Papers referenced, cited, or formalized in Linglib. Each entry links to the corresponding Lean source file.
Aarts, B. (1989). Verb-preposition constructions and small clauses in English. Journal of Linguistics, 25(2), 277–290.
Abd-El-Jawad, H. & Abu-Salim, I. (1987). Slips of the Tongue in Arabic and Their Theoretical Implications. Language Sciences, 9, 145–171.
Abeillé, A., Hemforth, B., Winckel, E. & Gibson, E. (2020). Extraction from subjects: Differences in acceptability depend on the discourse function of the construction. Cognition, 204, 104293.
Abels, K. (2012). Phases: An Essay on Cyclicity in Syntax. De Gruyter Mouton.
Abney, S. & Keshet, E. (2025). Plural Intensional Presuppositional predicate calculus (PIP). Glossa: a journal of general linguistics, 10(1), 1–48.
Aboh, E. O. & Dyakonova, M. (2009). Predicate doubling and parallel chains. Lingua, 119, 1035–1065.
Aboh, E. O. (2005). Deriving relative and factive clauses. In Contributions to the Thirtieth “Incontro di Grammatica Generativa”, 265–285. Libreria Editrice Cafoscarina.
Abusch, D. (1988). Sequence of Tense, Intensionality and Scope. Proceedings of the 7th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics (WCCFL 7), 1–14.
Abusch, D. (1997). Sequence of Tense and Temporal De Re. Linguistics and Philosophy, 20(1), 1–50.
Ackema, P. & Neeleman, A. (2004). Beyond Morphology: Interface Conditions on Word Formation. Oxford University Press.
Ackema, P. & Neeleman, A. (2018). Features of Person: From the Inventory of Persons to Their Morphological Realization. MIT Press.
Ackerman, F. & Malouf, R. (2013). Morphological Organization: The Low Conditional Entropy Conjecture. Language, 89(3), 429–464.
Adams, E. W. (1965). The logic of conditionals. Inquiry, 8(1–4), 166–197.
Adams, E. W. & Messick, S. (1958). An axiomatic formulation and generalization of successive intervals scaling. Psychometrika, 23(4), 355–368.
Adamson, L. & Anagnostopoulou, E. (2025). Gender features and coordination resolution in Greek and other three-gendered languages. Linguistic Inquiry.
Adamson, L. J. (2024). Gender Assignment Is Local: On the Relation between Grammatical Gender and Inalienable Possession. Language, 100(2), 218–264.
Adamson, L. J. & Zompì, S. (2025). Polite Pronouns and the PCC. Linguistic Inquiry, 1–38.
Adelaar, K. A. & Himmelmann, N. P. (eds.) (2005). The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge.
Adger, D. (2003). Core Syntax: A Minimalist Approach. Oxford University Press.
Adger, D. (2025). Mereological Syntax: Phrase Structure, Cyclicity, and Islands. MIT Press.
Adger, D. & Harbour, D. (2008). Why Phi?. In Phi Theory: Phi-Features across Modules and Interfaces, 1–34. Oxford University Press.
Afkir, M. & Zellou, G. (2025). The Phonetics of Tarifit: Variation and Change in a Moroccan Amazigh Language. Cambridge University Press.
Agha, O. & Jeretič, P. (2022). Weak Necessity Modals as Homogeneous Pluralities of Worlds. Proceedings of SALT 32, 831–851.
Agha, O. & Jeretič, P. (2026). Modal Force and its realization across languages. In Cambridge Handbook of Modality. Cambridge University Press.
Ahn, D. (2015). The Semantics of Additive Either. Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 19, 20–35.
Ahn, D., Kocab, A. & Davidson, K. (2026). Pragmatics of Spatial Descriptions: Sign Language Loci. Language, 1–40.
Ahn, D. & Sauerland, U. (2017). Measure Constructions with Relative Measures: Towards a Syntax of Non-Conservative Construals. The Linguistic Review, 34(2), 215–248.
Ahn, D. & Zhu, Z. (2025). A Bridge to Definiteness: Identifying Unique and Relational Definites through Bridging. Natural Language Semantics, 33, 433–484.
Aikhenvald, A. Y. (2000). Classifiers: A Typology of Noun Categorization Devices. Oxford University Press.
Aikhenvald, A. Y. (2004). Evidentiality. Oxford University Press.
Aikhenvald, A. Y. (2008). The Manambu Language of East Sepik, Papua New Guinea. Oxford University Press.
Aikhenvald, A. Y. (2012). Possession and Ownership: A Cross-Linguistic Perspective. In Possession and Ownership, 1–64. Oxford University Press.
Aikhenvald, A. Y. (2019). Expressing `Possession'. In Possession in Languages of Europe and North and Central Asia, 7–26. John Benjamins.
Aissen, J. (1987). Tzotzil clause structure. Reidel.
Aissen, J. (1996). Pied piping, abstract agreement, and functional projections in Tzotzil. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 14, 447–491.
Aissen, J. (1999). Agent focus and inverse in Tzotzil. Language, 75(3), 451–485.
Aissen, J. (2003). Differential Object Marking: Iconicity vs. Economy. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 21(3), 435–483.
Aissen, J. (2017). Information structure in Mayan. In The Mayan Languages, 293–324. Routledge.
Aissen, J., England, N. C. & Zavala Maldonado, R. (eds.) (2017). The Mayan Languages. Routledge.
Aissen, J. & Polian, G. (2025). Possessor extraction and categorical subject in Tseltalan. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 43, 63–113.
Aitha, A. (2026). The nouns that say -ni: Morpheme-specific phonology in Telugu. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 44, 16.
Ajiboye, O. J. (2005). Topics on Yorùbá Nominal Expressions. PhD dissertation, University of British Columbia.
Akinbo, S. K. & Fwangwar, T. R. (2026). Iconicity and expressiveness of grammatical tones targeting ideophones in Mwaghavul. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 44(21).
Aksënova, A., Rawski, J., Graf, T. & Heinz, J. (2020). The Computational Power of Harmony. In The Oxford Handbook of Vowel Harmony. Oxford University Press.
Aksënova, A., Rawski, J., Graf, T. & Heinz, J. (2024). The computational power of harmonic forms. In The Oxford Handbook of Vowel Harmony, 437–451. Oxford University Press.
Albright, A. (2002). The Identification of Bases in Morphological Paradigms. PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
Albright, A. & Hayes, B. (2002). Modeling English past tense intuitions with minimal generalization.
Albright, A. & Hayes, B. (2003). Rules vs. analogy in English past tenses: A computational/experimental study. Cognition, 90(2), 119–161.
Alchourrón, C. E., Gärdenfors, P. & Makinson, D. (1985). On the Logic of Theory Change: Partial Meet Contraction and Revision Functions. The Journal of Symbolic Logic, 50(2), 510–530.
Alderete, J. D. (1999). Morphologically Governed Accent in Optimality Theory. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
Alderete, J. D. (2001). Dominance Effects as Trans-derivational Anti-faithfulness. Phonology, 18(2), 201–253.
Alexandropoulou, S. & Gotzner, N. (2024). Gradable adjective interpretation under negation: The role of competition. Glossa, 9(1), 1–33.
Alexandropoulou, S. & Gotzner, N. (2024). The Interpretation of Relative and Absolute Adjectives Under Negation. Journal of Semantics, 41(3), 373–399.
Alexeyenko, S. & Zeijlstra, H. (2025). Linearization of Complex Modifiers: Ways of (Dis)obeying the Head-Final Filter. Linguistic Inquiry, 1–42.
Alexiadou, A. (2001). Functional Structure in Nominals. John Benjamins.
Alexiadou, A. (2003). Some Notes on the Structure of Alienable and Inalienable Possessors. In From NP to DP: Volume 2: The Expression of Possession in Noun Phrases, 167–188. John Benjamins.
Alexiadou, A. (2017). Ergativity in Nominalization. In The Oxford Handbook of Ergativity, 355–372. Oxford University Press.
Alexiadou, A. (2024). Paradigm Gaps: The Case of Greek Diminutive Genitives. In Strict Cycling: A Festschrift for Gereon Müller, 1–10. University of Leipzig.
Alexiadou, A. (2025). All Nominalizations Big and Small: Towards a Typology of Complex Event Nominals. Proceedings of CLS 60, 17–36.
Alexiadou, A., Anagnostopoulou, E. & Schäfer, F. (2006). The Properties of Anticausatives Crosslinguistically. In Phases of Interpretation, 187–212. De Gruyter Mouton.
Alexiadou, A., Anagnostopoulou, E. & Schäfer, F. (2009). PP Licensing in Nominalizations. Proceedings of NELS 38, 39–52.
Alexiadou, A., Anagnostopoulou, E. & Schäfer, F. (2015). External Arguments in Transitivity Alternations: A Layering Approach. Oxford University Press.
Alexiadou, A. & Stavrou, M. (2020). Partitives, Pseudopartitives and the Preposition apo in Greek. Linguistics, 58(3), 713–743.
Allan, K. (1977). Classifiers. Language, 53(2), 285–311.
Allen, J. F. (1983). Maintaining Knowledge about Temporal Intervals. Communications of the ACM, 26(11), 832–843.
Allotey, D. (2021). Overt Pronouns of Infinitival Predicates in Gã. Western Papers in Linguistics / Cahiers linguistiques de Western, 4.
Almeida, J. (1995). Finite Semigroups and Universal Algebra. World Scientific.
Almog, J. (2014). Referential Mechanics: Direct Reference and the Foundations of Semantics. Oxford University Press.
Alok, D. (2020). Speaker and Addressee in Natural Language: Honorificity, Indexicality and Their Interaction in Magahi. PhD dissertation, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey.
Alok, D. & Bhalla, O. (2026). Allocutivity and the Syntax of Honorifics. Annual Review of Linguistics, 12(1), 39–59.
Aloni, M. (2001). Quantification under Conceptual Covers. PhD dissertation, University of Amsterdam.
Aloni, M. (2022). Logic and Conversation: The Case of Free Choice. Semantics and Pragmatics, 15.
Aloni, M., Anttila, A. & Yang, F. (2024). State-based Modal Logics for Free Choice. Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic, 65(4), 367–413.
Aloni, M. & Port, A. (2015). Epistemic indefinites and methods of identification. In Epistemic Indefinites: Exploring Modality Beyond the Verbal Domain, 117–140. Oxford University Press.
Aloni, M. & van Ormondt, P. (2023). Modified Numerals and Split Disjunction: The First-Order Case. Journal of Logic, Language and Information, 32, 539–567.
Alonso-Ovalle, L. (2009). Counterfactuals, correlatives, and disjunction. Linguistics and Philosophy, 32(2), 207–244.
Alonso-Ovalle, L. & Menéndez-Benito, P. (2010). Modal Indefinites. Natural Language Semantics, 18(1), 1–31.
Alonso-Ovalle, L. & Menéndez-Benito, P. (2018). Projecting Possibilities in the Nominal Domain: Spanish Uno Cualquiera. Journal of Semantics, 35(1), 1–41.
Alonso-Ovalle, L. & Moghiseh, E. (2025). Existential free choice items: The case of Farsi yek-i DPs. Semantics and Pragmatics, 18(4).
Alonso-Ovalle, L. & Moghiseh, E. (2025). Number marking in interrogative phrases: What interrogatives in Farsi. Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 29, 1–16.
Alonso-Ovalle, L. & Royer, J. (2021). Random Choice from Likelihood: The Case of Chuj (Mayan). Journal of Semantics, 38(4), 483–529.
Alonso-Ovalle, L. & Royer, J. (2024). Modal Indefinites and Semantic Variation: Lessons from Chuj. Semantics and Pragmatics, 17.
Alsop, A. (2024). The Pragmatics of Free Choice Any. Glossa, 9(1).
Alstott, J. & Aravind, A. (2026). On aspectual coercion in before-/after-clauses: Evidence from processing.
Altmann, G. T. M., Garnham, A. & Dennis, Y. (1992). Avoiding the garden path: Eye movements in context. Journal of Memory and Language, 31(5), 685–712.
Alxatib, S. & Pelletier, F. J. (2011). The Psychology of Vagueness: Borderline Cases and Contradictions. Mind & Language, 26(3), 287–326.
Amato, I. (2023). The Syntax of Restructuring: Argument Structure and Clause Size in Italian. John Benjamins.
Amato, I. (2024). Auxiliary selection in Italian restructuring: An insight into the size of the clause. Syntax.
Amato, I. (2025). Apparent minimality violations solved by Nested Agree. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 43, 2315–2362.
Amfo, N. A. A. (2010). Indefiniteness Marking and Akan bi. Journal of Pragmatics, 42(7), 1786–1798.
Ammann, A. & van der Auwera, J. (2002). Korean modality: Asymmetries between necessity and possibility. Selected Papers from the 12th International Conference on Korean Linguistics, 101–115.
Anagnostopoulou, E. (2017). Gender and Defaults. In A Schrift to Fest Kyle Johnson, 23–31. Linguistics Open Access Publications.
Anand, P. & Brasoveanu, A. (2010). Modal Concord as Modal Modification. Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung, 14, 19–36.
Anand, P. & Hacquard, V. (2013). Epistemics and attitudes. Semantics and Pragmatics, 6(8), 1–59.
Anand, P., Hardt, D. & McCloskey, J. (2021). The Santa Cruz Sluicing Data Set. Language, 97(1), e68–e88.
Anand, P., Hardt, D. & McCloskey, J. (2025). The Domain of Formal Matching in Sluicing. Linguistic Inquiry, 56(2), 353–373.
Anand, P. & Nevins, A. (2004). Shifty Operators in Changing Contexts. Semantics and Linguistic Theory, 14, 20–37.
Anand, P. & Toosarvandani, M. (2018). No Explanation for the Historical Present: Temporal Sequencing and Discourse. Sinn und Bedeutung (SuB), 22, 73–90.
Anand, P. & Toosarvandani, M. (2018). Unifying the Canonical, Historical, and Play-by-Play Present. Sinn und Bedeutung (SuB), 21, 19–34.
AnderBois, S. (2014). On the exceptional status of reportative evidentials. Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT) 24, 24, 234–254.
AnderBois, S., Brasoveanu, A. & Henderson, R. (2015). At-issue proposals and appositive impositions in discourse. Journal of Semantics, 32(1), 93–138.
Anderson, A. R. (1951). A note on subjunctive and counterfactual conditionals. Analysis, 12(2), 35–38.
Anderson, C. J. (2021). Tell Me Everything You Know: A Conversation Update System for the Rational Speech Acts Framework. Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics, 4, 244–253.
Anderson, C. & Morzycki, M. (2015). Degrees as kinds. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 33(3), 791–828.
Anderson, G. D. S. (2006). Auxiliary Verb Constructions. Oxford University Press.
Anderson, J. M. (2006). Modern Grammars of Case: A Retrospective. Oxford University Press.
Anderson, S. R. (1992). A-morphous morphology. Cambridge University Press.
Andorno, C. & Crocco, C. (2018). In search for polarity contrast marking in Italian: A contribution from echo replies. In The Grammatical Realization of Polarity Contrast: Theoretical, Empirical, and Typological Approaches, 249, 255–288. John Benjamins.
Angelopoulos, N. (2019). Complementizers and Prepositions as Probes: Insights from Greek. PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
Angelopoulos, N. (2026). On clausal complementation, once more. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 44(2), 26.
Angelopoulos, N. & Michelioudakis, D. (2023). Extraction Without an Escape Hatch: The Case of Greek Possessor Extraction. Proceedings of NELS 53.
Angoujard, J. (1995). Quelques 'Éléments' pour la représentation des gutturales. Langues Orientales Anciennes: Philologie et Linguistique, 5-6, 107–126.
Anscombe, G. E. M. (1964). Before and After. The Philosophical Review, 73(1), 3–24.
Anscombre, J. & Ducrot, O. (1977). Deux mais en français?. Lingua, 43, 23–40.
Anttila, A. (2021). The Logic of Free Choice: Axiomatizations of State-based Modal Logics.
Anttila, A. (2025). Not Nothing: Nonemptiness in Team Semantics. PhD dissertation, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Institute for Logic, Language and Computation.
Anttila, A., Häggblom, M. & Yang, F. (2024). Axiomatizing modal inclusion logic and its variants. Archive for Mathematical Logic.
Anttila, A. & Knudstorp, S. B. (2025). Convex Team Logics.
Anttila, A. (1997). Deriving Variation from Grammar. In Variation, Change, and Phonological Theory, 146, 35–68. John Benjamins.
Anttila, A. (2002). Morphologically conditioned phonological alternations. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 20(1), 1–42.
Aoun, J. & Li, Y. A. (1993). Wh-Elements in Situ: Syntax or LF?. Linguistic Inquiry, 24(2), 199–238.
Aparicio, H. (2017). Processing context-sensitive expressions: The case of gradable adjectives and numerals. PhD dissertation, University of Chicago.
Aparicio, H., Xiang, M. & Kennedy, C. (2015). Processing gradable adjectives in context: A visual world study. Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT), 25, 413–432.
Apresjan, J. D. (1973). Regular polysemy. Linguistics, 142, 5–32.
Arad, M. (2005). Roots and Patterns: Hebrew Morpho-syntax. Springer.
Aravind, A. (2018). Presuppositions in context. PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Archangeli, D. (1988). Aspects of underspecification theory. Phonology, 5(2), 183–207.
Archangeli, D. & Pulleyblank, D. (1994). Grounded Phonology. MIT Press.
Arcos López, N. (2009). Los clasificadores numerales y las clases nominales en ch'ol.
Aremu, D. (2026). Focus sensitivity in Mabia and Yoruboid. PhD dissertation, Goethe University Frankfurt.
Ariel, M. (2001). Accessibility Theory: An Overview. In Text Representation: Linguistic and Psycholinguistic Aspects, 29–87. John Benjamins.
Arieli, O. & Avron, A. (1996). Reasoning with logical bilattices. Journal of Logic, Language and Information, 5(1), 25–63.
Arieli, O. & Avron, A. (1998). The value of the four values. Artificial Intelligence, 102(1), 97–141.
Arka, I. W. (2013). On the typology and syntax of TAM in Indonesian. NUSA: Linguistic studies of languages in and around Indonesia, 55, 23–40.
Arkoh, R. & Matthewson, L. (2013). A Familiar Definite Article in Akan. Lingua, 123, 1–30.
Arnold, J. E. (2026). Two kinds of singular they: A usage-based model. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics, 11(1).
Arnold, J. E., Wasow, T., Losongco, A. & Ginstrom, R. (2000). Heaviness vs. Newness: The Effects of Structural Complexity and Discourse Status on Constituent Ordering. Language, 76(1), 28–55.
Arregi, K. & Nevins, A. (2012). Morphotactics: Basque Auxiliaries and the Structure of Spellout. Springer.
Arregi, K. & Pietraszko, A. (2021). The Ups and Downs of Head Displacement. Linguistic Inquiry, 52(2), 241–290.
Arregui, A. & Kusumoto, K. (1998). Tense in Temporal Adjunct Clauses. Proceedings of SALT 8, 1.
Arsenijevic, B. (2009). Clausal complementation as relativization. Lingua, 119(1), 39–50.
Asarina, A. (2011). Case in Uyghur and beyond. PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Asher, N. (1987). A typology for attitude verbs and their anaphoric properties. Linguistics and Philosophy, 10(2), 125–197.
Asher, N. (2011). Lexical Meaning in Context: A Web of Words. Cambridge University Press.
Asher, N. & Lascarides, A. (2003). Logics of Conversation. Cambridge University Press.
Asher, N. & Lascarides, A. (2013). Strategic conversation. Semantics and Pragmatics, 6, 1–62.
Asher, N. & Pelletier, F. J. (2012). More Truths about Generic Truth. In Genericity, 312–333. Oxford University Press.
Assmann, M., Büring, D., Jordanoska, I. & Prüller, M. (2023). Towards a Theory of Morphosyntactic Focus Marking. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 41, 1349–1396.
Asudeh, A. (2022). Glue Semantics. Annual Review of Linguistics, 8, 17.1–17.21.
Atlamaz, Ü. (2023). Soru Tümceleri \.Için \.Iki Boyutlu Bir Anlam Kuramı. Zemin, 82–127.
Atlamaz, Ü. & Öztürk, B. (2023). Reciprocals in Turkish. Languages, 8(3), 158.
Atlas, J. D. (1996). `Only' noun phrases, pseudo-negative generalized quantifiers, negative polarity items, and monotonicity. Journal of Semantics, 13(4), 265–328.
Atlas, J. D. & Levinson, S. C. (1981). It-clefts, Informativeness and Logical Form. In Radical Pragmatics, 1–61. Academic Press.
Augurzky, P., Bonnet, M., Breheny, R., Cremers, A., Ebert, C., Mayr, C., Romoli, J., Steinbach, M. & Sudo, Y. (2023). Putting plural definites into context. Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 27, 19–32.
Ausensi, J., Yu, J. & Smith, R. W. (2021). Agent entailments and the division of labor between functional structure and roots. Glossa, 6(1).
Austin, J. L. (1961). Truth. In Philosophical Papers. Oxford University Press.
Avron, A. (1996). The structure of interlaced bilattices. Mathematical Structures in Computer Science, 6(3), 287–299.
Awobuluyi, O. (1978). Essentials of Yoruba Grammar. Oxford University Press Nigeria.
Aylett, M. & Turk, A. (2004). The smooth signal redundancy hypothesis: A functional explanation for relationships between redundancy, prosodic prominence, and duration in spontaneous speech. Language and Speech, 47(1), 31–56.
Baayen, R. H., Chuang, Y., Shafaei-Bajestan, E. & Blevins, J. P. (2019). The discriminative lexicon: A unified computational model for the lexicon and lexical processing in comprehension and production grounded not in (de)composition but in linear discriminative learning. Complexity, 2019, 4895891.
Bach, E. (1986). The Algebra of Events. Linguistics and Philosophy, 9(1), 5–16.
Bach, E., Brown, C. & Marslen-Wilson, W. (1986). Crossed and Nested Dependencies in German and Dutch: A Psycholinguistic Study. Language and Cognitive Processes, 1(4), 249–262.
Bachetti, C. (2006). Gramática da língua Ronga. Paulinas Editorial.
Backley, P. (2011). An Introduction to Element Theory. Edinburgh University Press.
Backley, P. (2012). Variation in Element Theory. Linguistic Variation, 12(1), 57–102.
Backley, P. (2017). Headedness in Element Theory: The case for multiple heads. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics, 2(1), 89, 1–17.
Backley, P. & Nasukawa, K. (2010). Consonant-Vowel Unity in Element Theory. Phonological Studies, 12, 21–28.
