attitude
• readings : List Reading
• complementSig : Option NaturalLogic.Signature
• levinClasses : Finset ArgumentStructure.LevinClass
• levinExcluded : Finset ArgumentStructure.LevinClass
• root : Semantics.Root
• morphs : List Morphology.Morph
• speechActVerb : Bool
• senseTag : SenseTag
• predicateClass : Option Complement.PredicateClass

  The [Noo07] class, none where the data give no clear assignment.

• complementCase : Option ComplementCase

  The case suffix on the clausal complement, none for an infinitival complement.

def Adyghe.gwepshesa : Verb

gʷəpšəsa 'think', which rejects a bare finite complement, takes the relative-shaped one, and takes plain noun-phrase objects ((96), (98), (102)).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Adyghe.chewepcha : Verb

qəč'ewəpč'a 'ask', whose polar-question complement carries ze-re- and whose constituent-question complement is a headless relative; it takes plain noun-phrase objects ((69), (99), (103)).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Adyghe.she : Verb

ŝe 'know', also jeŝe, whose one relative-shaped complement is ambiguous between the declarative and the polar reading ((101)).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Adyghe.gwereqwe : Verb

gʷərəʔʷe 'understand', whose complement is truth-conditionally equivalent with and without an overt head noun 'news' or 'verity' ((108)–(110)).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Adyghe.qwa : Verb

ʔʷa 'say'.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Adyghe.raqezha : Verb

raʔežʼa 'begin', which takes an infinitive in -new ((54)).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Adyghe.verbs : List Verb

The predicates with per-predicate data in the paper.

Equations

• Adyghe.verbs = [Adyghe.gwepshesa, Adyghe.chewepcha, Adyghe.she, Adyghe.gwereqwe, Adyghe.qwa, Adyghe.raqezha]