Bacskai-Atkari, J. (2018). Complementizers and negative polarity in German hypothetical comparatives. In The Grammatical Realization of Polarity Contrast: Theoretical, Empirical, and Typological Approaches, 249, 89–108. John Benjamins.
Baerman, M. & Brown, D. (2013). Case Syncretism. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Baerman, M. & Brown, D. (2013). Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Baglini, R. & Bar-Asher Siegal, E. A. (2020). Direct causation: a new approach to an old question. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics, 26, 19–28.
Baglini, R. & Bar-Asher Siegal, E. A. (2025). Modeling linguistic causation. Linguistics & Philosophy, 48(4), 647–691.
Baglini, R. & Francez, I. (2016). The Implications of Managing. Journal of Semantics, 33(3), 541–560.
Bahrt, N. N. (2021). Voice Syncretism. Language Science Press.
Baier, N. B. (2018). Anti-Agreement. PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
Bakay, Ö., Akku\cs, F. & Dillon, B. (2026). Hierarchical relations guide memory retrieval in sentence comprehension: Evidence from a local anaphor in Turkish. Journal of Memory and Language, 148, 104747.
Baker, C. L., Jara-Ettinger, J., Saxe, R. & Tenenbaum, J. B. (2017). Rational Quantitative Attribution of Beliefs, Desires and Percepts in Human Mentalizing. Nature Human Behaviour, 1, 0064.
Baker, M. C. (1985). The Mirror Principle and Morphosyntactic Explanation. Linguistic Inquiry, 16(3), 373–415.
Baker, M. C. (1988). Incorporation: A Theory of Grammatical Function Changing. University of Chicago Press.
Baker, M. C. (2015). Case: Its Principles and Its Parameters. Cambridge University Press.
Baker, M. C. & Vinokurova, N. (2010). Two Modalities of Case Assignment: Case in Sakha. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 28(3), 593–642.
Bale, A. & Coon, J. (2014). Classifiers are for numerals, not for nouns: Consequences for the mass/count distinction. Linguistic Inquiry, 45(4), 695–707.
Bale, A., Coon, J. & Arcos, N. (2019). Classifiers, partitions, and measurements: Exploring the syntax and semantics of sortal classifiers. Glossa: A journal of general linguistics, 4(1), 1–30.
Bale, A. & Khanjian, H. (2008). Classifiers and number marking. Proceedings of SALT 18, 73–89.
Bale, A. & Khanjian, H. (2014). Syntactic complexity and competition: The singular-plural distinction in Western Armenian. Linguistic Inquiry, 45(1), 1–26.
Bale, A. & Schwarz, B. (2022). Measurements from "per" without complex dimensions. Proceedings of SALT 32, 543–560.
Bale, A. & Schwarz, B. (2026). Natural language and external conventions: re-examining per. Linguistics and Philosophy, 49(1), 133–151.
Bale, A. C., Noguchi, H., Rolland, M. & Barner, D. (2025). Competence by Default: Do Listeners Assume That Speakers Are Knowledgeable When Computing Conversational Inferences?. Journal of Semantics, 42(1–2), 39–55.
Bale, A. C. (2008). A universal scale of comparison. Linguistics and Philosophy, 31(1), 1–55.
Balhorn, M. (2004). The rise of epicene they. Journal of English Linguistics, 32(2), 79–104.
Bally, C. (1996). The Expression of Concepts of the Personal Domain and Indivisibility in Indo-European Languages. In The Grammar of Inalienability: A Typological Perspective on Body Part Terms and the Part-Whole Relation, 31–62. De Gruyter Mouton.
Bancilhon, F. & Spyratos, N. (1981). Update semantics of relational views. ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 6(4).
Banfield, A. (1982). Unspeakable Sentences: Narration and Representation in the Language of Fiction. Routledge.
Bar-Asher Siegal, E. A. (2026). Causation and Causal Relations: Insights from Natural Language. Annual Review of Linguistics, 12, 125–145.
Bar-Asher Siegal, E. A. & Boneh, N. (2020). Causation: from metaphysics to semantics and back. In Perspectives on Causation: Selected Papers from the Jerusalem 2017 Workshop. Springer.
Bar-Hillel, Y., Perles, M. & Shamir, E. (1961). On formal properties of simple phrase structure grammars. Zeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung, 14(2), 143–172.
Bar-Hillel, Y. & Shamir, E. (1960). Finite-State Languages: Formal Representations and Adequacy Problems. In Language and Information, 87–98. Addison-Wesley.
Bar-Lev, M. E. (2021). An Implicature Account of Homogeneity and Non-Maximality. Linguistics and Philosophy, 44, 1045–1097.
Bar-Lev, M. E. & Fox, D. (2017). Universal free choice and Innocent Inclusion. Proceedings of SALT 27, 95.
Bar-Lev, M. E. & Fox, D. (2020). Free Choice, Simplification, and Innocent Inclusion. Natural Language Semantics, 28, 175–223.
Barker, C. (1992). Group Terms in English: Representing Groups as Atoms. Journal of Semantics, 9(1), 69–93.
Barker, C. (1995). Possessive Descriptions. CSLI Publications.
Barker, C. (1995). Possessive Descriptions. CSLI Publications.
Barker, C. (2002). Continuations and the Nature of Quantification. Natural Language Semantics, 10(3), 211–242.
Barker, C. (2002). The Dynamics of Vagueness. Linguistics and Philosophy, 25, 1–36.
Barker, C. (2011). Possessives and Relational Nouns. In Semantics: An International Handbook, 1109–1130. DE GRUYTER.
Barker, C. & Pullum, G. K. (1990). A Theory of Command Relations. Linguistics and Philosophy, 13, 1–34.
Barker, C. & Shan, C. (2014). Continuations and Natural Language. Oxford University Press.
Barnes, J. (1984). Evidentials in the Tuyuca Verb. International Journal of American Linguistics, 50(3), 255–271.
Barnett, S. A., Griffiths, T. L. & Hawkins, R. D. (2022). A Pragmatic Account of the Weak Evidence Effect. Open Mind, 6, 169–182.
Barros, D. & Vicente, L. (2011). Right Node Raising Requires Both Ellipsis and Multidominance. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics, 17(1), 1–9.
Barss, A. & Lasnik, H. (1986). A Note on Anaphora and Double Objects. Linguistic Inquiry, 17(2), 347–354.
Bartsch, R. & Vennemann, T. (1972). Semantic Structures: A Study in the Relation between Semantics and Syntax. Athënäum.
Barwise, J. (1981). Scenes and other situations. The Journal of Philosophy, 78(7), 369–397.
Barwise, J. (1989). The Situation in Logic. CSLI Publications.
Barwise, J. & Cooper, R. (1981). Generalized Quantifiers and Natural Language. Linguistics and Philosophy, 4(2), 159–219.
Barwise, J. & Perry, J. (1983). Situations and Attitudes. MIT Press.
Bassi, I. & Bar-Lev, M. (2018). A unified existential semantics for bare conditionals. Sinn und Bedeutung (SuB), 21, 125–142.
Bassi, I. & Bondarenko, T. (2021). Composing CPs: Evidence from disjunction and conjunction. Proceedings of SALT 30.
Bassi, I., Del Pinal, G. & Sauerland, U. (2021). Presuppositional Exhaustification. Semantics and Pragmatics, 14(11), 1–48.
Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B. & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1–48.
Batllori, M. & Hernanz, M. L. (2013). Emphatic polarity particles in Spanish and Catalan. Lingua, 128, 9–30.
Bayer, J. (1996). Directionality and Logical Form: On the Scope of Focusing Particles and Wh-in-situ. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Beaver, D. (2001). Presupposition and Assertion in Dynamic Semantics. CSLI Publications.
Beaver, D., Clark, B. Z., Flemming, E., Jaeger, T. F. & Wolters, M. (2007). When semantics meets phonetics. Language, 83(2), 245–276.
Beaver, D. & Condoravdi, C. (2003). A Uniform Analysis of Before and After. Semantics and Linguistic Theory, 13, 37–54.
Beaver, D. & Krahmer, E. (2001). A Partial Account of Presupposition Projection. Journal of Logic, Language and Information, 10, 147–182.
Beaver, D. & Stanley, J. (2023). The politics of language. Princeton University Press.
Beaver, D. I. (2004). The Optimization of Discourse Anaphora. Linguistics and Philosophy, 27(1), 3–56.
Beaver, D. I. & Clark, B. Z. (2008). Sense and Sensitivity: How Focus Determines Meaning. Wiley-Blackwell.
Beavers, J. (2010). The structure of lexical meaning: Why semantics really matters. Language, 86(4), 821–864.
Beavers, J. (2011). On Affectedness. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 29(2), 335–370.
Beavers, J. (2023). What We Know about Word Meaning: The Sag Lectures. Sag Memorial Lectures, University of Rochester.
Beavers, J., Everdell, M., Jerro, K., Kauhanen, H., Koontz-Garboden, A., Le Bovidge, E. & Nichols, S. (2021). States and Changes of State: A Crosslinguistic Study of the Roots of Verbal Meaning. Language, 97(3), 439–484.
Beavers, J. & Koontz-Garboden, A. (2020). The Roots of Verbal Meaning. Oxford University Press.
Beavers, J. & Udayana, I. N. (2022). Middle voice as generalized argument suppression: The case from Indonesian. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 41, 51–102.
Beavers, J. & Zubair, C. (2013). Anticausatives in Sinhala: Involitivity and causer suppression. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 31, 1–46.
Beck, S. (2001). Reciprocals Are Definites. Natural Language Semantics, 9(1), 69–138.
Beck, S. (2005). There and back again: A semantic analysis. Journal of Semantics, 22, 3–51.
Beck, S. (2006). Focus on ıtshape again. Linguistics and Philosophy, 29(3), 277–314.
Beck, S., Krasikova, S., Fleischer, D., Gergel, R., Hofstetter, S., Savelsberg, C., Vanderelst, J. & Villalta, E. (2009). Crosslinguistic variation in comparison constructions. Linguistic Variation Yearbook, 9(1), 1–66.
Beck, S. & Rullmann, H. (1999). A Flexible Approach to Exhaustivity in Questions. Natural Language Semantics, 7(3), 249–298.
Beck, S. & Sauerland, U. (2000). Cumulation Is Needed: A Reply to Winter (2000). Natural Language Semantics, 8(4), 349–371.
Becker, M., Franchetto, B., Kuikuro, A. D., Kuikuro, Y. M. & Petrovic, A. (2025). The incoherent stress of Kuikuro. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 43, 2363–2393.
Beckman, M. E. & Pierrehumbert, J. B. (1986). Intonational Structure in Japanese and English. Phonology Yearbook, 3, 255–309.
Behaghel, O. (1909). Beziehungen zwischen Umfang und Reihenfolge von Satzgliedern. Indogermanische Forschungen, 25, 110–142.
Belk, Z., Neeleman, A. & Philip, J. (2023). What Divides, and What Unites, Right-Node Raising. Linguistic Inquiry, 54(4), 685–728.
Bellem, A. (2007). Towards a Comparative Typology of Emphatics: Across Semitic and into Arabic Dialect Phonology. PhD dissertation, SOAS, University of London.
Beller, A. & Gerstenberg, T. (2025). Causation, Meaning, and Communication. Psychological Review, 133(2), 339–381.
Belletti, A. & Rizzi, L. (1988). Psych-Verbs and $\theta$-Theory. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 6(3), 291–352.
Belnap, N. D. (1970). Conditional Assertion and Restricted Quantification. Noûs, 4(1), 1–12.
Belnap, N. D. (1977). A useful four-valued logic. In Modern Uses of Multiple-Valued Logic. D. Reidel.
Belnap, N. D. (1982). Questions and Answers in Montague Grammar. In Processes, Beliefs, and Questions, 16, 165–198. D. Reidel.
Belth, C. (2026). A Learning-Based Account of Phonological Tiers. Linguistic Inquiry, 57(2), 229–265.
Beltrama, A. (2018). Precision and Speaker Qualities: The Social Meaning of Pragmatic Detail. Linguistics Vanguard, 4(1).
Beltrama, A. (2025). Evaluation, Thresholds, and Practical Commitments: The Grammar of Adjectival Mildness. Natural Language Semantics, 33, 169–205.
Beltrama, A. & Schwarz, F. (2024). Social Stereotypes Affect Imprecision Resolution across Different Tasks. Semantics and Pragmatics, 17(10), 1–34.
Beltrama, A., Solt, S. & Burnett, H. (2023). Context, Precision, and Social Perception: A Sociopragmatic Study. Language in Society, 52(5), 805–835.
Benacerraf, P. (1965). What numbers could not be. The Philosophical Review, 74(1), 47–73.
Bendezú, R. (2023). Verum, focus and evidentiality in Conchucos Quechua. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft, 42(4), 611–642.
Benmamoun, E. (2000). The Feature Structure of Functional Categories: A Comparative Study of Arabic Dialects. Oxford University Press.
Bennett, J. (1982). Even If. Linguistics and Philosophy, 5, 403–418.
Bennett, M. & Partee, B. H. (1972). Toward the Logic of Tense and Aspect in English.
Bennett, R. (2018). Recursive Prosodic Words in Kaqchikel (Mayan). Glossa: a journal of general linguistics, 3(1), 1–33.
Benua, L. (1997). Transderivational Identity: Phonological Relations between Words. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
Benz, J. (2025). Structure and Interpretation Across Categories. PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
Benz, J. & Salzmann, M. (2025). Evidence from German for N-stranding NP-ellipsis. Proceedings of CLS 60, 53–64.
Berent, I. (2026). Three arguments for abstraction in phonology. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics, 12(1), 1–24.
Berent, I., Bat-El, O., Brentari, D., Dupuis, A. & Vaknin-Nusbaum, V. (2016). The double identity of linguistic doubling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(48), 13702–13707.
Berg, T. (1998). Linguistic Structure and Change: An Explanation from Language Processing. Clarendon Press.
Bergen, L. & Goodman, N. D. (2015). The Strategic Use of Noise in Pragmatic Reasoning. Topics in Cognitive Science, 7(2), 336–350.
Bergen, L. & Grodner, D. J. (2012). Speaker knowledge influences the comprehension of pragmatic inferences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 38(5), 1450.
Bergen, L., Levy, R. & Goodman, N. D. (2016). Pragmatic Reasoning through Semantic Inference. Semantics and Pragmatics, 9(20), 1–83.
Berhane, G. (1991). Issues in the Phonology and Morphology of Tigrinya. PhD dissertation, Université du Québec à Montréal.
Berkley, D. M. (1994). Variability in Obligatory Contour Principle Effects. Papers from the 30th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, 1–12.
Berko, J. (1958). The Child's Learning of English Morphology. Word, 14(2–3), 150–177.
Berlin, B. & Kay, P. (1969). Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution. University of California Press.
Bermúdez-Otero, R. (2012). The architecture of grammar and the division of labor in exponence. In The morphology and phonology of exponence, 8–83. Oxford University Press.
Bernardy, J., Blanck, R., Chatzikyriakidis, S. & Lappin, S. (2018). A Compositional Bayesian Semantics for Natural Language. Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Language Cognition and Computational Models.
Bernini, G. (1995). Le profrasi. In Grande grammatica italiana di consultazione, Vol.~III, 175–222. il Mulino.
Beyer, S. V. (1992). The Classical Tibetan Language. State University of New York Press.
Beyssade, C. & Marandin, J. (2006). The Speech Act Assignment Problem Revisited: Disentangling Speaker's Commitment from Speaker's Call on Addressee. In Empirical Issues in Syntax and Semantics 6, 37–68.
Bhadra, D. (2024). Verb roots encode outcomes: argument structure and lexical semantics of reversal and restitution. Linguistics and Philosophy, 47, 557–610.
Bhaskar, S., Chandlee, J. & Jardine, A. (2023). Rational functions via recursive schemes. arXiv preprint.
Bhaskar, S., Chandlee, J., Jardine, A. & Oakden, C. (2020). Boolean monadic recursive schemes as a logical characterization of the subsequential functions. Language and Automata Theory and Applications (LATA 2020), 12038, 157–169.
Bhat, D. N. S. (2013). Third-Person Pronouns and Demonstratives. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Bhatt, R. (1999). Covert Modality in Non-Finite Contexts. PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
Bhatt, R. (2008). Covert Modality in Non-finite Contexts. De Gruyter.
Bhatt, R. & Dayal, V. (2014). Polar kyaa: Y/N or Speech Act Operator. Manuscript, Rutgers University.
Bhatt, R. & Dayal, V. (2020). Polar Question Particles: Hindi-Urdu kya. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 38, 1115–1144.
Bhatt, R. & Pancheva, R. (2004). Late Merger of Degree Clauses. Linguistic Inquiry, 35(1), 1–45.
Bhatt, R. & Takahashi, S. (2011). Reduced and Unreduced Phrasal Comparatives. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 29(3), 581–620.
Bhatt, R. & Walkow, M. (2013). Locating agreement in grammar: an argument from agreement in conjunctions. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 31, 951–1013.
Biberauer, T., Holmberg, A. & Roberts, I. (2014). A syntactic universal and its consequences. Linguistic Inquiry, 45(2), 169–225.
Bickel, B. & Nichols, J. (2007). Inflectional Morphology. In Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Volume 3: Grammatical Categories and the Lexicon, 169–240. Cambridge University Press.
Bickel, B. & Nichols, J. (2013). Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Bickel, B. & Nichols, J. (2013). Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Bickel, B. & Nichols, J. (2013). Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Bierwisch, M. (1989). The Semantics of Gradation. In Dimensional Adjectives, 71–261. Springer.
Bill, C., Gonzalez, A., Driemel, I., Makharoblidze, T. & Pinter, L. (2025). Is DP conjunction always complex? The view from child Georgian and Hungarian. Semantics and Pragmatics, 18(5), 1–20.
Bird, C. S. (1966). Determination in Bambara. Journal of West African Languages, 3, 5–11.
Bjorkman, B. (2017). Singular they and the syntactic representation of gender in English. Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics, 2(1), 1–13.
Black, C. (1994). Quiegolani Zapotec Syntax. PhD dissertation, University of California, Santa Cruz.
Blackburn, P., de Rijke, M. & Venema, Y. (2001). Modal Logic. Cambridge University Press.
Blackwell, D. (1953). Equivalent Comparisons of Experiments. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 24(2), 265–272.
Blake, B. J. (1994). Case. Cambridge University Press.
Bliss, H. (2004). The semantics of the bare noun in Turkish. In Calgary Working Papers in Linguistics, 25, 1–65. University of Calgary.
Blok, D. (2015). The semantics and pragmatics of directional numeral modifiers. Proceedings of SALT 25, 471–490.
Blust, R. (2004). Austronesian nasal substitution: a survey. Oceanic Linguistics, 43(1), 73–148.
Blutner, R. (2000). Some Aspects of Optimality in Natural Language Interpretation. Journal of Semantics, 17(3), 189–216.
Bobaljik, J. D. (2000). The ins and outs of contextual allomorphy. University of Maryland Working Papers in Linguistics, 10, 35–71.
Bobaljik, J. D. (2008). Where's phi? Agreement as a post-syntactic operation. In Phi Theory: Phi-Features across Modules and Interfaces, 295–328. Oxford University Press.
Bobaljik, J. D. (2012). Universals in comparative morphology: Suppletion, superlatives, and the structure of words. MIT Press.
Bobaljik, J. D. & Sauerland, U. (2018). *ABA and the combinatorics of morphological features. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics, 3(1), 15.
Bobaljik, J. D. & Wurmbrand, S. (2005). The Domain of Agreement. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 23(4), 809–865.
Bochnak, M. R. (2015). Underspecified modality in Washo. Proceedings of the Workshop on Structure and Constituency in Languages of the Americas 18 & 19, 39, 3–17.
Bochnak, M. R. (2015). Variable force modality in Washo. North-East Linguistic Society (NELS), 45, 105–114.
Bochnak, M. R. (2015). The Degree Semantics Parameter and cross-linguistic variation. Semantics and Pragmatics, 8(6), 1–48.
Bochnak, M. R. & Hanink, E. (2021). Clausal embedding in Washo: Complementation vs. modification. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 40, 979–1022.
Bochnak, M. R. & Matthewson, L. (2015). Methodologies in Semantic Fieldwork. Oxford University Press.
Bochvar, D. A. (1937). On a Three-valued Logical Calculus and Its Application to the Analysis of the Paradoxes of the Classical Extended Functional Calculus. Matematicheskii Sbornik, 4(46), 287–308.
Boersma, P. (1998). Functional Phonology. Holland Academic Graphics.
Boersma, P. & Pater, J. (2016). Convergence Properties of a Gradual Learning Algorithm for Harmonic Grammar. In Harmonic Grammar and Harmonic Serialism, 389–434. Equinox.
Bogal-Allbritten, E. (2016). Building meaning in Navajo. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Bogal-Allbritten, E. & Moulton, K. (2018). Nominalized clauses and reference to propositional content. Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung, 21, 215–232.
Bohnemeyer, J. (2004). Split intransitivity, linking, and lexical representation: the case of Yukatek Maya. Linguistics, 42(1), 67–107.
Bolinger, D. (1968). Post-posed main phrases: an English pattern with a German counterpart. Canadian Journal of Linguistics, 13(2), 1–10.
Bombi, C. (2018). Definiteness in Akan: Familiarity and Uniqueness Revisited. Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT), 28, 141–160.
Bondarenko, T. (2019). From think to remember: How CPs and NPs combine with attitudes in Buryat. Proceedings of SALT 29, 509–528.
Bondarenko, T. (2020). Factivity from pre-existence: Evidence from Barguzin Buryat. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics, 5(1), 1–35.
Bondarenko, T. (2022). Anatomy of an Attitude. PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Bondarenko, T. & Elliott, P. D. (2026). Monotonicity via mereology in the semantics of attitude reports. Semantics and Pragmatics, 19.
Boneh, N. & Doron, E. (2013). Hab and Gen in the Expression of Habituality. In Genericity. Oxford University Press.
Bonet, E. (1991). Morphology after Syntax: Pronominal Clitics in Romance. PhD dissertation, MIT.
Booth, R. (2022). Necessity modals, disjunctions, and collectivity. Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 26.
Borer, H. (2005). Structuring Sense, Volume I: In Name Only. Oxford University Press.
Borer, H. (2013). Structuring Sense: Volume III: Taking Form. Oxford University Press.
Borkin, A. (1971). Polarity Items in Questions. Proceedings of CLS 7, 53–62.
Borsley, R. D. & Crysmann, B. (2024). Unbounded dependencies. In Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar: The Handbook, 571–634. Language Science Press.
Bott, L. & Noveck, I. A. (2004). Some utterances are underinformative: The onset and time course of scalar inferences. Journal of Memory and Language, 51(3), 437–457.
Bouma, G., Malouf, R. & Sag, I. A. (2001). Satisfying constraints on extraction and adjunction. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 19(1), 1–65.
Bouma, G., Malouf, R. & Sag, I. A. (2001). Satisfying constraints on extraction and adjunction. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 19(1), 1–65.
Boylan, D. (2023). Putting oughts Together. Semantics and Pragmatics, 16, 1–53.
Bošković, Ž. (2015). From the Complex NP Constraint to everything: On deep extractions across categories. The Linguistic Review, 32, 603–669.
Branan, K. & Davis, C. (2019). Agreement and unlocking at the edge. Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America, 4, 16.
Branan, K. & Erlewine, M. Y. (2023). Anti-pied-piping. Language, 99(3), 603–653.
Brandom, R. (1983). Asserting. Noûs, 17(4), 637–650.
Brandom, R. (1994). Making It Explicit: Reasoning, Representing, and Discursive Commitment. Harvard University Press.
Brasoveanu, A. (2006). Donkey Pluralities: Plural Information States versus Non-atomic Individuals. Manuscript, Rutgers University. Published in Linguistics and Philosophy 31(2):129–209, 2008.
Brasoveanu, A. (2007). Structured Nominal and Modal Reference. PhD dissertation, Rutgers University.
Brasoveanu, A. (2008). Donkey pluralities: plural information states versus non-atomic individuals. Linguistics and Philosophy, 31(2), 129–209.
Brasoveanu, A. (2010). Decomposing Modal Quantification. Journal of Semantics, 27(4), 437–527.
Brasoveanu, A. (2013). Modified Numerals as Post-Suppositions. Journal of Semantics, 30(2), 155–209.
Bratman, M. E. (1987). Intention, Plans, and Practical Reason. Harvard University Press.
Breheny, R. (2008). A New Look at the Semantics and Pragmatics of Numerically Quantified Noun Phrases. Journal of Semantics, 25(2), 93–139.
Breheny, R., Klinedinst, N., Romoli, J. & Sudo, Y. (2018). The Symmetry Problem: Current Theories and Prospects. Natural Language Semantics, 26(2), 85–110.
Breiss, C., Katsuda, H. & Kawahara, S. (2026). Token frequency modulates optional paradigm uniformity in Japanese voiced velar nasalization. Phonology, 43, e7.
Breit, F. (2013). Formal Aspects of Element Theory.
Brennan, S. E., Friedman, M. W. & Pollard, C. J. (1987). A Centering Approach to Pronouns. Proceedings of the 25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 155–162.
Bresnan, J., Kaplan, R. M., Peters, S. & Zaenen, A. (1982). Cross-Serial Dependencies in Dutch. In The Formal Complexity of Natural Language, 286–319.
Bresnan, J. W. (1973). Syntax of the Comparative Clause Construction in English. Linguistic Inquiry, 4(3), 275–343.
Brisson, C. (1994). The licensing of unexpressed objects in English verbs. Proceedings of the 30th annual meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, vol. 1: The main session, 90–102.
Brisson, C. M. (1998). Distributivity, Maximality, and Floating Quantifiers. PhD dissertation, Rutgers University.
Broe, M. (1993). Specification Theory: The Treatment of Redundancy in Generative Phonology. PhD dissertation, University of Edinburgh.
Broekhuis, H. & Corver, N. (2026). Adpositions and Adpositional Phrases: A Syntactic View from Dutch. In Handbook of the Syntax of the Germanic Languages. De Gruyter.
Broekhuis, H. & Keizer, M. E. (2011). A Modern Dutch Grammar. Manuscript, later published as part of the Comprehensive Grammar Resources series, Amsterdam University Press.
Broselow, E. (1984). Default Consonants in Amharic Morphology. MIT Working Papers in Linguistics, 7.
Browne, W. (1993). Serbo-Croat. In The Slavonic Languages, 306–387. Routledge.
Bruening, B. (2001). QR Obeys Superiority: Frozen Scope and ACD. Linguistic Inquiry, 32(2), 233–273.
Bruening, B. (2010). Ditransitive Asymmetries and a Theory of Idiom Formation. Linguistic Inquiry, 41(4), 519–562.
Bruening, B. (2012). By Phrases in Passives and Nominals. Syntax, 16(1), 1–41.
Bruening, B. (2013). By phrases in passives and nominals. Syntax, 16(1), 1–41.
Bruening, B. (2019). Passive do so. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 37, 1–49.
Bruening, B. (2021). Implicit Arguments in English Double Object Constructions. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 39(4), 1023–1085.
Bruening, B. (2025). Selectional violations in coordination: A response to Patejuk and Przepiórkowski 2023. Linguistic Inquiry, 56(3), 439–483.
Bruening, B. & Al Khalaf, E. (2020). Category mismatches in coordination revisited. Linguistic Inquiry, 51(1), 1–36.
Bubnov, G. (2026). Not all coexpressions are syncretisms: Limiting Nanosyntax. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics, 11(1), 1–15.
Buccola, B., Križ, M. & Chemla, E. (2018). Conceptual Alternatives: Competition in Language and Beyond. Manuscript, ENS Paris.
Buckley, E. (1994). Tigrinya Vowel Features and Vowel Coalescence. Penn Working Papers in Linguistics, 1, 1–28.
Buckley, E. (1997). T}igrinya Root Consonants and the {OCP. Penn Working Papers in Linguistics, 4(3), 19–51.
Buckley, E. (1997). Against Vowel Length in Tigrinya. Studies in African Linguistics, 26(1), 63–102.
Buckley, E. (2000). Alignment and Weight in the Tigrinya Verb Stem. In Advances in African Linguistics, 4, 165–176. Africa World Press.
Bumford, D. & Charlow, S. (2024). Effect-Driven Interpretation: Functors for Natural Language Composition. Cambridge University Press.
Bumford, D. & Rett, J. (2021). Rationalizing Evaluativity. Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung, 25, 187–204.
Bunn, G. & Bunn, R. (1970). Golin phonology. Papers in New Guinea Linguistics, 11, 1–7.
Burgess, J. P. (1984). Basic tense logic. In Handbook of Philosophical Logic, 2, 89–133. Reidel.
Burness, P. & McMullin, K. (2020). Multi-Tiered Strictly Local Functions. Proceedings of the 17th SIGMORPHON Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology, 245–255.
Burnett, H. (2017). Gradability in Natural Language. Oxford University Press.
Burnett, H. (2019). Signalling Games, Sociolinguistic Variation, and the Construction of Style. Linguistics and Philosophy, 42, 419–450.
Burton-Roberts, N. (1989). On Horn's dilemma: Presupposition and negation. Journal of Linguistics, 25(1), 95–125.
Burzio, L. (1986). Italian Syntax. Reidel.
Burzio, L. (1998). Multiple Correspondence. Lingua, 104(1-2), 79–109.
Bush, R. R. & Mosteller, F. (1955). Stochastic Models for Learning. John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Butt, J., Benjamin, C. & Moreira Rodríguez, A. (2019). A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish. Routledge.
Bybee, J. (1985). Morphology: A Study of the Relation between Meaning and Form. John Benjamins.
Bybee, J. (2001). Frequency Effects on French Liaison. In Frequency and the Emergence of Linguistic Structure, 45, 337–359. John Benjamins.
Bybee, J., Perkins, R. & Pagliuca, W. (1994). The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World. University of Chicago Press.
Bybee, J. L. & Moder, C. L. (1983). Morphological classes as natural categories. Language, 59(2), 251–270.
Bye, P. (2011). Dissimilation. In The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Phonology, 1408–1433. Wiley-Blackwell.
Bye, P. & Svenonius, P. (2012). Non-concatenative morphology as epiphenomenon. In The Morphology and Phonology of Exponence, 427–495. Oxford University Press.
Bylinina, L. & Nouwen, R. (2020). Numeral semantics. Language and Linguistics Compass, 14(8).
Bárány, A. & Sheehan, M. (2024). Challenges for dependent case theory. In The Place of Case in the Grammar, 93–126. Oxford University Press.
Béjar, S. & Rezac, M. (2003). Person Licensing and the Derivation of PCC Effects. In Romance Linguistics: Theory and Acquisition, 49–62. John Benjamins.
Béjar, S. & Rezac, M. (2009). Cyclic Agree. Linguistic Inquiry, 40(1), 35–73.
Büring, D. (2003). On D-Trees, Beans, and B-Accents. Linguistics and Philosophy, 26(5), 511–545.
Büring, D. (2005). Binding theory. Cambridge University Press.
Büring, D. (2007). Cross-Polar Nomalies. Proceedings of SALT 17.
Büring, D. (2012). Pronouns. In Semantics: An International Handbook of Natural Language Meaning, 2, 971–996. De Gruyter Mouton.
Büring, D. (2015). Unalternative Semantics. Proceedings of the 25th Semantics and Linguistic Theory Conference (SALT 25).
Büring, D. (2016). Intonation and Meaning. Oxford University Press.
Büring, D. & Gunlogson, C. (2000). Aren't Positive and Negative Polar Questions the Same?. Manuscript, UCSC/UCLA.
Cable, S. (2014). Reflexives, Reciprocals and Contrast. Journal of Semantics, 31(1), 1–41.
Cable, S. (2017). The Expression of Modality in Tlingit: A Paucity of Grammatical Devices. International Journal of American Linguistics, 83(4), 619–678.
Cacchioli, G. (2025). The Syntax of Clausal Prefixes in Tigrinya. PhD dissertation, Université de Genève.
Caha, P. (2008). The Case Hierarchy as Functional Sequence. In Scales, 247–276. Universität Leipzig.
Caha, P. (2009). The Nanosyntax of Case. PhD dissertation, University of Troms\o.
Cahill, M. (2004). Tone polarity in Konni nouns. Studies in African Linguistics, 33, 1–33.
Caie, M. (2023). Context Dynamics. Semantics and Pragmatics, 16(3), 1–37.
Camilliere, S., Izes, A., Leventhal, O. & Grodner, D. (2021). They is changing: Pragmatic and grammatical factors that license singular they. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 43.
Camp, E. (2018). Insinuation, common ground, and the conversational record. In New work on speech acts, 40–64. Oxford University Press.
Campbell, A. (2017). A Grammar of Gã. PhD dissertation.
Campbell-Kibler, K. (2007). Accent, (ING), and the Social Logic of Listener Perceptions. American Speech, 82(1), 32–64.
Cao, A., White, A. S. & Lassiter, D. (2025). Cause, Make, and Force as Graded Causatives. Experiments in Linguistic Meaning, 3, 88–103.
Caponigro, I. & Polinsky, M. (2011). Relative embeddings: A Circassian puzzle for the syntax/semantics interface. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 29(1), 71–122.
Cardinaletti, A. (2003). On the Italian repetitive prefix ıtshape ri-: Incorporation vs. cliticization. University of Venice Working Papers in Linguistics, 13, 7–29.
Cardinaletti, A. & Shlonsky, U. (2004). Clitic positions and restructuring in Italian. Linguistic Inquiry, 35(4), 519–557.
Cardinaletti, A. & Starke, M. (1999). The Typology of Structural Deficiency: A Case Study of the Three Classes of Pronouns. In Clitics in the Languages of Europe, 145–290. Mouton de Gruyter.
Cariani, F. (2013). “Ought” and resolution semantics. Noûs, 47, 534–558.
Cariani, F. (2016). Consequence and Contrast in Deontic Semantics. Journal of Philosophy, 113(8), 396–416.
Cariani, F. & Goldstein, S. (2020). Conditional heresies. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 101(2), 251–282.
Cariani, F., Kaufmann, M. & Kaufmann, S. (2013). Deliberative modality under epistemic uncertainty. Linguistics and Philosophy, 36(3), 225–259.
Cariani, F. & Santorio, P. (2018). Will done Better: Selection Semantics, Future Credence, and Indeterminacy. Mind, 127(505), 129–165.
Cariani, F., Santorio, P. & Wellwood, A. (2024). Confidence Reports. Semantics and Pragmatics, 17(14), 1–40.
Carlson, G. N. (1984). Thematic Roles and Their Role in Semantic Interpretation. Linguistics, 22(3), 259–279.
Carlson, G. N. (1977). A Unified Analysis of the English Bare Plural. Linguistics and Philosophy, 1(3), 413–457.
Carminati, M. N. (2002). The Processing of Italian Subject Pronouns. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts at Amherst.
Carnielli, W. & Pizzi, C. (2008). Modalities and Multimodalities. Springer.
Carpenter, B. (1992). The Logic of Typed Feature Structures: With Applications to Unification Grammars, Logic Programs and Constraint Resolution. Cambridge University Press.
Carstairs‐McCarthy, A. (2010). The Evolution of Morphology. Oxford University Press.
Carstens, V. (1991). The Morphology and Syntax of Determiner Phrases in Kiswahili. PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
Carstens, V. (2026). The grammar of gender: Insights from Bantu asymmetries of AGR with conjoined subjects. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 44(20).
Carston, R. (1988). Implicature, Explicature, and Truth-Theoretic Semantics. In Mental Representations: The Interface between Language and Reality. Cambridge University Press.
Cartner, M., Kogan, M., Webster, N., Wagers, M. & Sichel, I. (2026). Subject islands do not reduce to construction-specific discourse function. Cognition, 271, 106467.
Casali, R. F. (2003). [ATR] value asymmetries and underlying vowel inventory structure in Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan. Linguistic Typology.
Casali, R. F. (2008). ATR harmony in African languages. Language and Linguistics Compass, 2.
Casali, R. F. (2011). Hiatus Resolution. In The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Phonology, 2300–2326. Wiley-Blackwell.
Casali, R. F. (2024). Tongue-root harmony and vowel inventory structure. In The Oxford Handbook of Vowel Harmony, 156–170. Oxford University Press.
Casati, R. & Varzi, A. C. (1999). Parts and Places: The Structures of Spatial Representation. MIT Press.
Cavirani, E. & Vanden Wyngaerd, G. (2026). A representational analysis of Czech palatalisation. Phonology, 43(e10), 1–35.
Cetnarowska, B. (2004). The scale of pronominal strength in Polish: An OT analysis of unstressed and weak pronouns. Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics, 39, 39–57.
Chafe, W. L. (1976). Givenness, Contrastiveness, Definiteness, Subjects, Topics, and Point of View. In Subject and Topic, 25–55. Academic Press.
Chafe, W. L. (1987). Cognitive Constraints on Information Flow. In Coherence and Grounding in Discourse, 21–51. John Benjamins.
Champollion, L. (2015). The interaction of compositional semantics and event semantics. Linguistics and Philosophy, 38(1), 31–66.
Champollion, L. (2016). Overt Distributivity in Algebraic Event Semantics. Semantics and Pragmatics, 9.
Champollion, L. (2016). Ten Men and Women Got Married Today: Noun Coordination and the Intersective Theory of Conjunction. Journal of Semantics, 33(3), 561–622.
Champollion, L. (2017). Parts of a Whole: Distributivity as a Bridge Between Aspect and Measurement. Oxford University Press.
Champollion, L. (2019). Distributivity in Formal Semantics. Annual Review of Linguistics, 5, 289–308.
Champollion, L., Alsop, A. & Grosu, I. (2019). Free Choice Disjunction as a Rational Speech Act. Semantics and Linguistic Theory, 29, 238–257.
Champollion, L., Bumford, D. & Henderson, R. (2019). Donkeys under Discussion. Semantics and Pragmatics, 12(1), 1–51.
Chan, B. & Shen, Z. (2026). Conditions on Wh-the-Hell Licensing: Evidence from Colloquial Singapore English. Linguistic Inquiry.
Chandlee, J. (2014). Strictly Local Phonological Processes. PhD dissertation, University of Delaware.
Chandlee, J., Eyraud, R. & Heinz, J. (2015). Output Strictly Local Functions. Proceedings of the 14th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language (MoL 2015), 112–125.
Chandlee, J. & Heinz, J. (2018). Strict Locality and Phonological Maps. Linguistic Inquiry, 49(1), 23–60.
Chandlee, J. & Jardine, A. (2019). Autosegmental Input Strictly Local Functions. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 7, 157–168.
Chandlee, J. & Jardine, A. (2021). Computational universals in linguistic theory: Using recursive programs for phonological analysis. Language, 97(3), 485–519.
Chappell, H. & McGregor, W. (1989). Alienability, Inalienability and Nominal Classification. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 15, 24–36.
Charette, M. (1991). Conditions on Phonological Government. Cambridge University Press.
Charlow, S. (2014). On the Semantics of Exceptional Scope. PhD dissertation, New York University.
Charlow, S. (2018). A Modular Theory of Pronouns and Binding. Manuscript, Rutgers University.
Charlow, S. (2019). Where Is the Destructive Update Problem?. Semantics and Pragmatics, 12(10), 1–24.
Charlow, S. (2020). The Scope of Alternatives: Indefiniteness and Islands. Linguistics and Philosophy, 43(4), 427–472.
Charlow, S. (2021). Post-Suppositions and Semantic Theory. Journal of Semantics.
Charlow, S. (2025). Staged updates. Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT 35), 860–880.
Charlow, S. & Sharvit, Y. (2014). Bound `de re' pronouns and the LFs of attitude reports. Semantics and Pragmatics, 7.
Charnavel, I. & Mateu, V. (2015). The Clitic Binding Restriction Revisited: Evidence for Antilogophoricity. The Linguistic Review, 32(4).
Chater, N. & Oaksford, M. (1999). The probability heuristics model of syllogistic reasoning. Cognitive Psychology, 38(2), 191–258.
Chatzikyriakidis, S., Cooper, R., Gregoromichelaki, E. & Sutton, P. (2025). Types and the Structure of Meaning: Issues in Compositional and Lexical Semantics. Cambridge University Press.
Chatzikyriakidis, S. & Luo, Z. (2017). On the Interpretation of Common Nouns: Types Versus Predicates. In Modern Perspectives in Type-Theoretical Semantics, 98, 43–70. Springer.
Chatzikyriakidis, S. & Luo, Z. (2020). Formal Semantics in Modern Type Theories. Wiley.
Chemla, E. (2007). French both: a gap in the theory of antipresupposition. Snippets, 15, 4–5.
Chemla, E. (2009). Universal implicatures and free choice effects: Experimental data. Semantics and Pragmatics, 2(2), 1–33.
Chemla, E. (2009). Presuppositions of Quantified Sentences: Experimental Data. Natural Language Semantics, 17(4), 299–340.
Chemla, E., Buccola, B. & Dautriche, I. (2019). Connecting content and logical words. Journal of Semantics, 36(3), 531–547.
Chemla, E. & Spector, B. (2011). Experimental evidence for embedded scalar implicatures. Journal of Semantics, 28(3), 359–400.
Chen, M. Y. (2000). Tone Sandhi: Patterns Across Chinese Dialects. Cambridge University Press.
Cheng, C. (1973). Comments on Moravcsik's paper. In Approaches to Natural Language: Proceedings of the 1970 Stanford Workshop on Grammar and Semantics, 286–288. Springer Netherlands.
Cheng, L. L. & Sybesma, R. (1999). Bare and not-so-bare nouns and the structure of NP. Linguistic Inquiry, 30(4), 509–542.
Cheng, P. W. & Holyoak, K. J. (1995). Adaptive Systems as Intuitive Statisticians: Causality, Contingency, and Prediction. In Comparative Approaches to Cognition, 271–302. MIT Press.
Cheung, H. S. (1972). Xianggang Yueyu yufa de yanjiu [Cantonese as spoken in Hong Kong]. Chinese University Press.
Cheung, H. S. (2007). Xianggang Yueyu yufa de yanjiu (zengding ban) [Cantonese as spoken in Hong Kong, revised edition]. Chinese University Press.
Chierchia, G. (1984). Topics in the Syntax and Semantics of Infinitives and Gerunds. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Chierchia, G. (1990). Anaphora and attitudes de se. In Semantics and Contextual Expression. Foris.
Chierchia, G. (1993). Questions with Quantifiers. Natural Language Semantics, 1(2), 181–234.
Chierchia, G. (1995). Individual-Level Predicates as Inherent Generics. In The Generic Book, 176–223. University of Chicago Press.
Chierchia, G. (1998). Reference to Kinds across Language. Natural Language Semantics, 6(4), 339–405.
Chierchia, G. (2001). A Puzzle about Indefinites. In Semantic Interfaces: Reference, Anaphora and Aspect, 51–89. CSLI Publications.
Chierchia, G. (2004). Scalar Implicatures, Polarity Phenomena, and the Syntax/Pragmatics Interface. In Structures and Beyond, 39–103. Oxford University Press.
Chierchia, G. (2006). Broaden Your Views: Implicatures of Domain Widening and the “Logicality” of Language. Linguistic Inquiry, 37(4), 535–590.
Chierchia, G. (2013). Logic in Grammar: Polarity, Free Choice, and Intervention. Oxford University Press.
Chierchia, G., Fox, D. & Spector, B. (2008). The grammatical view of scalar implicatures and the relationship between semantics and pragmatics. In Handbook of semantics. Mouton de Gruyter.
Chierchia, G., Fox, D. & Spector, B. (2012). Scalar Implicature as a Grammatical Phenomenon. In Semantics: An International Handbook, 3.
Chisholm, R. M. (1966). Freedom and Action. In Freedom and Determinism. Random House.
Chomsky, N. (1957). Syntactic Structures. Mouton.
Chomsky, N. (1970). Remarks on Nominalization. In Readings in English Transformational Grammar, 184–221. Ginn.
Chomsky, N. (1973). Conditions on Transformations. In A Festschrift for Morris Halle, 232–286. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Chomsky, N. (1981). Lectures on Government and Binding. Foris.
Chomsky, N. (1982). Some Concepts and Consequences of the Theory of Government and Binding. MIT Press.
Chomsky, N. (1995). The Minimalist Program. MIT Press.
Chomsky, N. (1995). Bare Phrase Structure. In Evolution and Revolution in Linguistic Theory, 51–109. Georgetown University Press.
Chomsky, N. (2000). Minimalist Inquiries: The Framework. In Step by Step, 89–155. MIT Press.
Chomsky, N. (2001). Derivation by Phase. In Ken Hale: A Life in Language, 1–52. MIT Press.
Chomsky, N. (2008). On Phases. In Foundational Issues in Linguistic Theory, 133–166. The MIT Press.
Chomsky, N. (2013). Problems of Projection. Lingua, 130, 33–49.
Chomsky, N. & Halle, M. (1968). The Sound Pattern of English. Harper & Row.
Chou, C. T. (2012). Syntax-Pragmatics Interface: Mandarin Chinese Wh-the-hell and Point-of-View Operator. Syntax, 15, 1–24.
Chow, K. J. & Erlewine, M. Y. (2022). Restrictions on the Position of exh. Proceedings of SALT 32, 522–542.
Christidis, A. (1982). Oti/Pu: Complementizer selection in Modern Greek. Studies in Greek Linguistics, 2, 113–178.
Chuang, Y., Bell, M. J., Tseng, Y. & Baayen, R. H. (2026). Word-specific tonal realizations in Mandarin. Language.
Chung, S. (2013). Syntactic identity in sluicing: How much and why. Linguistic Inquiry, 44(1), 1–44.
Chung, S. & Ladusaw, W. A. (2003). Restriction and Saturation. MIT Press.
Chung, W. (2019). Decomposing deontic modality: Evidence from Korean. Journal of Semantics, 36(4), 665–700.
Chung, W. & Mascarenhas, S. (2023). Modality, expected utility, and hypothesis testing. Synthese, 202(11).
Ciardelli, I. (2014). Modalities in the realm of questions: Axiomatizing inquisitive epistemic logic. Advances in Modal Logic, Volume 10, 94–113.
Ciardelli, I. (2022). Inquisitive Logic: Consequence and Inference in the Realm of Questions. Springer.
Ciardelli, I., Groenendijk, J. & Roelofsen, F. (2018). Inquisitive Semantics. Oxford University Press.
Ciardelli, I. & Guerrini, J. (2026). Against Wide Scope Free Choice. Semantics and Pragmatics, 19(4).
Ciardelli, I., Zhang, L. & Champollion, L. (2018). Two switches in the theory of counterfactuals: A study of truth conditionality and minimal change. Linguistics and Philosophy, 41(6), 577–621.
Cimpian, A., Brandone, A. C. & Gelman, S. A. (2010). Generic Statements Require Little Evidence for Acceptance but Have Powerful Implications. Cognitive Science, 34(8), 1452–1482.
Cinque, G. (1980). On Extraction from NP in Italian. Journal of Italian Linguistics Amsterdam, 5(1), 47–97.
Cinque, G. (1999). Adverbs and Functional Heads: A Cross-Linguistic Perspective. Oxford University Press.
Cinque, G. (2004). Restructuring and functional structure. In Structures and Beyond, 11–63. OUP.
Cinque, G. (2005). Deriving Greenberg's Universal 20 and its exceptions. Linguistic Inquiry, 36(3), 315–332.
Cinque, G. (2006). Restructuring and functional heads: The cartography of syntactic structures, volume 4. Oxford University Press.
Cinque, G. (2020). The Syntax of Relative Clauses: A Unified Analysis. Cambridge University Press.
Citko, B. (2011). Symmetry in Syntax: Merge, Move, and Labels. Cambridge University Press.
Citko, B. (2014). Phase Theory: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press.
Citko, B. & Gračanin-Yuksek, M. (2025). Economy in PF Reduction: Why and When (Not) to Elide Multidominant Structures. Linguistic Inquiry, 1–44.
Clark, E. V. (2017). Language in Children. Routledge.
Clark, E. V. & Clark, H. H. (1979). When nouns surface as verbs. Language, 55(4), 767–811.
Clark, H. H. (1979). Responding to indirect speech acts. Cognitive Psychology, 11(4), 430–477.
Clark, H. H. (1983). Making sense of nonce sense. In The Process of Language Understanding, 297–331. John Wiley & Sons.
Clark, H. H. (1996). Using Language. Cambridge University Press.
Claus, B. & Walch, M. (2024). Numeral Modification and Framing Effects: exactly and at most vs up to. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 46.
Clem, E. & Deal, A. R. (2026). Dependent Case by Agree: Ergative in Shawi. Linguistic Inquiry, 57(2), 267–313.
Clemens, L. E. & Coon, J. (2018). Deriving verb-initial word order in Mayan. Language, 94(2), 237–280.
Clements, G. N. (1981). The hierarchical representation of tone features. In Harvard Studies in Phonology, 2, 187–272. Indiana University Linguistics Club.
Clements, G. N. & Goldsmith, J. (1984). Autosegmental Studies in Bantu Tone. Foris.
Clements, G. N. (1985). The Geometry of Phonological Features. Phonology Yearbook, 2, 225–252.
Clements, G. N. (1990). The role of the sonority cycle in core syllabification. In Papers in Laboratory Phonology I: Between the Grammar and Physics of Speech, 283–333. Cambridge University Press.
Clements, G. N. & Hume, E. (1995). The Internal Organization of Speech Sounds. In The Handbook of Phonology, 245–306. Blackwell.
Clements, G. N. & Sezer, E. (1982). Vowel and consonant disharmony in Turkish. In The structure of phonological representations, part 2, 213–255. De Gruyter.
Cobreros, P., Egré, P., Ripley, D. & van Rooij, R. (2012). Tolerant, Classical, Strict. Journal of Philosophical Logic, 41(2), 347–385.
Coetzee, A. W. & Kawahara, S. (2013). Frequency biases in phonological variation. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 31.
Coetzee, A. W. & Pater, J. (2008). Weighted constraints and gradient restrictions on place co-occurrence in Muna and Arabic. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 26.
Coetzee, A. W. & Pater, J. (2011). The Place of Variation in Phonological Theory. In The Handbook of Phonological Theory, 401–434. Wiley-Blackwell.
Cohen, A. (1999). Think Generic! The Meaning and Use of Generic Sentences. CSLI Publications.
Cohen, A. (2013). No Quantification without Reinterpretation. In Genericity, 334–351. Oxford University Press.
Cohen, A. & Erteschik-Shir, N. (2002). Topic, Focus, and the Interpretation of Bare Plurals. Natural Language Semantics, 10, 125–165.
Cohen, A. & Krifka, M. (2014). Superlative quantifiers and meta-speech acts. Linguistics and Philosophy, 37, 41–90.
Cohen, L. J. (1971). The logical particles of natural language. In Pragmatics of natural language, 50–68. Reidel.
Cohn, A. C. (1990). Phonetic and Phonological Rules of Nasalization. PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
Cohn-Gordon, R., Goodman, N. & Potts, C. (2019). An Incremental Iterated Response Model of Pragmatics. Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics (SCiL) 2019, 81–90.
Cole, P. (1982). Imbabura Quechua. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Cole, P. & Hermon, G. (2008). VP Raising in a VOS Language. Syntax, 11(2), 144–197.
Coleman, J. & Local, J. (1991). The `No Crossing Constraint' in autosegmental phonology. Linguistics and Philosophy, 14(3), 295–338.
Collins, C. (1997). Local Economy. MIT Press.
Collins, C. (2005). A Smuggling Approach to the Passive in English. Syntax, 8(2), 81–120.
Collins, C. & Kayne, R. S. (2023). Towards a Theory of Morphology as Syntax. Studies in Chinese Linguistics, 44(1), 1–32.
Collins, C. & Stabler, E. (2016). A Formalization of Minimalist Syntax. Syntax, 19(1), 43–78.
Comrie, B. (1975). Polite plurals and predicate agreement. Language, 51(2), 406–418.
Comrie, B. (1978). Ergativity. In Syntactic Typology, 15–34. University of Texas Press.
Comrie, B. (1985). Tense. Cambridge University Press.
Comrie, B. (1989). Language Universals and Linguistic Typology. University of Chicago Press.
Comrie, B. (2013). Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Comrie, B. (2013). Chapters in The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Comrie, B. & Corbett, G. G. (eds.) (1993). The Slavonic Languages. Routledge.
Comrie, B. & Kuteva, T. (2013). Relativization on Subjects. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Comrie, B. & Kuteva, T. (2013). Relativization on Obliques. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Condoravdi, C. (2002). Temporal Interpretation of Modals: Modals for the Present and for the Past. In The Construction of Meaning, 59–88. CSLI Publications.
Condoravdi, C. & Lauer, S. (2011). Performative Verbs and Performative Acts. Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 15, 149–164.
Condoravdi, C. & Lauer, S. (2012). Imperatives: Meaning and Illocutionary Force. In Empirical Issues in Syntax and Semantics 9, 37–58.
Condoravdi, C. & Lauer, S. (2016). Anankastic Conditionals are Just Conditionals. Semantics and Pragmatics, 9(8), 1–69.
Condoravdi, C. & Lauer, S. (2017). Conditional Imperatives and Endorsement. Proceedings of NELS 47, 185–204.
Connes, A. & Kreimer, D. (1998). Hopf Algebras, Renormalization and Noncommutative Geometry. Communications in Mathematical Physics, 199, 203–242.
Contemori, C. & Di Domenico, E. (2021). Microvariation in the division of labor between null- and overt-subject pronouns: the case of Italian and Spanish. Applied Psycholinguistics, 42(4), 997–1028.
Conti, L. & Luraghi, S. (2014). The Ancient Greek Partitive Genitive in Typological Perspective. In Partitive Cases and Related Categories, 443–476. De Gruyter Mouton.
Cook, E. (1978). Palatalizations and related rules in Sarcee. In Linguistic studies of native Canada, 19–35. University of British Columbia Press.
Coon, J. (2013). Aspects of Split Ergativity. Oxford University Press.
Coon, J. (2019). Building verbs in Chuj: Consequences for the nature of roots. Journal of Linguistics, 55(1), 35–81.
Coon, J., Baier, N. & Levin, T. (2021). Mayan agent focus and the ergative extraction constraint: Facts and fictions revisited. Language, 97(2), 269–332.
Coon, J. & Henderson, R. (2011). Two binding puzzles in Mayan. In Representing Language: Essays in Honor of Judith Aissen, 51–67. Linguistic Research Center, UC Santa Cruz.
Coon, J. & Keine, S. (2021). Feature Gluttony. Linguistic Inquiry, 52, 655–710.
Coon, J., Mateo Pedro, P. & Preminger, O. (2014). The role of Case in A-bar extraction asymmetries: Evidence from Mayan. Linguistic Variation, 14(2), 179–242.
Cooper, R. (2023). From Perception to Communication: A Theory of Types for Action and Meaning. Oxford University Press.
Copley, B. & Harley, H. (2015). A force-theoretic framework for event structure. Linguistics and Philosophy, 38, 103–158.
Copley, B. & Harley, H. (2022). What Would It Take to Tame the Verbal Hydra?. Manuscript, CNRS/Paris 8 and University of Arizona.
Coppock, E. & Beaver, D. I. (2014). Principles of the exclusive muddle. Journal of Semantics, 31(3), 371–432.
Coppock, E. (2018). Outlook-based semantics. Linguistics and Philosophy, 41, 125–164.
Coppock, E. (2021). Challenge problems for a theory of degree multiplication (with partial answer key). Proceedings of SALT 31, 466–483.
Coppock, E. (2022). Division vs. distributivity: Is per just like each?. Proceedings of SALT 32, 384–403.
Coppock, E. & Beaver, D. (2015). Definiteness and determinacy. Linguistics and Philosophy, 38(5), 377–435.
Corbett, G. G. (1979). The agreement hierarchy. Journal of Linguistics, 15(2), 203–224.
Corbett, G. G. (1991). Gender. Cambridge University Press.
Corbett, G. G. (1998). Morphology and Agreement. In The Handbook of Morphology, 191–205. Blackwell.
Corbett, G. G. (2000). Number. Cambridge University Press.
Corbett, G. G. (2006). Agreement. Cambridge University Press.
Corbett, G. G. (2013). Number of Genders. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Corbett, G. G. & Fedden, S. (2016). Canonical gender. Journal of Linguistics, 52(3), 495–531.
Cover, T. M. & Thomas, J. A. (2006). Elements of Information Theory. Wiley-Interscience.
Cowan, J. M. (eds.) (1979). Hans Wehr: A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic. Otto Harrasowitz.
Crane, T. M., Hyman, L. M. & Tukumu, S. N. (2011). A grammar of Nzadi. University of California Press.
Crawford, V. P. & Sobel, J. (1982). Strategic Information Transmission. Econometrica, 50(6), 1431.
Creissels, D. (2025). Transitivity, Valency, and Voice. Oxford University Press.
Cremers, A., Coppock, L., Dotlačil, J. & Roelofsen, F. (2022). Ignorance implicatures of modified numerals. Linguistics and Philosophy, 45(3), 683–740.
Cremers, A., Wilcox, E. G. & Spector, B. (2023). Exhaustivity and Anti-Exhaustivity in the RSA Framework: Testing the Effect of Prior Beliefs. Cognitive Science, 47(5), e13286.
Cresswell, M. J. (1976). The semantics of degree. In Montague Grammar, 261–292. Academic Press.
Cresswell, M. J. & von Stechow, A. (1982). De re belief generalized. Linguistics and Philosophy, 5(4), 503–535.
Cristofaro, S. (2013). Purpose, Reason, `When' and Utterance Complement Clauses. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Crnič, L. (2011). Getting Even. PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Crnič, L. (2014). Non-monotonicity in NPI licensing. Natural Language Semantics, 22(2), 169–217.
Croft, W. (2012). Verbs: Aspect and Causal Structure. Oxford University Press.
Crozier, D. & Blench, R. M. (1992). An Index of Nigerian Languages. SIL International.
Crupi, V., Fitelson, B. & Tentori, K. (2008). Probability, confirmation, and the conjunction fallacy. Thinking & Reasoning, 14(2), 182–199.
Crupi, V. & Iacona, A. (2022). The evidential conditional. Erkenntnis, 87(6), 2897–2921.
Cruse, D. A. (1973). Some Thoughts on Agentivity. Journal of Linguistics, 9(1), 11–23.
Cruse, D. A. (1986). Lexical Semantics. Cambridge University Press.
Cruse, D. A. (1995). Polysemy and related phenomena from a cognitive linguistic viewpoint. In Computational lexical semantics, 31–49. Cambridge University Press.
Crystal, D. (1991). A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Blackwell.
Cser, A. (2010). The -alis/-aris allomorphy revisited. In Variation and Change in Morphology: Selected Papers from the 13th International Morphology Meeting, Vienna, February 2008, 33–52. John Benjamins.
Cser, A. (2020). The Phonology of Classical Latin. Transactions of the Philological Society, 118(S1), 1–218.
Cuervo, M. C. (2003). Datives at Large. PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Cumming, S. (2026). Tense and Evidence. Linguistics and Philosophy, 49(1), 153–175.
Cummins, C. (2015). Constraints on numerical expressions. Oxford University Press.
Cummins, C. (2025). Noncooperative Communication. Annual Review of Linguistics, 11(1), 35–52.
Cummins, C. & Franke, M. (2021). Rational Interpretation of Numerical Quantity in Argumentative Contexts. Frontiers in Communication, 6, 662027.
Curry, H. B. & Feys, R. (1958). Combinatory Logic. North-Holland.
Cutting, J. & Vishton, P. (1995). Perceiving Layout and Knowing Distances. In Perception of Space and Motion, 69–117. Academic Press.
Cysouw, M. (2009). The Paradigmatic Structure of Person Marking. Oxford University Press.
Cépeda, P. (2018). Negation and Time: Against Expletive Negation in Temporal Clauses. PhD dissertation, Stony Brook University.
Côté, M. (2018). Glissantes et diphtongue en français laurentien. Cahiers du Centre de Linguistique et des Sciences du langage, 56, 41–59.
D'Alessandro, R. & Scheer, T. (2015). Modular PIC. Linguistic Inquiry, 46(4), 593–624.
D'Ambrosio, J. & Hedden, B. (2024). Multidimensional Adjectives. Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 102(2), 253–277.
D'Onofrio, A. (2018). Personae and Phonetic Detail in Sociolinguistic Signs. Language in Society, 47(4), 513–539.
Dahl, Ö. (2000). Animacy and the notion of semantic gender. In Gender in Grammar and Cognition, I: Approaches to Gender, 99–115. Mouton de Gruyter.
Dahl, Ö. & Velupillai, V. (2013). The Past Tense. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Dahl, Ö. & Velupillai, V. (2013). Chapters in The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Dakubu, M. E. K. (2004). The Gã High-Tone Verbal Marker as Subjunctive.
Dale, R. & Reiter, E. (1995). Computational Interpretations of the Gricean Maxims in the Generation of Referring Expressions. Cognitive Science, 19(2), 233–263.
Dalrymple, M. & Haug, D. T. T. (2024). Constraints on Reciprocal Scope. Linguistic Inquiry, 1–13.
Dalrymple, M., Kanazawa, M., Kim, Y., Mchombo, S. A. & Peters, S. (1998). Reciprocal Expressions and the Concept of Reciprocity. Linguistics and Philosophy, 21(2), 159–210.
Dalrymple, M. & Kaplan, R. M. (2000). Feature Indeterminacy and Feature Resolution. Language, 76(4), 759–798.
Dalrymple, M., Mchombo, S. A. & Peters, S. (1994). Semantic Similarities and Syntactic Contrasts between Chichewa and English Reciprocals. Linguistic Inquiry, 25(1), 145–163.
Daniel, M. (2013). Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Darwiche, A. & Pearl, J. (1997). On the Logic of Iterated Belief Revision. Artificial Intelligence, 89(1-2), 1–29.
Davidson, D. (1967). The logical form of action sentences. In The Logic of Decision and Action, 81–120. University of Pittsburgh Press.
Davidson, D. (1979). Quotation. Theory and Decision, 11(1), 27–40.
Davidson, K. & Gagné, D. (2022). “More is up” for domain restriction in ASL. Semantics and Pragmatics, 15(1), 1–52.
Davies, W. D. & Dubinsky, S. (2003). On extraction from NPs. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 21(1), 1–37.
Davis, A. R. & Koenig, J. (2000). Linking as Constraints on Word Classes in a Hierarchical Lexicon. Language, 76(1), 56–91.
Davis, H. (1997). Deep unaccusativity and zero syntax in St'at'imcets. In Theoretical Issues at the Morphology-Syntax Interface, 55–96. EHU Press.
Davison, A. (1984). Syntactic Markedness and the Definition of Sentence Topic. Language, 60(4), 797–846.
Dayal, V. (1996). Locality in WH Quantification: Questions and Relative Clauses in Hindi. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Dayal, V. (2004). Number Marking and (In)definiteness in Kind Terms. Linguistics and Philosophy, 27(4), 393–450.
Dayal, V. (2016). Questions. Oxford University Press.
Dayal, V. (2025). The Interrogative Left Periphery: How a Clause Becomes a Question. Linguistic Inquiry, 56(4), 663–712.
Dayal, V. & Grimshaw, J. (2009). Subordination at the Interface: A Quasi-Subordination Hypothesis. Ms., Rutgers University.
De Clercq, K. & Vanden Wyngaerd, G. (2017). *ABA revisited: Evidence from Czech and Latin degree morphology. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics, 2(1).
de Cornulier, B. (1983). "If" and the presumption of exhaustivity. Journal of Pragmatics, 7(3), 247–249.
de Cuba, C. (2017). Noun complement clauses as referential modifiers. Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics, 2(1).
de Groote, P. (2006). Towards a Montagovian Account of Dynamics. Proceedings of SALT XVI, 1–16.
de Haan, F. (2013). Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
de Haan, F. (2013). Coding of Evidentiality. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
de Hoop, H. & Malchukov, A. (2008). Case-Marking Strategies. Linguistic Inquiry, 39(4), 565–587.
De Klerck, A. & Demey, L. (2025). Alpha-Structures and Ladders in Logical Geometry. Studia Logica, 113(6), 1713–1748.
De Klerck, A., Vignero, L. & Demey, L. (2024). Morphisms Between Aristotelian Diagrams. Logica Universalis, 18(1-2), 49–83.
de Lacy, P. (2002). The formal expression of markedness. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts Amherst.
de Marneffe, M., Manning, C. D., Nivre, J. & Zeman, D. (2021). Universal Dependencies. Computational Linguistics, 47(2), 255–308.
de Marneffe, M. & Nivre, J. (2019). Dependency Grammar. Annual Review of Linguistics, 5(1), 197–218.
De Santo, A. & Graf, T. (2019). Structure sensitive tier projection: applications and formal properties. Formal Grammar 2019, 35–50.
de Swart, H. (1996). Meaning and Use of not\ldotsuntil. Journal of Semantics, 13, 221–263.
de Swart, H. (1998). Aspect Shift and Coercion. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 16(2), 347–385.
de Swart, H. & Molendijk, A. (1999). Negation and the Temporal Structure of Narrative Discourse. Journal of Semantics, 16(1), 1–43.
de Vries, L. (2025). Clause chaining in Greater Awyu languages of West Papua. In Clause Chaining in the Languages of the World, 129–148. Oxford University Press.
de Vries, M. (2018). Relative Clauses in Syntax. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University Press.
de Waijer, J. V. (2001). The importance of single-word utterances for early word recognition. Proceedings of ELA 2001.
Deal, A. R. (2010). Ergative case and the transitive subject: A view from Nez Perce. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 28(1), 73–120.
Deal, A. R. (2011). Modals Without Scales. Language, 87(3), 559–585.
Deal, A. R. (2015). Interaction and satisfaction in $\phi$-agreement. Proceedings of the Forty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the North East Linguistic Society (NELS 45), 1, 179–192.
Deal, A. R. (2016). Cyclicity and connectivity in Nez Perce relative clauses. Linguistic Inquiry, 47(3), 427–470.
Deal, A. R. (2020). A Theory of Indexical Shift: Meaning, Grammar, and Crosslinguistic Variation. MIT Press.
Deal, A. R. (2024). Interaction, Satisfaction, and the PCC. Linguistic Inquiry, 55(1), 39–94.
Deal, A. R. (2025). Uncentered attitude reports. Journal of Semantics.
Deal, A. R. (2026). Clausal complementation as relativization, revisited. Syntactic Theory and Research, 2(1), 1.
Deane, P. (1991). Limits to attention: A cognitive theory of island phenomena. Cognitive Linguistics, 2(1), 1–64.
Declerck, R. (1991). Tense in English: Its Structure and Use in Discourse. Routledge.
Declerck, R. (1991). A Comprehensive Descriptive Grammar of English. Kaitakusha.
Declerck, R., Reed, S. & Cappelle, B. (2006). The Grammar of the English Verb Phrase, Volume 1: The Grammar of the English Tense System. Mouton de Gruyter.
Degano, M. & Aloni, M. (2025). How to be (non-)specific. Linguistics and Philosophy.
Degen, J. (2023). The Rational Speech Act Framework. Annual Review of Linguistics, 9(1), 519–540.
Degen, J., Hawkins, R. D., Graf, C., Kreiss, E. & Goodman, N. D. (2020). When Redundancy Is Useful: A Bayesian Approach to “Overinformative” Referring Expressions. Psychological Review, 127(4), 591–621.
Degen, J., Tessler, M. H. & Goodman, N. D. (2015). Wonky Worlds: Listeners Revise World Knowledge when Utterances Are Odd. Proceedings of the 37th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.
Degen, J. & Tonhauser, J. (2021). Prior beliefs modulate projection. Open Mind, 5, 59–70.
Degen, J. & Tonhauser, J. (2022). Are there factive predicates? An empirical investigation. Language, 98(3), 552–591.
Dekier, J. (2021). Morphosyntax of specific and non-specific indefinite markers. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics, 6(1), 1–33.
Dekker, P. (1994). Predicate Logic with Anaphora. Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT) 4, 79–95.
Dekker, P. J. E. (2012). Dynamic Semantics. Springer.
Del Pinal, G. (2015). Dual Content Semantics, privative adjectives, and dynamic compositionality. Semantics and Pragmatics, 8(7), 1–53.
Del Pinal, G., Bassi, I. & Sauerland, U. (2024). Free Choice and Presuppositional Exhaustification. Semantics and Pragmatics, 17(3), 1–52.
Del Prete, F. (2013). Imperfectivity and Habituality in Italian. In Genericity. Oxford University Press.
DeLancey, S. (1997). Mirativity: The Grammatical Marking of Unexpected Information. Linguistic Typology, 1(1), 33–52.
Dell, F. (1983). An Aspectual Distinction in Tagalog. Oceanic Linguistics, 22/23(1/2), 175–206.
Dell, G. S. (1986). A Spreading-Activation Theory of Retrieval in Sentence Production. Psychological Review, 93(3), 283–321.
Demey, L. & Frijters, S. (2023). Logic-Sensitivity and Bitstring Semantics in the Square of Opposition. Journal of Philosophical Logic, 52(6), 1703–1721.
Demey, L. & Smessaert, H. (2018). Combinatorial Bitstring Semantics for Arbitrary Logical Fragments. Journal of Philosophical Logic, 47, 325–363.
Demey, L. & Smessaert, H. (2024). Aristotelian and Boolean Properties of the Keynes-Johnson Octagon of Opposition. Journal of Philosophical Logic, 53(5), 1265–1290.
Demuth, K. (1992). Acquisition of Sesotho. In The Crosslinguistic Study of Language Acquisition, 3, 557–638. Psychology Press.
den Dikken, M. (1995). Particles: On the Syntax of Verb-Particle, Triadic, and Causative Constructions. Oxford University Press.
den Dikken, M. (2006). Relators and Linkers: The Syntax of Predication, Predicate Inversion, and Copulas. MIT Press.
den Dikken, M. (2010). On the Functional Structure of Locative and Directional PPs. In Mapping Spatial PPs: The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, 6. Oxford University Press.
Den Dikken, M. & Giannakidou, A. (2002). From hell to polarity: “Aggressively non-D-linked” wh-phrases as polarity items. Linguistic Inquiry, 33(1), 31–61.
Denais, M. (1990). Éléments de phonologie et de morphologie tigrigna. PhD dissertation, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis.
Dench, A. C. (1995). Martuthunira: A Language of the Pilbara Region of Western Australia. Australian National University.
Denic, M. (2023). Probabilities and logic in implicature computation: Two puzzles with embedded disjunction. Semantics and Pragmatics, 16, 1–48.
Denic, M., Homer, V., Rothschild, D. & Chemla, E. (2021). The Influence of Polarity Items on Inferential Judgments. Cognition, 215, 104791.
Deo, A. (2023). Preference for Independent Shared Commitments: CG Update with Marathi (Indo-Aryan) Final na.
Deo, A. (2025). Take on This Commitment: The Particle bhwarhwa in Marathi (Indo-Aryan). Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 29, 386–403.
Deo, A. & Thomas, W. C. (2025). Addressing the widest answerable question: English "just" as a domain widening strategy. Journal of Semantics, 42(1-2), 1–37.
Di Maio, M. C. & Zanardo, A. (1994). Synchronized histories in Prior--Thomason representation of branching time. In Temporal Logic (ICTL '94), 827, 265–282. Springer.
Diesing, M. (1992). Indefinites. MIT Press.
Diessel, H. (2013). Adverbial Subordination. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Diessel, H. (2023). The Constructicon: Taxonomies and Networks. Cambridge University Press.
Dietrich, B. L. (1987). A circuit set characterization of antimatroids. Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B, 43(3), 314–321.
Dijkstra, E. W. (1959). A Note on Two Problems in Connexion with Graphs. Numerische Mathematik, 1, 269–271.
Dillon, B., Mishler, A., Sloggett, S. & Phillips, C. (2013). Contrasting intrusion profiles for agreement and anaphora: Experimental and modeling evidence. Journal of Memory and Language, 69(2), 85–103.
Dilworth, R. P. (1940). Lattices with unique irreducible decompositions. Annals of Mathematics, 41(4), 771–777.
Dimitriadis, A. (2004). Discontinuous Reciprocals. Working paper, Utrecht Institute of Linguistics OTS.
Dimitriadis, A. (2008). Irreducible Symmetry in Reciprocal Constructions. In Reciprocals and Reflexives: Theoretical and Typological Explorations, 375–409. De Gruyter Mouton.
Dimroth, C. & Sudhoff, S. (eds.) (2018). The Grammatical Realization of Polarity Contrast: Theoretical, Empirical, and Typological Approaches. John Benjamins.
Ding, P. S. (2006). A typological study of tonal systems of Japanese and Prinmi: towards a definition of pitch-accent languages. Journal of Universal Language, 7, 1–35.
Dingemanse, M. (2019). Ideophones (mimetics, expressives). In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University Press.
Dingemanse, M. & Akita, K. (2017). An inverse relation between expressiveness and grammatical integration: On the morphosyntactic typology of ideophones, with special reference to Japanese. Journal of Linguistics, 53(3), 501–532.
Dingemanse, M. & Thompson, A. L. (2020). Iconicity mediates semantic networks of sound symbolism. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 155(4), 2687–2697.
Dinis, B. & Jacinto, B. (2026). Marginality Scales for Gradable Adjectives. Linguistics and Philosophy, 49(1), 1–56.
Dixon, R. M. W. & Vogel, A. R. (2004). The Jarawara Language of Southern Amazonia. Oxford University Press.
Dixon, R. M. W. (1972). The Dyirbal Language of North Queensland. Cambridge University Press.
Dixon, R. M. W. (1982). Where Have All the Adjectives Gone?. Mouton.
Dixon, R. M. W. (1994). Ergativity. Cambridge University Press.
Dixon, R. M. W. & Aikhenvald, A. Y. (eds.) (2000). Changing Valency: Case Studies in Transitivity. Cambridge University Press.
Doetjes, J. (2013). Count/mass distinctions across languages. In Semantics: An International Handbook of Meaning, Volume 3, 2559–2580. De Gruyter Mouton.
Doke, C. M. & Mofokeng, S. M. (1967). Textbook of Southern Sotho Grammar. Longmans.
Dolatian, H. (2020). Computational Locality of Cyclic Phonology in Armenian. PhD dissertation, Stony Brook University.
Dolatian, H. & Heinz, J. (2020). Computing and Classifying Reduplication with 2-Way Finite-State Transducers. Journal of Language Modelling, 8(1), 179–250.
Donabédian, A. (1993). Le pluriel en arménien moderne. Faits de Langues, 2, 179–188.
Dong, Y. R., Hu, T., Hui, Z., Zhang, C., Vulić, I., Bobu, A. & Collier, N. (2026). Value of Information: A Framework for Human--Agent Communication.
Donnellan, K. (1966). Reference and Definite Descriptions. Philosophical Review, 75(3), 281–304.
Donohue, M. (1997). Tone systems in New Guinea. Linguistic Typology, 1, 347–386.
Dotlačil, J. (2013). Reciprocals Distribute over Information States. Journal of Semantics, 30(4), 423–477.
Douven, I. (2008). The evidential support theory of conditionals. Synthese, 164(1), 19–44.
Downing, L. J. (2014). What is (un)natural about tonal melodies?. Contemporary African Linguistics 2.
Downing, P. (1996). Numeral Classifier Systems: The Case of Japanese. John Benjamins.
Dowty, D. (1988). Type-raising, functional composition, and non-constituent conjunction. In Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy, 153–197. Springer Netherlands.
Dowty, D. (1991). Thematic Proto-Roles and Argument Selection. Language, 67(3), 547–619.
Dowty, D. R. (1979). Word Meaning and Montague Grammar: The Semantics of Verbs and Times in Generative Semantics and in Montague's PTQ. Springer.
Dretske, F. I. (1972). Contrastive statements. Philosophical Review, 81(4), 411–437.
Dryer, M. S. (1992). The Greenbergian Word Order Correlations. Language, 68(1), 81–138.
Dryer, M. S. (2013). Chapters in The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Dryer, M. S. & Haspelmath, M. (2013). WALS Online (Version 2020.4).
Dryer, M. S. & Haspelmath, M. (2013). The World Atlas of Language Structures Online.
Duanmu, S. (2007). The Phonology of Standard Chinese. Oxford University Press.
Dunn, J. (2025). Syntactic Variation from Individuals to Populations. Cambridge University Press.
Déchaine, R. & Manfredi, V. (1994). Binding Domains in Haitian. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 12(2), 203–257.
Déchaine, R. & Wiltschko, M. (2002). Decomposing Pronouns. Linguistic Inquiry, 33(3), 409–442.
Dölling, J. (2014). Aspectual coercion and eventuality structure. In Events, Arguments, and Aspects, 152, 189–226. John Benjamins.
Eckert, P. (2008). Variation and the Indexical Field. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 12(4), 453–476.
Edelberg, W. (1986). A New Puzzle about Intentional Identity. Journal of Philosophical Logic, 15(1), 1–25.
Edgington, D. (1997). Vagueness by Degrees. In Vagueness: A Reader. MIT Press.
Edwards, A. W. F. (1992). Likelihood. Johns Hopkins University Press.
Egressy, J. (2026). Size-Sensitive Sequence of Tense in Hungarian. Linguistic Inquiry, 1–25.
Eilenberg, S. (1976). Automata, Languages, and Machines. Volume B. Academic Press.
Eisner, J. (2000). Directional Constraint Evaluation in Optimality Theory. COLING 2000 Volume 1: The 18th International Conference on Computational Linguistics.
Eisner, J. (2002). Comprehension and Compilation in Optimality Theory. Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 56–63.
Elbourne, P. (2013). Definite Descriptions. Oxford University Press.
Elbourne, P. (2024). A program for eliminating syntactic categories. Linguistic Inquiry.
Elbourne, P. (2026). Adjectives without syntactic categories. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 44, 17.
Elbourne, P. D. (2005). Situations and Individuals. MIT Press.
Elkins, N., Torrence, H. & Brown, C. (2026). Wh-movement paths and oblique extraction in Mam (Mayan).
Elliott, P. D. (2016). Explaining DPs vs. CPs without syntax. Proceedings of the Chicago Linguistic Society, 52, 171–185.
Elliott, P. D. (2020). Towards a principled logic of anaphora. Ms. HHU Düsseldorf.
Elliott, P. D. (2020). Elements of Clausal Embedding. PhD dissertation, University College London.
Elliott, P. D. (2025). Determiners as predicates. Proceedings of SALT 35.
Elliott, P. D., Klinedinst, N., Sudo, Y. & Uegaki, W. (2017). Predicates of Relevance and Theories of Question Embedding. Journal of Semantics, 34(3), 547–554.
Elliott, P. D. & Sudo, Y. (2025). Free Choice with Anaphora. Semantics and Pragmatics, 18(2).
Elliott, P. D. (2023). Donkey disjunctions and overlapping updates. Proceedings of SALT 33, 666–685.
Ellis, N. C. (2006). Selective Attention and Transfer Phenomena in L2 Acquisition: Contingency, Cue Competition, Salience, Interference, Overshadowing, Blocking, and Perceptual Learning. Applied Linguistics, 27(2), 164–194.
Embick, D. (2004). On the structure of resultative participles in English. Linguistic Inquiry, 35(3), 355–392.
Embick, D. (2009). Roots, states, and stative passives.
Embick, D. & Noyer, R. (2001). Movement Operations after Syntax. Linguistic Inquiry, 32(4), 555–595.
Embick, D. & Noyer, R. (2007). Distributed Morphology and the syntax-morphology interface. In The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Interfaces. Oxford University Press.
Engelhardt, P. E., Bailey, K. G. D. & Ferreira, F. (2006). Do Speakers and Listeners Observe the Gricean Maxim of Quantity?. Journal of Memory and Language, 54(4), 554–573.
Enguehard, É. (2018). Comparative modified numerals revisited: Scalar implicatures, granularity and blindness to context. Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT) 28, 21–39.
Enguehard, É. (2024). What number marking on indefinites means: conceivability presuppositions and sensitivity to probabilities. Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 28, 289–302.
Erk, K. & Herbelot, A. (2024). How to Marry a Star: Probabilistic Constraints for Meaning in Context. Journal of Semantics, 40(4), 549–583.
Erlewine, M. Y. (2016). Anti-locality and Optimality in Kaqchikel Agent Focus. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 34(2), 429–479.
Erlewine, M. Y. (2018). Extraction and Licensing in Toba Batak. Language, 94(3), 662–697.
Erlewine, M. Y. & Sommerlot, C. J. (2025). Voice and Extraction in Malayic. Language, 101(4), 700–750.
Esipova, M. & Romero, M. (2023). Russian Intonation Polar Questions. Manuscript.
Esling, J. H. (2005). There Are No Back Vowels: The Laryngeal Articulatory Model. Canadian Journal of Linguistics, 50(1-4), 13–44.
Espinal, M. T. (1992). Expletive negation and logical absorption. The Linguistic Review, 9(4), 333–358.
Evans, J. S., Newstead, S. E. & Byrne, R. M. (1993). Human reasoning: The psychology of deduction.
Evans, N. (2008). Reciprocal Constructions: Towards a Structural Typology. In Reciprocals and Reflexives: Theoretical and Typological Explorations, 33–104. De Gruyter Mouton.
Evans, N., Gaby, A. & Nordlinger, R. (2007). Valency Mismatches and the Coding of Reciprocity in Australian Languages. Linguistic Typology, 11(3), 541–597.
Evans, N., Levinson, S. C., Gaby, A. & Majid, A. (2011). Introduction: Reciprocals and Semantic Typology. In Reciprocals and Semantic Typology, 1–28. John Benjamins.
Evcen, E., Bale, A. & Barner, D. (2026). Conditional inference and access to alternatives: The role of QUD and speaker knowledge in conditional perfection. Journal of Semantics.
Everdell, M. (2023). Arguments and Adjuncts in O'dam: Language-Specific Realization of a Cross-Linguistic Distinction. PhD dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.
Evers, A. (1975). The Transformational Cycle in Dutch and German. PhD dissertation, University of Utrecht.
F\ual\uau\textcommabelows, A. (2014). (Partially) free choice of alternatives. Linguistics and Philosophy, 37(2), 121–173.
Fagin, R. & Halpern, J. Y. (1994). Reasoning about Knowledge and Probability. Journal of the ACM, 41(2).
Faller, M. (2002). Semantics and Pragmatics of Evidentials in Cuzco Quechua. PhD dissertation, Stanford University.
Faller, M. (2019). The discourse commitments of illocutionary reportatives. Semantics and Pragmatics, 12(8), 1–46.
Farkas, D. F. (1985). Intensional Descriptions and the Romance Subjunctive Mood. Garland.
Farkas, D. F. (2003). Assertion, belief and mood choice. Paper presented at the workshop on Conditional and Unconditional Modality, ESSLLI, Vienna.
Farkas, D. F. & Brasoveanu, A. (2020). Kinds of (non)specificity. In The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Semantics, 1–26.
Farkas, D. F. & Bruce, K. B. (2010). On Reacting to Assertions and Polar Questions. Journal of Semantics, 27(1), 81–118.
Farkas, D. F. & de Swart, H. (2010). The semantics and pragmatics of plurals. Semantics and Pragmatics, 3.
Farkas, D. F. & Roelofsen, F. (2017). Division of Labor in the Interpretation of Declaratives and Interrogatives. Journal of Semantics, 34(2), 237–289.
Fassi Fehri, A. (2020). Hidden Trilogies of Universal Quantifiers: A Syntactically Based Analysis of Arabic kull and Its Kins. Studia Linguistica, 74(2), 427–470.
Fauconnier, G. (1975). Polarity and the Scale Principle. Proceedings of CLS 11, 188–199.
Faure, R. (2022). (H)oti-clauses from DP to NPhood: The life of a Greek noun clause. In On the nominal nature of propositional arguments, 63–92. Buske.
Faust, N. (2014). Templatic Metathesis in Tigre Imperatives. Phonology, 31(2), 209–227.
Faust, N. (2015). Eroded Prefixes, Gemination and Guttural Effects in Tigre: An Account in CVCV Phonology. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 33(4), 1209–1234.
Faust, N. (2016). Weak Radicals, Weak Suppletion, and Phonological Indices in Semitic. Morphology, 26(3-4), 379–397.
Faust, N. (2017). Apophony in the Inflections of Weak and Strong Verbs in Palestinian Arabic. The Linguistic Review, 34(1), 83–124.
Faust, N. (2017). Get That Into Your Head: Tigre Vowel Harmonies as Templatic. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics, 2(1), 95.
Faust, N. (2021). The /aa/ Moment in Modern Hebrew. Proceedings of IATL 35, 92, 43–58.
Faust, N. (2024). Epenthetic Vowel Quality Crosslinguistically, with Focus on Modern Hebrew. Linguistic Vanguard, 10(1), 17–34.
Faust, N. (2026). Intrusion as Template Satisfaction and the QaTaT--QaTa Problem in Semitic. Linguistic Inquiry, 57(2).
Faust, N. & Lampitelli, N. (2020). Virtual Length and the Two i's of Qaraqosh Neo-Aramaic. Journal of Semitic Studies, 65(1), 35–60.
Faust, N. & Lampitelli, N. (2023). Root and Pattern in Semitic -- and Beyond. In The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Morphology. Wiley-Blackwell.
Faust, N. & Lampitelli, N. (2026). Guttural Synseresis in Tigrinya and Tigre. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics, 11(1), 1–31.
Faust, N. & Loiseau, S. (to appear). The Phonology of Tuwari: Hiatus and Allophonic Pharyngealization. Language and Linguistics in Melanesia.
Fedzechkina, M., Jaeger, T. F. & Newport, E. L. (2012). Language learners restructure their input to facilitate efficient communication. PNAS, 109(44), 17897–17902.
Fedzechkina, M., Newport, E. L. & Jaeger, T. F. (2017). Balancing effort and information transmission during language acquisition. Cognitive Science, 41(2), 416–446.
Feferman, S. (1999). Logic, Logics, and Logicism. Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic, 40(1), 31–54.
Fehr, E. & Schmidt, K. M. (1999). A Theory of Fairness, Competition, and Cooperation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114(3), 817–868.
Fernández, R. (2006). Non-Sentential Utterances in Dialogue: Classification, Resolution and Use. PhD dissertation, King's College, London.
Ferreira, M. (2023). A square of necessities: X-marking weak and strong necessity modals. Semantics and Pragmatics, 16(8), 1–54.
Fiengo, R. (1987). Definiteness, specificity, and familiarity. Linguistic Inquiry, 18(1), 163–166.
Filip, H. (2012). Lexical Aspect. In The Oxford Handbook of Tense and Aspect. Oxford University Press.
Fillmore, C. (1982). Frame Semantics. In Linguistics in the Morning Calm, 613–620. Elsevier.
Fillmore, C. J. (1970). The grammar of hitting and breaking. In Readings in English Transformational Grammar, 120–133. Ginn.
Fillmore, C. J. (1986). Pragmatically Controlled Zero Anaphora. Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 95–107.
Fillmore, C. J., Kay, P. & O'Connor, M. C. (1988). Regularity and Idiomaticity in Grammatical Constructions: The Case of Let Alone. Language, 64(3), 501–538.
Fine, K. (1975). Vagueness, Truth and Logic. Synthese, 30(3–4), 265–300.
Fine, K. (2017). Truthmaker Semantics. In A Companion to the Philosophy of Language, 556–577. Wiley.
Finlay, S. (2009). Oughts and ends. Philosophical Studies, 143(3), 315–340.
Finley, S. (2009). Morpheme-specific correspondence in reduplication. Linguistic Inquiry, 40(3), 557–572.
Fishburn, P. C. (1991). Nontransitive Preferences in Decision Theory. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 4(2), 113–134.
Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C. & Glick, P. (2007). Universal Dimensions of Social Cognition: Warmth and Competence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(2), 77–83.
Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., Glick, P. & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 878–902.
Fitelson, B. (1999). The plurality of Bayesian measures of confirmation and the problem of measure sensitivity. Philosophy of Science, 66(S3), S362–S378.
Fitelson, B. (2007). Likelihoodism, Bayesianism, and relational confirmation. Synthese, 156(3), 473–489.
Fitting, M. (1985). A Kripke-Kleene Semantics for Logic Programs. The Journal of Logic Programming, 295–312.
Fitting, M. (1990). Bilattices in logic programming. Proceedings of the 20th International Symposium on Multiple-Valued Logic, 238–246.
Fitting, M. (1994). Kleene's Three Valued Logics and Their Children. Fundamenta Informaticae, 20(1-3), 113–131.
Fitting, M. (2021). The Strict/Tolerant Idea and Bilattices. In Arnon Avron on Semantics and Proof Theory of Non-Classical Logics, 21, 167–191. Springer.
Flemming, E. (2001). Scalar and Categorial Phenomena in a Unified Model of Phonetics and Phonology. Phonology, 18(1), 7–44.
Flemming, E. (2021). Comparing MaxEnt and Noisy Harmonic Grammar. Glossa, 6(1), 141, 1–42.
Floyd, S. (2018). Egophoricity and argument structure in Cha'palaa. In Egophoricity, 269-304, 269–304. John Benjamins.
Fodor, J. A. (1970). Three reasons for not deriving “kill” from “cause to die”. Linguistic Inquiry, 1, 429–438.
Foissy, L. (). An introduction to Hopf algebras of trees. Unpublished lecture notes, Université de Reims.
Foissy, L. (2002). Les algèbres de Hopf des arbres enracinés décorés, I. Bulletin des Sciences Mathématiques, 126(3), 193–239.
Folli, R. & Harley, H. (2006). On the Licensing of Causatives of Directed Motion: Waltzing Matilda All Over. Studia Linguistica, 60(2), 121–155.
Folli, R. & Harley, H. (2008). Teleology and animacy in external arguments. Lingua, 118, 190–202.
Folli, R. & Harley, H. (2020). A Head Movement Approach to Talmy's Typology. Linguistic Inquiry, 51(3), 425–470.
Fortuny, J. (2024). Deducing the Coordinand Constraint. Linguistic Inquiry, 55(2), 219–253.
Foster, J. N., Greenwald, M. B., Moore, J. T., Pierce, B. C. & Schmitt, A. (2007). Combinators for bidirectional tree transformations: A linguistic approach to the view-update problem. ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, 29(3).
Fox, D. (1995). Economy and Scope. Natural Language Semantics, 3, 283–341.
Fox, D. (2000). Economy and Scope. Natural Language Semantics, 3(3), 283–341.
Fox, D. (2007). Free Choice and the Theory of Scalar Implicatures. In Presupposition and Implicature in Compositional Semantics, 71–120. Palgrave Macmillan.
Fox, D. (2013). Presupposition Projection from Quantificational Sentences: Trivalence, Local Accommodation, and Presupposition Strengthening. In From Grammar to Meaning: The Spontaneous Logicality of Language. Cambridge University Press.
Fox, D. (2018). Partition by Exhaustification: Comments on Dayal 1996. Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 22, 403–434.
Fox, D. & Hackl, M. (2006). The Universal Density of Measurement. Linguistics and Philosophy, 29(5), 537–586.
Fox, D. & Katzir, R. (2011). On the Characterization of Alternatives. Natural Language Semantics, 19(1), 87–107.
Fox, D. & Pesetsky, D. (2005). Cyclic Linearization of Syntactic Structure. Theoretical Linguistics, 31(1–2), 1–45.
Fox, D. & Spector, B. (2018). Economy and Embedded Exhaustification. Natural Language Semantics, 26, 1–50.
Francescotti, R. M. (1995). Even: The Conventional Implicature Approach Reconsidered. Linguistics and Philosophy, 18, 153–173.
Francik, E. P. & Clark, H. H. (1985). How to Make Requests That Overcome Obstacles to Compliance. Journal of Memory and Language, 24(5), 560–568.
Frank, A. (1996). Context Dependence in Modal Constructions. PhD dissertation, University of Stuttgart.
Frank, M. C. & Goodman, N. D. (2012). Predicting Pragmatic Reasoning in Language Games. Science, 336(6084), 998.
Frank, R., Lee, Y. & Rambow, O. (1996). Scrambling, Reconstruction, and Subject Binding. Rivista di Grammatica Generativa, 21, 67–106.
Franke, M. (2011). Quantity Implicatures, Exhaustive Interpretation, and Rational Conversation. Semantics and Pragmatics, 4(1), 1–82.
Franke, M. & Bergen, L. (2020). Theory-Driven Statistical Modeling for Semantics and Pragmatics: A Case Study on Grammatically Generated Implicature Readings. Language, 96(2), e77–e96.
Franke, M. & Degen, J. (2023). The softmax function: Properties, motivation, and interpretation. PsyArXiv.
Frazier, L., Dillon, B. & Clifton, C. (2015). A note on interpreting damn expressives: Transferring the blame. Language and Cognition, 7(2), 291–304.
Fricker, M. (2007). Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing. Oxford University Press.
Frisch, S. A. (1996). Similarity and Frequency in Phonology. PhD dissertation, Northwestern University.
Frisch, S. A. (2000). Temporally Organized Representations as Phonological Units. In Papers in Laboratory Phonology V: Acquisition and the Lexicon, 283–298. Cambridge University Press.
Frisch, S. A., Broe, M. B. & Pierrehumbert, J. B. (1997). Similarity and Phonotactics in Arabic. Unpublished manuscript, Indiana University; Rutgers Optimality Archive.
Frisch, S. A., Pierrehumbert, J. B. & Broe, M. B. (2004). Similarity Avoidance and the OCP. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 22(1), 179–228.
Frisch, S. A. & Zawaydeh, B. (2001). The Psychological Reality of OCP-Place in Arabic. Language, 77(1), 91–106.
Funakoshi, K. (2016). Verb-Stranding Verb Phrase Ellipsis in Japanese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 25(2), 113–142.
Fusco, A. & Sgrizzi, T. (2026). Belief or Action? Semantic Ambiguity in the Italian Non-finite Domain. Proceedings of GLOW 47.
Futrell, R. (2019). Information-theoretic locality properties of natural language. Proceedings of the First Workshop on Quantitative Syntax (Quasy, SyntaxFest), 2–15.
Futrell, R., Gibson, E. & Levy, R. P. (2020). Lossy-Context Surprisal: An Information-Theoretic Model of Memory Effects in Sentence Processing. Cognitive Science, 44(3), e12814.
Futrell, R., Levy, R. P. & Gibson, E. (2020). Dependency locality as an explanatory principle for word order. Language, 96(2), 371–412.
Fwangwar, T. R. (2018). Aspects of the Phonology of Mwaghavul. PhD dissertation, University of Jos.
Féry, C. & Ishihara, S. (eds.) (2016). The Oxford Handbook of Information Structure. Oxford University Press.
Gafos, D. (1998). Eliminating Long-Distance Consonantal Spreading. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 16(2), 223–278.
Gahl, S. & Baayen, R. H. (2024). TIME and THYME again: Connecting English spoken word duration to models of the mental lexicon. Language, 100(4), 623–670.
Gajewski, J. (2002). On analyticity in natural language.
Gajewski, J. (2007). Neg-Raising and Polarity. Linguistics and Philosophy, 30(3), 289–328.
Gajewski, J. (2011). Licensing Strong NPIs. Natural Language Semantics, 19(2), 109–148.
Gajewski, J. R. (2005). Neg-Raising: Polarity and Presupposition. PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Gallin, D. (1975). Intensional and Higher-Order Modal Logic: With Applications to Montague Semantics. North-Holland.
Galloway, B. D. (1993). A Grammar of Upriver Halkomelem. University of California Press.
Garassino, D. & Jacob, D. (2018). Polarity focus and non-canonical syntax in Italian, French and Spanish: Clitic left dislocation and s\`ı che / sí que-constructions. In The Grammatical Realization of Polarity Contrast: Theoretical, Empirical, and Typological Approaches, 249, 227–254. John Benjamins.
Gasparri, L. (2025). Bare singular names and genericity. Journal of Semantics, 42(1-2), 127–135.
Gavruseva, E. (2000). On the syntax of possessor extraction. Lingua, 110(10), 743–772.
Gawne, L. & Spronck, S. (2024). Evidentiality, egophoricity, and engagement: the epistemicity glossary. Linguistic Typology.
Gawron, J. M. (2009). Paths and Scalar Change. Manuscript, San Diego State University.
Gazdar, G. (1981). Unbounded Dependencies and Coordinate Structure. Linguistic Inquiry, 12(2), 155–184.
Gazdar, G. & Pullum, G. K. (1982). Natural Languages and Context-Free Languages. Linguistics and Philosophy, 4(4), 471–504.
Geach, P. T. (1967). Intentional Identity. Journal of Philosophy, 64(20), 627–632.
Geach, P. T. (1962). Reference and Generality. Cornell University Press.
Geis, M. & Zwicky, A. M. (1971). On Invited Inferences. Linguistic Inquiry, 2(4), 561–566.
George, B. R. (2011). Question Embedding and the Semantics of Answers. PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
Gerstner, C. & Krifka, M. (1987). An Outline of Genericity. SNS-Bericht 87-23, Universität Tübingen.
Geurts, B. (1995). Presupposing. PhD dissertation, University of Osnabrück.
Geurts, B. (2005). Entertaining Alternatives: Disjunctions as Modals. Natural Language Semantics, 13(4), 383–410.
Geurts, B. (2006). Implicature as a discourse phenomenon. Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 11, 261–275.
Geurts, B. (2009). Scalar implicature and local pragmatics. Mind and Language, 24(1), 51–79.
Geurts, B. (2010). Quantity Implicatures. Cambridge University Press.
Geurts, B. & Nouwen, R. (2007). `At least' et al.: The semantics of scalar modifiers. Language, 83(3), 533–559.
Geurts, B. & Pouscoulous, N. (2009). Embedded implicatures?!?. Semantics and Pragmatics, 2(4), 1–34.
Giannakidou, A. (1998). Polarity Sensitivity as (Non)Veridical Dependency. John Benjamins.
Giannakidou, A. (2000). Negative ... Concord?. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 18(3), 457–523.
Giannakidou, A. (2002). UNTIL, Aspect, and Negation: A Novel Argument for Two "Until"s. Semantics and Linguistic Theory, 12, 84–103.
Giannakidou, A. & Mari, A. (2016). Epistemic future and epistemic MUST: Nonveridicality, evidence, and partial knowledge. In Mood, Aspect, Modality Revisited: New Answers to Old Questions, 75–117. University of Chicago Press.
Giannakidou, A. & Mari, A. (2018). The Semantic Roots of Positive Polarity: Epistemic Modal Verbs and Adverbs in English, Greek and Italian. Linguistics and Philosophy, 41(6), 623–664.
Giannakidou, A. & Mari, A. (2021). Truth and Veridicality in Grammar and Thought: Mood, Modality, and Propositional Attitudes. University of Chicago Press.
Gibbard, A. (1981). Two recent theories of conditionals. In IFS, 211–247. Springer Netherlands.
Gibbard, A. & Harper, W. L. (1978). Counterfactuals and two kinds of expected utility. In Foundations and Applications of Decision Theory, 125–162. Springer.
Gibson, E. (2000). The dependency locality theory. In Image, Language, Brain, 95–126. The MIT Press.
Gibson, E. (2025). Syntax. MIT Press.
Gibson, E., Futrell, R., Jara-Ettinger, J., Mahowald, K., Bergen, L., Ratnasingam, S., Gibson, M., Piantadosi, S. T. & Conway, B. R. (2017). Color naming across languages reflects color use. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(40), 10785–10790.
Gil, D. (1995). Universal Quantifiers and Distributivity. In Quantification in Natural Languages, 321–362. Kluwer.
Giles, M., Rubio-Fernandez, P. & Mollica, F. (2026). Search Efficiency Drives Reference Production Across Modalities, But Colour Is Special. Open Mind: Discoveries in Cognitive Science, 10, 236–260.
Gillon, B. S. (1987). The Readings of Plural Noun Phrases in English. Linguistics and Philosophy, 10(2), 199–219.
Ginsberg, M. L. (1988). Multivalued logics: a uniform approach to reasoning in artificial intelligence. Computational Intelligence, 4, 265–316.
Ginzburg, J. (2012). The Interactive Stance. Oxford University Press.
Ginzburg, J. & Cooper, R. (2004). Clarification, Ellipsis, and the Nature of Contextual Updates in Dialogue. Linguistics and Philosophy, 27(3), 297–365.
Ginzburg, J. & Sag, I. A. (2000). Interrogative Investigations. CSLI Publications.
Giorgi, A. & Pianesi, F. (1997). Tense and Aspect: From Semantics to Morphosyntax. Oxford University Press.
Giorgolo, G. & Asudeh, A. (2012). $\langle M, \eta, \star \rangle$ Monads for Conventional Implicatures. Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 16, 265–278.
Giulianelli, M., Opedal, A. & Cotterell, R. (2024). Generalized Measures of Anticipation and Responsivity in Online Language Processing. Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024.
Giulianelli, M., Wallbridge, S., Cotterell, R. & Fernández, R. (2026). Incremental alternative sampling as a lens into the temporal and representational resolution of linguistic prediction. Journal of Memory and Language, 148, 104715.
Givón, T. (1983). Topic Continuity in Discourse: A Quantitative Cross-Language Study. John Benjamins.
Glass, L. (2022). English verbs can omit their objects when they describe routines. English Language and Linguistics, 26, 49–73.
Glass, L. (2023). The negatively biased Mandarin belief verb y\uiwéi. Studia Linguistica, 77(1), 1–46.
Glass, L. (2023). Using the Anna Karenina Principle to explain why cause favors negative-sentiment complements. Semantics and Pragmatics, 16(6).
Glass, L. (2025). Attested versus unattested contrafactive belief verbs. Semantics and Pragmatics, 18(8), 1–17.
Goble, L. (1996). Utilitarian deontic logic. Philosophical Studies, 82(3), 317–357.
Goedemans, R. W. N., Heinz, J. & van der Hulst, H. (2015). StressTyp2 database. Online, \urlhttp://st2.ullet.net/.
Goedemans, R. & van der Hulst, H. (2013). Stress location, weight-sensitivity, and rhythm (WALS chapters 14–17). In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online (v2020.4). Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Goffman, E. (1979). Footing. Semiotica, 25(1-2), 1–30.
Goldberg, A. (2006). Constructions at Work. Oxford University Press.
Goldberg, A. E. (2003). Constructions: A New Theoretical Approach to Language. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(5), 219–224.
Goldberg, A. E. (1995). Constructions: A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure. University of Chicago Press.
Goldberg, A. E. & Jackendoff, R. (2004). The English Resultative as a Family of Constructions. Language, 80(3), 532–568.
Goldberg, A. E. & Shirtz, S. (2025). The English Phrase-as-Lemma Construction: When a Phrase Masquerades as a Word, People Play Along. Language, 101(2), 291–320.
Goldberg, L. (2005). Verb-Stranding VP Ellipsis: A Cross-Linguistic Study. PhD dissertation, McGill University.
Goldschmidt, A. & Zwarts, J. (2016). Force vectors in verb semantics.
Goldsmith, J. A. (1976). Autosegmental Phonology. PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Goldsmith, J. A. (1979). Autosegmental Phonology. Garland Press.
Goldsmith, J. A., Riggle, J. & Alan, C. L. (eds.) (2011). The Handbook of Phonological Theory. John Wiley & Sons.
Goldszmidt, M. & Pearl, J. (1996). Qualitative Probabilities for Default Reasoning, Belief Revision, and Causal Modeling. Artificial Intelligence, 84(1–2), 57–112.
Goldwater, S. & Johnson, M. (2003). Learning OT Constraint Rankings Using a Maximum Entropy Model. Proceedings of the Stockholm Workshop on Variation within Optimality Theory, 111–120.
Gong, Z. M. (2022). Case in Wholesale Late Merger: Evidence from Mongolian Scrambling. Linguistic Inquiry.
Goodhue, D. (2017). Must $\varphi$ is felicitous only if $\varphi$ is not known. Semantics and Pragmatics, 10(14), 1–27.
Goodhue, D. (2022). All focus is contrastive: On polarity (verum) focus, answer focus, contrastive focus and givenness. Journal of Semantics, 39(1), 117–158.
Goodhue, D. (2022). Isn't there more than one way to bias a polar question?. Natural Language Semantics, 30, 379–413.
Goodman, N. D. & Frank, M. C. (2016). Pragmatic Language Interpretation as Probabilistic Inference. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(11), 818–829.
Goodman, N. D. & Stuhlmüller, A. (2013). Knowledge and Implicature: Modeling Language Understanding as Social Cognition. Topics in Cognitive Science, 5(1), 173–184.
Goranko, V. & Otto, M. (2007). Model Theory of Modal Logic. In Handbook of Modal Logic, 3, 249–329. Elsevier.
Gordon, M. (2016). Metrical incoherence: Diachronic sources and synchronic analysis. In Dimensions of Linguistic Stress, 9–48. Cambridge University Press.
Gordon, P. C., Grosz, B. J. & Gilliom, L. A. (1993). Pronouns, Names, and the Centering of Attention in Discourse. Cognitive Science, 17(3), 311–347.
Gotham, M. (2017). Composing Criteria of Individuation in Copredication. Journal of Semantics, 34(2), 333–371.
Gotham, M. (2019). Double negation, excluded middle and accessibility in dynamic semantics. Proceedings of the 22nd Amsterdam Colloquium, 142–151.
Gotzner, N. & Romoli, J. (2018). The scalar inferences of strong scalar terms under negative quantifiers. Journal of Semantics, 35(1), 95–126.
Gotzner, N., Romoli, J. & Santorio, P. (2020). Choice and prohibition in non-monotonic contexts. Natural Language Semantics, 28(2), 141–174.
Graf, T. (2019). Monotonicity as an effective theory of morphosyntactic variation. Journal of Language Modelling, 7(2), 3–47.
Graff, D. (2000). Shifting Sands: An Interest-Relative Theory of Vagueness. Philosophical Topics, 28(1), 45–81.
Grano, T. (2014). Control without finiteness contrasts: Aspect and complement size in Mandarin Chinese. Manuscript, Indiana University.
Grano, T. (2015). Control and restructuring. Oxford University Press.
Grano, T. (2017). Finiteness contrasts without Tense? A view from Mandarin Chinese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 26(3), 259–299.
Grano, T. (2024). Intention Reports and Eventuality Abstraction in a Theory of Mood Choice. Linguistics and Philosophy, 47, 265–315.
Greco, C. (2018). Negative Polarity Items and Expletive Negation. PhD dissertation, Université Paris 8.
Greco, M. (2020). On the Syntax of Surprise Negation Sentences: A Case Study on Expletive Negation. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 38(3), 775–825.
Green, D. M. & Swets, J. A. (1966). Signal Detection Theory and Psychophysics. Wiley.
Greenberg, J. H. (1963). Some Universals of Grammar with Particular Reference to the Order of Meaningful Elements. In Universals of Language, 40–70. MIT Press.
Greenberg, J. H. (1966). Language Universals, with Special Reference to Feature Hierarchies. Mouton.
Greenberg, J. H. (1972). Numeral Classifiers and Substantival Number: Problems in the Genesis of a Linguistic Type. In Working Papers on Language Universals, 9, 1–39. Stanford University.
Greenberg, J. H. (1978). Generalizations About Numeral Systems. In Universals of Human Language, 3, 249–295. Stanford University Press.
Greenberg, Y. (2002). Two Types of Quantificational Modalized Genericity, and the Interpretation of Bare Plural and Indefinite Singular NPs. Proceedings of SALT 12, 104–123.
Greenberg, Y. (2004). Manifestations of Genericity. Routledge.
Greenberg, Y. (2007). Exceptions to Generics: Where Vagueness, Context Dependence and Modality Interact. Journal of Semantics, 24, 131–167.
Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In Speech Acts, 41–58. BRILL.
Grimm, S. (2005). The Lattice of Case and Agentivity.
Grimm, S. (2011). Semantics of Case. Morphology, 21, 515–544.
Grimm, S. (2012). Number and Individuation. PhD dissertation, Stanford University.
Grimm, S. (2018). Grammatical Number and the Scale of Individuation. Language, 94(3), 527–574.
Grimm, S. & Dočekal, M. (2021). Counting Aggregates, Groups and Kinds: Countability from the Perspective of a Morphologically Complex Language. In Countability in Natural Language, 85–120. Cambridge University Press.
Grimshaw, J. (1990). Argument Structure. MIT Press.
Grimshaw, J. (2005). Words and Structure. CSLI Publications.
Grimshaw, J. & Vikner, S. (1993). Obligatory adjuncts and the structure of events. In Knowledge and Language, Vol. II: Lexical and Conceptual Structure, 143–155. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Groenendijk, J. & Stokhof, M. (1984). Studies on the Semantics of Questions and the Pragmatics of Answers. PhD dissertation, University of Amsterdam.
Groenendijk, J. & Stokhof, M. (1991). Dynamic Predicate Logic. Linguistics and Philosophy, 14(1), 39–100.
Groenendijk, J., Stokhof, M. & Veltman, F. (1996). Coreference and Modality. In The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory. Blackwell.
Grosz, B. J., Joshi, A. K. & Weinstein, S. (1995). Centering: A Framework for Modeling the Local Coherence of Discourse. Computational Linguistics, 21(2), 203–225.
Grosz, P. (2010). Grading Modality: A New Approach to Modal Concord and its Relatives. Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung, 14, 185–201.
Grove, J. (2022). Presupposition Projection as a Scope Phenomenon. Semantics and Pragmatics, 15(15), 1–39.
Grove, J. & White, A. S. (2025). Factivity, presupposition projection, and the role of discrete knowledge in gradient inference judgments. Natural Language Semantics, 34, 1–45.
Grove, J. & White, A. S. (2025). Probabilistic Dynamic Semantics. Manuscript.
Grubb, D. M. (1969). A Kwakiutl phonology.
Grubic, M., Renans, A. & Duah, R. A. (2019). Focus, Exhaustivity and Existence in Akan, Ga and Ngamo. Linguistics, 57(1), 221–268.
Grusdt, B., Lassiter, D. & Franke, M. (2022). Probabilistic Modeling of Rational Communication with Conditionals. Semantics and Pragmatics, 15, 13.
Grzech, K. (2020). Managing common ground with epistemic marking: 'Evidential' markers in Upper Napo Kichwa and their functions in interaction. Journal of Pragmatics, 168, 81–97.
Gualmini, A., Hulsey, S., Hacquard, V. & Fox, D. (2008). The Question--Answer Requirement for scope assignment. Natural Language Semantics, 16(3), 205–237.
Guerrini, J. (2026). Distributive Kind Predication. Natural Language Semantics.
Guerssel, M. (1986). Glides in Berber and Syllabicity. Linguistic Inquiry, 17(1), 1–12.
Gulstad, D. E., Foley, W. A. & van Valin, R. D. (1984). Functional Syntax and Universal Grammar. Wiley.
Gundel, J. K., Hedberg, N. & Zacharski, R. (1993). Cognitive Status and the Form of Referring Expressions in Discourse. Language, 69(2), 274–307.
Gunlogson, C. (2001). True to Form: Rising and Falling Declaratives as Questions in English. PhD dissertation, University of California, Santa Cruz.
Gunlogson, C. (2003). True to Form. Routledge.
Gunlogson, C. (2004). True to Form: Rising and Falling Declaratives as Questions in English. Routledge.
Gunlogson, C. (2008). A Question of Commitment.
Gussmann, E. (1986). Autosegments, linked matrices, and the Irish lenition. In Linguistics across historical and geographical boundaries, 2, 891–907. Mouton de Gruyter.
Gutzmann, D. (2015). Use-Conditional Meaning. Oxford University Press.
Gutzmann, D. (2019). The grammar of expressivity. Oxford University Press.
Gutzmann, D., Hartmann, K. & Matthewson, L. (2020). Verum focus is verum, not focus: Cross-linguistic evidence. Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics, 5(1), 1–48.
Gyuris, B. (2018). On two types of polar interrogatives in Hungarian and their interaction with inside and outside negation. In The Grammatical Realization of Polarity Contrast: Theoretical, Empirical, and Typological Approaches, 249, 173–202. John Benjamins.
Gärtner, H. & Gyuris, B. (2017). On Delimiting the Space of Bias Profiles for Polar Interrogatives. Linguistische Berichte, 251, 293–316.
Göksel, A. & Kerslake, C. (2005). Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar. Routledge.
Güldemann, T. & Fiedler, I. (2019). Niger-Congo “noun classes” conflate gender with deriflection. In Grammatical Gender and Linguistic Complexity I: General Issues and Specific Studies, 95–145. Language Science Press.
Hackl, M. (2000). Comparative Quantifiers. PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Hacquard, V. (2006). Aspects of Modality. PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Hacquard, V. (2009). On the Interaction of Aspect and Modal Auxiliaries. Linguistics and Philosophy, 32(3), 279–315.
Hacquard, V. (2010). On the Event Relativity of Modal Auxiliaries. Natural Language Semantics, 18(1), 79–114.
Haddican, B., Tamminga, M., den Dikken, M. & Wade, K. (2026). English Particle Verbs Prime Double Object Constructions in Production. Linguistic Inquiry, 1–21.
Haegeman, L. (1992). Theory and Description in Generative Syntax: A Case Study in West Flemish. Cambridge University Press.
Haegeman, L. (2003). Conditional clauses: External and internal syntax. Mind & Language, 18(4), 317–339.
Haegeman, L. & van Riemsdijk, H. (1986). Verb Projection Raising, Scope, and the Typology of Rules Affecting Verbs. Linguistic Inquiry, 17(3), 417–466.
Haegeman, L. & Ürögdi, B. (2010). Referential CPs and DPs: An operator movement account. Theoretical Linguistics, 36(2–3), 111–152.
Hafeez, S. (2025). Agentivity and Causation in Urdu: Semantics, Pragmatics and Cognition. PhD dissertation, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York.
Hahn, M., Degen, J. & Futrell, R. (2021). Modeling Word and Morpheme Order in Natural Language as an Efficient Trade-Off of Memory and Surprisal. Psychological Review, 128(4), 726–756.
Hahn, M., Mathew, R. & Degen, J. (2021). Morpheme Ordering Across Languages Reflects Optimization for Processing Efficiency. Open Mind, 5, 208–232.
Haider, H. (2010). The Syntax of German. Cambridge University Press.
Hajek, J. (2013). Vowel nasalization (WALS chapters 10A, 10B). In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online (v2020.4). Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Hale, J. (2001). A probabilistic Earley parser as a psycholinguistic model. Proceedings of the Second Meeting of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 1–8.
Hale, K. & Keyser, S. J. (1987). A View from the Middle.
Hale, K. & Keyser, S. J. (1993). On argument structure and the lexical expression of syntactic relations. In The view from building 20: A festschrift for Sylvain Bromberger, 53–108. MIT Press.
Hall, N. (2006). Cross-Linguistic Patterns of Vowel Intrusion. Phonology, 23(3), 387–429.
Hall, T. A. (2017). Underlying and Underived Glides in Middle High German. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics, 2(1), 54.
Halle, M. (1997). Distributed Morphology: Impoverishment and Fission. In Papers at the Interface, 30, 425–449. MITWPL.
Halle, M. & Marantz, A. (1993). Distributed Morphology and the pieces of inflection. In The View from Building 20. MIT Press.
Halle, M. & Vergnaud, J. (1987). An Essay on Stress. MIT Press.
Halpern, J. Y. (2003). Reasoning about Uncertainty. MIT Press.
Halpern, J. Y. & Pearl, J. (2005). Causes and Explanations. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 56(4), 843–887.
Halpert, C. (2012). Argument licensing and agreement in Zulu. PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Halpert, C. (2019). Raising, unphased. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 37(1), 123–165.
Halpert, C. & Hammerly, C. (2026). Reconciling animacy and noun class in Bantu. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics, 11(1).
Halpert, C. & Schueler, D. (2013). That sentential subjects are (linked to) DPs is explained herein. Snippets, 28.
Hamblin, C. L. (1973). Questions in Montague English. Foundations of Language, 247–259.
Hamblin, C. L. (1970). Fallacies. Methuen.
Hamm, F. & van Lambalgen, M. (2002). Formal foundations for semantic theories of nominalisation. ZAS Papers in Linguistics, 27, 1–26.
Hammerly, C. (2019). Limiting gender. In Gender and Noun Classification, 93–117. Oxford University Press.
Hammerly, C. (2023). A set-based semantics for person, obviation, and animacy. Language, 99(1), 38–80.
Hanink, E. A. (2021). DP structure and internally headed relatives in Wá·šiw. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 39(2), 505–554.
Hanink, E. A. & Koontz-Garboden, A. (2025). Variation in the lexical semantics of property concept roots: Evidence from Wá·šiw. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 43, 2727–2769.
Hanink, E. & Bochnak, M. R. (2017). Factivity and two types of embedded clauses in Washo. Proceedings of the Forty-Seventh Annual Meeting of the North East Linguistic Society (NELS 47), 2, 65–78.
Hankamer, J. & Mikkelsen, L. (2021). CP} complements to {D. Linguistic Inquiry, 52(3), 473–517.
Hankamer, J. & Sag, I. A. (1976). Deep and Surface Anaphora. Linguistic Inquiry, 7(3), 391–428.
Hansen, K. C. & Hansen, L. E. (1969). Pintupi Phonology. Oceanic Linguistics, 8(2), 153–170.
Hansson, G. Ó. (2010). Consonant Harmony: Long-Distance Interaction in Phonology. University of California Press.
Hansson, G. Ó. (2014). (Dis)agreement by (non)correspondence: Inspecting the foundations. Paper presented at the ABC Conference, UC Berkeley.
Harbour, D. (2003). The Kiowa Case for Feature Insertion. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 21, 543–578.
Harbour, D. (2008). Morphosemantic Number: From Kiowa Noun Classes to UG Number Features. Springer.
Harbour, D. (2011). Valence and Atomic Number. Linguistic Inquiry, 42, 561–594.
Harbour, D. (2014). Paucity, Abundance, and the Theory of Number. Language, 90(1), 185–229.
Harbour, D. (2015). Poor pronoun systems and what they teach us. Nordlyd, 41(1), 125–143.
Harbour, D. (2016). Impossible Persons. MIT Press.
Harbour, D. & Middleton, J. (2026). Jemez Metasyncretism and the Subset Principle's Explanatory Clout. Manuscript, Queen Mary University of London and Mirima Dawang Woorlab-gerring Language and Culture Centre.
Harding, J., Gerstenberg, T. & Icard, T. (2025). A Communication-First Account of Explanation. arXiv:2505.03732.
Hare, R. M. (1971). Wanting: Some pitfalls. In Practical Inferences, 44–58. Macmillan.
Harizanov, B. & Gribanova, V. (2017). Post-syntactic head movement in Russian predicate fronting. Paper presented at the 91st annual meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, Austin, TX, 5–8 January.
Harizanov, B. & Gribanova, V. (2019). Whither Head Movement?. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 37, 461–522.
Harley, H. (2014). On the Identity of Roots. Theoretical Linguistics, 40(3–4).
Harley, H. & Haugen, J. (2007). Are there really two different classes of instrumental denominal verbs in English?. Snippets, 16, 9–10.
Harley, H. & Noyer, R. (1999). Distributed Morphology. Glot International, 4(4), 3–9.
Harley, H. & Ritter, E. (2002). Person and number in pronouns: A feature-geometric analysis. Language, 78(3), 482–526.
Harman, G. (1976). Practical Reasoning. The Review of Metaphysics, 431–463.
Harner, H. J. (2016). Focus and the semantics of desire predicates and directive verbs. PhD dissertation, Georgetown University.
Harrington, J. P. (1916). The Ethnogeography of the Tewa Indians. In Twenty-Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology. US Government Printing Office.
Harris, A. C. (1981). Georgian Syntax: A Study in Relational Grammar. Cambridge University Press.
Harris, J. & Halle, M. (2005). Unexpected Plural Inflections in Spanish: Reduplication and Metathesis. Linguistic Inquiry, 36(2), 195–222.
Harris, J. W. (1991). The Exponence of Gender in Spanish. Linguistic Inquiry, 22(1), 27–62.
Harris, J. A. & Potts, C. (2009). Perspective-shifting with appositives and expressives. Linguistics and Philosophy, 32(6), 523–552.
Harris, J. (1994). English Sound Structure. Blackwell.
Harrison-Trainor, M., Holliday, W. H. & Icard, I. T. F. (2016). A note on cancellation axioms for comparative probability. Theory and Decision, 80(1), 159–166.
Harrison-Trainor, M., Holliday, W. H. & Icard, T. F. (2018). Inferring probability comparisons. Mathematical Social Sciences, 91, 62–70.
Harry, O. G. & Hyman, L. M. (2014). Phrasal construction tonology: The case of Kalabari. Studies in Language, 38(4), 649–689.
Hartmann, K. & Zimmermann, M. (2004). Focus strategies in Chadic: The case of Tangale revisited. Interdisciplinary Studies on Information Structure, 1, 207–243.
Hartmann, K. & Zimmermann, M. (2007). In place -- out of place: Focus in Hausa. In On Information Structure: Meaning and Form, 365–403. John Benjamins.
Hartshorne, J. K., O'Donnell, T. J., Sudo, Y., Uruwashi, M., Lee, M. & Snedeker, J. (2016). Psych Verbs, the Linking Problem, and the Acquisition of Language. Cognition, 157, 268–288.
Haslinger, N. (2024). Imprecision, structural complexity and the Gricean maxim of Manner. Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung, 28, 369–387.
Haslinger, N. (2025). Pragmatic constraints on imprecision and homogeneity. PhD dissertation, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen.
Haslinger, N., Hien, A. N., Rosina, E. E., Schmitt, V. & Wurm, V. (2025). A Unified Semantics for Distributive and Non-Distributive Universal Quantifiers across Languages. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 43, 3147–3214.
Haslinger, N., Panzirsch, V., Rosina, E., Roszkowski, M., Schmitt, V. & Wurm, V. (2019). A plural analysis of distributive conjunctions: Evidence from two cross-linguistic asymmetries. Manuscript.
Haslinger, N., Rosina, E. E., Schmitt, V. & Wurm, V. (2025). On the Relation between Distributivity and Maximality. Semantics and Pragmatics, 18.
Haspelmath, M. (1993). A Grammar of Lezgian. Mouton de Gruyter.
Haspelmath, M. (1997). Indefinite Pronouns. Oxford University Press.
Haspelmath, M. (2001). The European linguistic area: Standard Average European. In Language Typology and Language Universals, vol. 2, 1492–1510. Mouton de Gruyter.
Haspelmath, M. (2005). Argument Marking in Ditransitive Alignment. In Studies in Ditransitive Constructions. Mouton de Gruyter.
Haspelmath, M. (2007). Coordination. In Language Typology and Syntactic Description, 1–51. Cambridge University Press.
Haspelmath, M. (2013). Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give'. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Haspelmath, M. (2013). Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Haspelmath, M. (2013). Occurrence of Nominal Plurality. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Haspelmath, M. (2017). Explaining Alienability Contrasts in Adpossessive Constructions: Predictability vs.~Iconicity. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft, 36(2), 193–231.
Haspelmath, M. (2019). Indexing and flagging, and head and dependent marking. Te Reo, 62(1), 93–115.
Haspelmath, M. (2021). Role-Reference Associations and the Explanation of Argument Coding Splits. Linguistics, 59(1), 123–174.
Haug, D. T. T. (2014). Partial Dynamic Semantics for Anaphora: Compositionality without Syntactic Coindexation. Journal of Semantics, 31(4), 457–511.
Haug, D. T. T. & Dalrymple, M. (2020). Reciprocity: Anaphora, scope, and quantification. Semantics and Pragmatics, 13(10), 1–62.
Hausser, R. R. (1976). Presuppositions in Montague grammar. Theoretical Linguistics, 3(1-3), 245–280.
Hawkins, J. (1978). Definiteness and Indefiniteness. Croom Helm.
Hawkins, J. A. (1983). Word Order Universals. Academic Press.
Hawkins, R. D., Gweon, H. & Goodman, N. D. (2021). The Division of Labor in Communication: Speakers Help Listeners Account for Asymmetries in Visual Perspective. Cognitive Science, 45, e12926.
Hawkins, R. D., Tsvilodub, P., Bergey, C. A., Goodman, N. D. & Franke, M. (2025). Relevant Answers to Polar Questions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 380(1932).
Hay, J., Kennedy, C. & Levin, B. (1999). Scalar Structure Underlies Telicity in “Degree Achievements”. Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT), 9, 127–144.
Hayes, B. (1985). Iambic and Trochaic Rhythm in Stress Rules. Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 429–446.
Hayes, B. (1989). Compensatory Lengthening in Moraic Phonology. Linguistic Inquiry, 20(2), 253–306.
Hayes, B. (1995). Metrical Stress Theory: Principles and Case Studies. University of Chicago Press.
Hayes, B. (1995). Metrical stress theory: principles and case studies. University of Chicago Press.
Hayes, B. (2022). Deriving the Wug-Shaped Curve: A Criterion for Assessing Formal Theories of Linguistic Variation. Annual Review of Linguistics, 8, 473–494.
Hayes, B. & Wilson, C. (2008). A Maximum Entropy Model of Phonotactics and Phonotactic Learning. Linguistic Inquiry, 39(3), 379–440.
Hayes, B. P. (2009). Introductory Phonology. Wiley-Blackwell.
He, M., Kaiser, E. & Iskarous, K. (2025). Modeling Sentence Polarity Asymmetries: Fuzzy Interpretations in a Possibly Wonky World. Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics, 74–83.
Heim, I. (1979). Concealed Questions. In Semantics from Different Points of View, 51–60. Springer.
Heim, I. (1982). The Semantics of Definite and Indefinite Noun Phrases. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Heim, I. (1983). On the Projection Problem for Presuppositions. Proceedings of WCCFL 2, 114–125.
Heim, I. (1990). E-Type Pronouns and Donkey Anaphora. Linguistics and Philosophy, 13(2), 137–177.
Heim, I. (1991). Artikel und Definitheit. In Semantik/Semantics: An International Handbook of Contemporary Research, 487–535. De Gruyter.
Heim, I. (1992). Presupposition Projection and the Semantics of Attitude Verbs. Journal of Semantics, 9(3), 183–221.
Heim, I. (1994). Interrogative Semantics and Karttunen's Semantics for know. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Conference of the Israel Association for Theoretical Linguistics (IATL 1), 128–144.
Heim, I. (1994). Comments on Abusch's Theory of Tense. In Ellipsis, Tense and Questions.
Heim, I. (1999). Notes on superlatives. Manuscript, MIT.
Heim, I. (2000). Degree Operators and Scope. Proceedings of SALT 10, 40–64.
Heim, I. (2001). Degree Operators and Scope. In Audiatur Vox Sapientiae, 214–258. Akademie Verlag.
Heim, I. (2006). Little. Proceedings of SALT 16, 35.
Heim, I. & Kratzer, A. (1998). Semantics in Generative Grammar. Wiley-Blackwell.
Heim, I., Lasnik, H. & May, R. (1991). Reciprocity and Plurality. Linguistic Inquiry, 22(1), 63–101.
Heim, J. M. & Wiltschko, M. E. (2020). Deconstructing Questions: Reanalyzing a Heterogenous Class of Speech Acts via Commitment and Engagement. Scandinavian Studies in Language, 11(1), 56–82.
Heine, B. (1993). Auxiliaries: Cognitive Forces and Grammaticalization. Oxford University Press.
Heine, B. (1995). Agent-Oriented vs. Epistemic Modality. In Modality in Grammar and Discourse, 17–54. John Benjamins.
Heine, B. (1997). Possession: Cognitive Sources, Forces, and Grammaticalization. Cambridge University Press.
Heine, B. (2009). Grammaticalization of cases. In The Oxford Handbook of Case, 458–469. Oxford University Press.
Heinz, J. (2009). On the role of locality in learning stress patterns. Phonology, 26, 303–351.
Heinz, J. (2010). Learning long-distance phonotactics. Linguistic Inquiry, 41, 623–661.
Heinz, J. (2014). Culminativity times harmony equals unbounded stress. In Word Stress: Theoretical and Typological Issues, 255–275. Cambridge University Press.
Heinz, J. (2018). The computational nature of phonological generalizations. In Phonological Typology, 126–195. Mouton de Gruyter.
Heinz, J. & Lai, R. (2013). Vowel Harmony and Subsequentiality. Proceedings of the 13th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language (MoL 13), 52–63.
Heinz, J., Rawal, C. & Tanner, H. G. (2011). Tier-based Strictly Local Constraints for Phonology. Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, 58–64.
Heinz, J. & Rogers, J. (2010). Estimating Strictly Piecewise Distributions. Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 886–896.
Heinämäki, O. (1974). Semantics of English Temporal Connectives. PhD dissertation, Indiana University.
Heitmeier, M., Chuang, Y., Axen, S. D. & Baayen, R. H. (2024). Frequency effects in linear discriminative learning. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 17, 1242720.
Heitmeier, M., Chuang, Y. & Baayen, R. H. (2026). The Discriminative Lexicon: Theory, Implementation in the Julia Package JudiLing, and Applications. Cambridge University Press.
Heitmeier, M., Schmidt, V., Lensch, H. P. A. & Baayen, R. H. (2025). Is deeper always better? Replacing linear mappings with deep learning networks in the Discriminative Lexicon Model. Linguistics Vanguard.
Heitmeier, M. E. (2024). Mappings in the Discriminative Lexicon Model. PhD dissertation, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen.
Henderson, R. (2012). Ways of Pluralizing Events. PhD dissertation, University of California, Santa Cruz.
Henderson, R. (2019). The roots of measurement. Glossa, 4(1).
Henderson, R. & McCready, E. (2018). How dogwhistles work. In New Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence: JSAI-isAI 2017, 10838. Springer.
Henderson, R. & McCready, E. (2024). Signaling without saying: The semantics and pragmatics of dogwhistles. Oxford University Press.
Hengeveld, K. (1992). Non-verbal Predication. De Gruyter Mouton.
Henkin, L., Monk, J. D. & Tarski, A. (1971). Cylindric Algebras, Part I. North-Holland.
Henry, A. (1995). Belfast English and Standard English: Dialect Variation and Parameter Setting. Oxford University Press.
Henry, A. (1997). Viewing Change in Progress: The Loss of V2 in Hiberno-English Imperatives. In Parameters of Morphosyntactic Change, 273–296. Cambridge University Press.
Herbelot, A. & Vecchi, E. M. (2016). Many speakers, many worlds: interannotator variations in the quantification of feature norms. Linguistic Issues in Language Technology, 13, 37–57.
Herbstritt, M. & Franke, M. (2019). Complex probability expressions & higher-order uncertainty: Compositional semantics, probabilistic pragmatics & experimental data. Cognition, 186, 50–71.
Hewett, M. (2023). Types of Resumptive A-bar dependencies. PhD dissertation, University of Chicago.
Hewett, M. (2026). Verbal Templates Can Influence L-Selection in Semitic. Linguistic Inquiry, 57(1), 197–215.
Heycock, C. & Doron, E. (2003). Categorical subjects. Gengo Kenky\=u, 123, 95–135.
Heycock, C. & Zamparelli, R. (2005). Friends and Colleagues: Plurality, Coordination, and the Structure of DP. Natural Language Semantics, 13(3), 201–270.
Hibiya, J. (1995). The Velar Nasal in Tokyo Japanese: A Sociolinguistic Study. PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
Higginbotham, J. (1980). Reciprocal Interpretation. Journal of Linguistic Research, 1(1), 97–117.
Higginbotham, J. (1983). The logic of perceptual reports: An extensional alternative to situation semantics. The Journal of Philosophy, 80(2), 100–127.
Higginbotham, J. (1985). On Semantics. Linguistic Inquiry, 16(4), 547–593.
Himmelmann, N. P. (1997). Deiktikon, Artikel, Nominalphrase. Niemeyer.
Himmelmann, N. P. (2005). Tagalog. In The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar, 350–376. Routledge.
Hintikka, J. (1962). Knowledge and Belief: An Introduction to the Logic of the Two Notions. Cornell University Press.
Hintikka, J. (1996). The Principles of Mathematics Revisited. Cambridge University Press.
Hintz, D. J. & Hintz, D. M. (2017). The inflexible category of mutual knowledge in Quechua. Lingua, 186-187, 88–109.
Hiraiwa, K. (2001). Multiple Agree and the Defective Intervention Constraint in Japanese. Proceedings of the MIT-Harvard Joint Conference (HUMIT 2000), 67–80.
Hirsch, A. (2017). An Inflexible Semantics for Cross-Categorical Operators. PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Hirschberg, J. L. B. (1985). A Theory of Scalar Implicature. PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
Hobbs, J. R. (1979). Coherence and Coreference. Cognitive Science, 3(1), 67–90.
Hockett, C. F. (1958). A Course in Modern Linguistics. Macmillan.
Hodges, W. (1997). Compositional semantics for a language of imperfect information. Logic Journal of the IGPL, 5(4), 539–563.
Hoeksema, J. (1983). Negative polarity and the comparative. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 1, 403–434.
Hoeksema, J. (2005). In Days, Weeks, Months, Years, Ages: A Class of Temporal Negative Polarity Items. In Rejected Papers: Feestbundel voor Ron van Zonneveld. Rijksuniversiteit Groningen.
Hoeksema, J. & Napoli, D. J. (2008). Just for the hell of it: A comparison of two taboo-term constructions. Journal of Linguistics, 44, 347–378.
Hofling, C. A. (2017). Comparative Maya (Yucatec, Lacandon, Itzaj, and Mopan Maya). In The Mayan Languages, 685–760. Routledge.
Hofmann, L. (2025). Anaphoric Accessibility with Flat Update. Semantics and Pragmatics, 18(3), 1–69.
Hofmeister, P. & Sag, I. A. (2010). Cognitive Constraints and Island Effects. Language, 86(2), 366–415.
Hofweber, T. (2005). Number determiners, numbers, and arithmetic. The Philosophical Review, 114(2), 179–225.
Holliday, W. H. & Icard, I. T. F. (2013). Measure Semantics and Qualitative Semantics for Epistemic Modals. Semantics and Linguistic Theory, 23, 514–534.
Holliday, W. H. & Mandelkern, M. (2024). The Orthologic of Epistemic Modals. Journal of Philosophical Logic, 53, 831–907.
Holmberg, A. (2015). Verb second. In Syntax — Theory and Analysis: An International Handbook, 42.1. De Gruyter Mouton.
Holmberg, A. (2016). The Syntax of Yes and No. Oxford University Press.
Holton, D., Mackridge, P., Philippaki-Warburton, I. & Spyropoulos, V. (2012). Greek: A Comprehensive Grammar of the Modern Language. Routledge.
Hopcroft, J. E., Motwani, R. & Ullman, J. D. (2000). Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation. Addison-Wesley.
Hopcroft, J. E. & Ullman, J. D. (1979). Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation. Addison-Wesley.
Hopperdietzel, J. (2024). Manner/result polysemy as contextual allosemy: Evidence from Daakaka. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 43(1), 273–330.
Horn, L. R. (1969). A Presuppositional Analysis of Only and Even. In Papers from the Fifth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. Chicago Linguistic Society.
Horn, L. R. (1972). On the Semantic Properties of Logical Operators in English. PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
Horn, L. R. (1978). Remarks on Neg-Raising. In Syntax and Semantics 9: Pragmatics, 129–220. Academic Press.
Horn, L. R. (1984). Toward a New Taxonomy for Pragmatic Inference: Q-based and R-based Implicature. In Meaning, Form, and Use in Context, 11–42. Georgetown University Press.
Horn, L. R. (1985). Metalinguistic negation and pragmatic ambiguity. Language, 61(1), 121–174.
Horn, L. R. (1989). A Natural History of Negation. University of Chicago Press.
Horn, L. R. (1991). Given as new: When redundant affirmation isn't. Journal of Pragmatics, 15(4), 313–336.
Horn, L. R. (1996). Exclusive company: `Only' and the dynamics of vertical inference. Journal of Semantics, 13(1), 1–40.
Horn, L. R. (2000). From IF to IFF: Conditional Perfection as Pragmatic Strengthening. Journal of Pragmatics, 32(3), 289–326.
Horn, L. R. (2001). A Natural History of Negation. CSLI Publications.
Horrocks, G. & Stavrou, M. (1987). Bounding Theory and Greek Syntax: Evidence for Wh-Movement in NP. Journal of Linguistics, 23(1), 79–108.
Horty, J. (2012). Reasons as Defaults. Oxford University Press.
Houlihan, S. D., Kleiman-Weiner, M., Hewitt, L. B., Tenenbaum, J. B. & Saxe, R. (2023). Emotion Prediction as Computation over a Generative Model of the World. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 381, 20220047.
Hovda, P. (2009). What is Classical Mereology?. Journal of Philosophical Logic, 38(1), 55–82.
Hron, D. (2005). On the Derivation of Czech Reflexive and Reciprocal Nouns.
Huang, C. J. (1982). Logical Relations in Chinese and the Theory of Grammar. PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Huang, C. J. (1982). Move wh in a language without wh-movement. The Linguistic Review, 1, 369–416.
Huang, C. J. (1982). Logical Relations in Chinese and the Theory of Grammar. PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Huang, C. J. & Ochi, M. (2004). Syntax of the hell: Two types of dependencies. NELS 34: Proceedings of the Thirty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the North East Linguistic Society, 279–294.
Huang, C. J. (2022). Finiteness, opacity, and Chinese clausal architecture. In New explorations in Chinese theoretical syntax: Studies in honor of Yen-Hui Audrey Li, 17–76. John Benjamins.
Huang, K., Arehalli, S., Kugemoto, M., Muxica, C., Prasad, G., Dillon, B. & Linzen, T. (2024). Large-scale benchmark yields no evidence that language model surprisal explains syntactic disambiguation difficulty. Journal of Memory and Language, 137, 104510.
Huang, N. (2018). Control complements in Mandarin Chinese: Implications for restructuring and the Chinese finiteness debate. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 27(4), 347–376.
Huang, N. (2024). Finiteness in a language without finite morphology: An experimental study of Mandarin Chinese. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 42(2), 533–556.
Huang, Y. T., Spelke, E. & Snedeker, J. (2013). What Exactly Do Numbers Mean?. Language Learning and Development, 9(2), 105–129.
Huddleston, R. (1976). Some theoretical issues in the description of the English verb. Lingua, 40(4), 331–383.
Hudson, R. (1990). English Word Grammar. Basil Blackwell.
Hudson, R. (2010). An Introduction to Word Grammar. Cambridge University Press.
Huettig, F., Rommers, J. & Meyer, A. S. (2011). Using the visual world paradigm to study language processing: A review and critical evaluation. Acta Psychologica, 137(2), 151–171.
Huijsmans, M. (2025). Timing of evidence and epistemic modal claims. Natural Language Semantics, 33, 207–254.
Huitink, J. (2005). Anankastic conditionals and salient goals. Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung, 9.
Huitink, J. (2008). Modals, Conditionals and Compositionality. PhD dissertation, Radboud University Nijmegen.
Hunter, T. (2015). Deconstructing merge and move to make room for adjunction. Syntax, 18(3), 266–319.
Hurford, J. R. (1974). Exclusive or inclusive disjunction. Foundations of Language, 11(3), 409–411.
Hurford, J. R. (1975). The Linguistic Theory of Numerals. Cambridge University Press.
Hurst, P. (2006). The Syntax of the Malagasy Reciprocal Construction: An LFG Account. Proceedings of the LFG06 Conference, 256–274.
Hurst, P. (2012). Reciprocation Strategies and the Syntax of Reciprocal Constructions. PhD dissertation, University of Melbourne.
Hurst, P. & Nordlinger, R. (2021). An LFG Approach to Icelandic Reciprocal Constructions. In Modular Design of Grammar: Linguistics on the Edge, 103–121. Oxford University Press.
Huybregts, M. A. C. (1976). Overlapping Dependencies in Dutch. Utrecht Working Papers in Linguistics, 1, 24–65.
Hyman, L. M. (1985). A Theory of Phonological Weight. Foris Publications.
Hyman, L. M. (2006). Word-prosodic typology. Phonology, 23, 225–257.
Hyman, L. M. (2007). Universals of tone rules: 30 years later. In Tones and Tunes: Typological Studies in Word and Sentence Prosody, 1–34. Mouton de Gruyter.
Hyman, L. M. (2017). Prefixal vowel length in Giphende: A prosodic account.
Hyman, L. M. (2018). What tone teaches us about language. Language, 94(3), 698–709.
Hyman, L. M. & Katamba, F. X. (2010). Tone, syntax, and prosodic domains in Luganda. ZAS Papers in Linguistics, 53, 69–98.
Hyman, L. M., Rolle, N., Lionnet, F. & Merrill, J. (2021). Grammatical tone. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University Press.
Hyman, L. M. & Schuh, R. G. (1974). Universals of tone rules: Evidence from West Africa. Linguistic Inquiry, 5(1), 81–115.
Höhle, T. N. (1992). Über Verum-Fokus im Deutschen. In Informationsstruktur und Grammatik, 112–141. Westdeutscher Verlag.
Iatridou, S. (1991). Topics in Conditionals. PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Iatridou, S. (2000). The Grammatical Ingredients of Counterfactuality. Linguistic Inquiry, 31(2), 231–270.
Iatridou, S., Anagnostopoulou, E. & Izvorski, R. (2001). Observations about the Form and Meaning of the Perfect. In Ken Hale: A Life in Language, 189–238. MIT Press.
Iatridou, S. & Zeijlstra, H. (2021). The Complex Beauty of Boundary Adverbials: In Years and Until. Linguistic Inquiry, 52(1), 89–142.
Icard, T. F. (2012). Inclusion and Exclusion in Natural Language. Studia Logica, 100(4), 705–725.
Icard, T. F., Kominsky, J. F. & Knobe, J. (2017). Normality and actual causal strength. Cognition, 161, 80–93.
Iggesen, O. A. (2013). Number of Cases. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Imanishi, Y. (2014). Default Ergative. PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Imanishi, Y. (2020). Parameterizing split ergativity in Mayan. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 38, 151–200.
Imel, N., Guo, Q. & Steinert-Threlkeld, S. (2026). An Efficient Communication Analysis of Modal Typology. Open Mind, 10, 1–28.
Inkelas, S. (1998). The theoretical status of morphologically conditioned phonology: A case study from dominance. In Yearbook of Morphology 1997, 121–155. Kluwer.
Inkelas, S. & Orgun, C. O. (1995). Level Ordering and Economy in the Lexical Phonology of Turkish. Language, 71(4), 763–793.
Inkelas, S. & Zoll, C. (2007). Is Grammar Dependence Real? A comparison between cophonological and indexed constraint approaches to morphologically conditioned phonology. Linguistics, 45(1), 133–171.
Ionin, T. & Matushansky, O. (2006). The Composition of Complex Cardinals. Journal of Semantics, 23(4), 315–360.
Ippolito, M. (2007). On the Meaning of Some Focus-Sensitive Particles. Natural Language Semantics, 15(1), 1–34.
Ippolito, M. (2024). The Hell With Questions. Journal of Semantics, 41(1), 53–76.
Ippolito, M., Kiss, A. & Williams, W. (2022). The discourse function of adversative conjunction. Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 26, 465–482.
Ippolito, M., Kiss, A. & Williams, W. (2025). Discourse only. Proceedings of WCCFL 41, 222–231.
Ishihara, S. & Kalivoda, N. (2022). Match Theory: An Overview. Language and Linguistics Compass, 16, e12446.
Israel, M. (1996). Polarity sensitivity as lexical semantics. Linguistics and Philosophy, 19(6), 619–666.
Israel, M. (2001). Minimizers, maximizers and the rhetoric of scalar reasoning. Journal of Semantics, 18(4), 297–331.
Israel, M. (2011). The Grammar of Polarity. Cambridge University Press.
Istratkova, V. (2004). On Multiple Prefixation in Bulgarian. Nordlyd, 32(2), 301–321.
Itô, J. & Mester, A. (1986). The Phonology of Voicing in Japanese. Linguistic Inquiry, 17(1), 49–73.
Itô, J. & Mester, A. (1996). The Phonological Lexicon. Manuscript, University of California, Santa Cruz; later published in Tsujimura (ed.), 1999.
Itô, J. & Mester, A. (2003). Japanese Morphophonemics: Markedness and Word Structure. MIT Press.
Itô, J. & Mester, A. (2009). The Extended Prosodic Word. In Phonological Domains: Universals and Deviations. De Gruyter Mouton.
Itô, J. (1986). Syllable Theory in Prosodic Phonology. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Izvorski, R. (1997). The Present Perfect as an Epistemic Modal. Semantics and Linguistic Theory, 7, 222–239.
Jabłońska, P. (2004). When the Prefixes Meet the Suffixes. Nordlyd, 32(2), 363–401.
Jackendoff, R. (1996). The Proper Treatment of Measuring Out, Telicity, and Perhaps Even Quantification in English. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 14(2), 305–354.
Jackendoff, R. & Audring, J. (2020). The Texture of the Lexicon: Relational Morphology and the Parallel Architecture. Oxford University Press.
Jackson, F. (1979). On assertion and indicative conditionals. The Philosophical Review, 88(4), 565–589.
Jackson, F. (1985). On the semantics and logic of obligation. Mind, 94(374), 177–195.
Jackson, F. & Pargetter, R. (1986). Oughts, options, and actualism. The Philosophical Review, 95(2), 233–255.
Jacobson, P. (1999). Towards a Variable-Free Semantics. Linguistics and Philosophy, 22(2), 117–184.
Jaggar, P. J. (2001). Hausa. John Benjamins.
Jaggar, P. J. & Green, M. (2003). Ex-situ and in-situ focus in Hausa: syntax, semantics and discourse. In Research in Afroasiatic Grammar II, 241, 187–214. John Benjamins.
Jago, M. & Raimondi, A. (2026). Truthmaker Semantics in Linguistics. In International Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics. Elsevier.
Jank\ru, L. (2022). The nanosyntax of Czech nominal declension. PhD dissertation, Masaryk University.
Jansen, C. J. M. & Pollmann, M. M. W. (2001). On Round Numbers: Pragmatic Aspects of Numerical Expressions. Journal of Quantitative Linguistics, 8(3), 187–201.
Jardine, A. (2016). Computationally, tone is different. Phonology, 33(2), 247–283.
Jardine, A. (2017). The local nature of tone-association patterns. Phonology, 34(3), 363–384.
Jardine, A. (2019). The expressivity of autosegmental grammars. Journal of Logic, Language and Information, 28, 9–54.
Jardine, A. (2020). Melody learning and long-distance phonotactics in tone. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 38, 1145–1195.
Jardine, A. & Heinz, J. (2015). A Concatenation Operation to Derive Autosegmental Graphs. Proceedings of the 14th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language (MoL 14), 139–151.
Jayez, J. & Tovena, L. M. (2006). Epistemic Determiners. Journal of Semantics, 23(3), 217–250.
Jeffrey, R. (1965). The Logic of Decision. University of Chicago Press.
Jeffrey, R. C. & Edgington, D. (1991). Matter-of-fact conditionals. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes, 65, 161–209.
Jegerski, J. (2014). Self-paced reading. In Research Methods in Second Language Psycholinguistics, 20–49. Routledge.
Jenks, P. (2015). Two Kinds of Definites in Numeral Classifier Languages. Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT), 25, 103–124.
Jenks, P. (2018). Articulated Definiteness without Articles. Linguistic Inquiry, 49(3), 501–536.
Jensen, P. A. & Vikner, C. (1994). Lexical Knowledge and the Semantic Analysis of Danish Genitive Constructions. In Topics in Knowledge-based NLP Systems, 37–55. Samfundslitteratur.
Jeoung, H. (2017). On the Number of Voices in Madurese.
Jeretič, P., Bassi, I., Gonzalez, A., Yatsushiro, K., Meyer, M. & Sauerland, U. (2025). Core concepts and indirect alternatives: on the anti-duality of quantifiers. Journal of Semantics.
Jiang, L. J. (2012). Nominal arguments and language variation. PhD dissertation, Harvard University.
Jin, Y. & Koenig, J. (2021). A Cross-Linguistic Study of Expletive Negation. Linguistic Typology, 25(1), 39–78.
Jo, J. & Seo, Y. A. (2023). Japanese rare-constructions and the nature of the passive. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 32(1), 91–132.
Johnson, C. D. (1972). Formal Aspects of Phonological Description. Mouton.
Johnson, K. (1991). Object positions. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 9(4), 577–636.
Johnston, W. (2023). Pair-list answers to questions with plural definites. Semantics and Pragmatics, 16(2), 1–23.
Jung, H. & Migdalski, K. (2022). Toward a four-way pronoun hierarchy: A view from Slavic. Journal of Slavic Linguistics, 30(FASL 29 extra issue), 1–11.
Jungraithmayr, H. (1991). A Dictionary of the Tangale Language (Kaltungo, Northern Nigeria). Dietrich Reimer.
Just, E. (2024). A Structural and Functional Comparison of Differential A and P Indexing. Linguistics, 62(2), 295–321.
Jäger, G. (2007). Maximum Entropy Models and Stochastic Optimality Theory. In Architectures, Rules, and Preferences: Variations on Themes by Joan W. Bresnan, 467–479. CSLI.
Kabak, B. & Vogel, I. (2001). The phonological word and stress assignment in Turkish. Phonology, 18, 315–360.
Kadmon, N. (1990). Uniqueness. Linguistics and Philosophy, 13(3), 273–324.
Kadmon, N. & Landman, F. (1990). Polarity Sensitive Any and Free Choice Any. Proceedings of the Seventh Amsterdam Colloquium, Part I, 227–251.
Kadmon, N. & Landman, F. (1993). Any. Linguistics and Philosophy, 16(4), 353–422.
Kagan, O. & Alexeyenko, S. (2011). Degree Modification in Russian Morphology: The Case of the Suffix '-ovat'. Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung, 15, 321–333.
Kager, R. (1999). Optimality Theory. Cambridge University Press.
Kager, R. (2007). Feet and metrical stress. In The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology, 195–228. Cambridge University Press.
Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (1973). On the psychology of prediction. Psychological Review, 80(4), 237–251.
Kaiser, S., Ichikawa, Y., Kobayashi, N. & Yamamoto, H. (2013). Japanese: A Comprehensive Grammar. Routledge.
Kalin, L. (2018). Licensing and Differential Object Marking: The View from Neo-Aramaic. Syntax, 21(2), 112–159.
Kalin, L., Bjorkman, B., Clemens, L., Halpert, C., Kramer, R., Murray, S. & Talic, A. (2026). The Morphology/Syntax Interface.
Kalomoiros, A. & Schwarz, F. (2021). Presupposition Projection from Disjunction is Symmetric. Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America, 6(1), 556–571.
Kalomoiros, A. & Schwarz, F. (2024). Presupposition Projection from “and” vs “or”: Experimental Data and Theoretical Implications. Journal of Semantics, 41(3–4), 331–372.
Kalyakin, I. (2026). VP ellipsis and argument structure alternations: Evidence from Muira Dargwa complex predicates. Glossa, 11(1), 1–47.
Kameyama, M. (1986). A Property-Sharing Constraint in Centering. Proceedings of the 24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 200–206.
Kaminski, M. & Francez, N. (1994). Finite-memory automata. Theoretical Computer Science, 134(2), 329–363.
Kamp, H. (1973). Free Choice Permission. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society., 169–184.
Kamp, H. (1975). Two theories about adjectives. In Formal Semantics of Natural Languages, 123–155. Cambridge University Press.
Kamp, H. (1981). A Theory of Truth and Semantic Representation. In Formal Methods in the Study of Language, 1–42. DE GRUYTER.
Kamp, H. & Partee, B. H. (1995). Prototype theory and compositionality. Cognition, 57(2), 129–191.
Kamp, H. & Reyle, U. (1993). From Discourse to Logic. Springer Netherlands.
Kamp, H. & Rohrer, C. (1983). Tense in Texts. In Meaning, Use and Interpretation of Language, 250–269. de Gruyter.
Kampanarou, A. (2021). Revisiting and Revising the “Possessors as Locations” (PAL) Hypothesis. Paper presented at Working on Linguistics 1, University of Crete.
Kampanarou, A. (2023). Argument Structure Across Grammatical Categories: Existential, Possessive and Copular Constructions. PhD dissertation, University of Crete.
Kampanarou, A. & Alexiadou, A. (2026). Genitive Alternation in Possessives and Beyond: Morphological or Structural Variation?. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics, 11(1), 1–39.
Kanazawa, M. (1994). Weak vs.\ Strong Readings of Donkey Sentences. Linguistics and Philosophy, 17(2), 109–158.
Kao, J. T., Bergen, L. & Goodman, N. D. (2014). Formalizing the Pragmatics of Metaphor Understanding. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 36.
Kao, J. T. & Goodman, N. D. (2015). Let's Talk (Ironically) About the Weather: Modeling Verbal Irony. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 37.
Kao, J. T., Levy, R. & Goodman, N. D. (2016). A Computational Model of Linguistic Humor in Puns. Cognitive Science, 40(5), 1270–1285.
Kao, J. T., Wu, J. Y., Bergen, L. & Goodman, N. D. (2014). Nonliteral Understanding of Number Words. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(33), 12002–12007.
Kaplan, D. (1989). Demonstratives. In Themes from Kaplan, 749–798. Oxford University Press.
Kaplan, D. (1999). The Meaning of Ouch and Oops: Explorations in the theory of meaning as use. Manuscript / Howison Lecture, University of California.
Kaplan, R. M. & Bresnan, J. (1982). Lexical-Functional Grammar: A Formal System for Grammatical Representation. In The Mental Representation of Grammatical Relations, 173–281. MIT Press.
Kaplan, R. M. & Kay, M. (1994). Regular Models of Phonological Rule Systems. Computational Linguistics, 20(3), 331–378.
Karlsson, F. (2018). Finnish: A Comprehensive Grammar. Routledge.
Karmo, T. (1977). Disturbances. Analysis, 37(4), 147–148.
Karttunen, L. (1971). Implicative Verbs. Language, 47(2), 340–358.
Karttunen, L. (1973). Presuppositions of Compound Sentences. Linguistic Inquiry, 4(2), 169–193.
Karttunen, L. (1974). Until. Proceedings of CLS 10, 284–297.
Karttunen, L. (1976). Discourse referents. In Syntax and Semantics 7: Notes from the Linguistic Underground, 363–386. Academic Press.
Karttunen, L. (1977). Syntax and Semantics of Questions. Linguistics and Philosophy, 1(1), 3–44.
Karttunen, L. (1989). Radical Lexicalism. Alternative Conceptions of Phrase Structure.
Karttunen, L. & Peters, S. (1979). Conventional Implicature. In Presupposition, 11. Academic Press.
Katz, J. & Selkirk, E. (2011). Contrastive focus vs. discourse-new: Evidence from phonetic prominence in English. Language, 87(4), 771–816.
Katzir, R. (2007). Structurally-defined alternatives. Linguistics and Philosophy, 30(6), 669–690.
Katzir, R. & Singh, R. (2012). Two restrictions on possible connectives. Theories of everything: In honor of Ed Keenan, 17, 154–162.
Katzir, R. & Singh, R. (2015). Economy of structure and information: Oddness, questions, and answers. Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 19, 322–339.
Kauf, C. & Zeijlstra, H. (2018). Towards a New Explanation of Sequence of Tense. Proceedings of SALT 28, 59–77.
Kaufman, T. & Norman, W. M. (1984). An outline of Proto-Cholan phonology, morphology and vocabulary. In Phoneticism in Mayan Hieroglyphic Writing, 77–166. Institute for Mesoamerican Studies, State University of New York.
Kaufmann, M. (2012). Interpreting Imperatives. Springer Netherlands.
Kaufmann, M. (2017). What `may' and `must' may be in Japanese. In Japanese/Korean Linguistics, 24. CSLI Publications.
Kaufmann, S. (2005). Conditional predictions. Linguistics and Philosophy, 28(2), 181–231.
Kaufmann, S. (2005). Conditional Truth and Future Reference. Journal of Semantics, 22(3), 231–280.
Kaufmann, S. (2013). Causal premise semantics. Cognitive Science, 37(6), 1136–1170.
Kaufmann, S. & Schwager, M. (2009). A Unified Analysis of Conditional Imperatives. Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT) 19, 239–256.
Kavoukopoulos, F. (1990). I Dinamiki Tis Genikis Sti Neoeliniki [The Dynamic of the Genitive in Modern Greek]. Studies in Greek Linguistics, 10, 265–284.
Kawahara, S. (2015). The phonology of Japanese accent. In The Handbook of Japanese Phonetics and Phonology. Mouton de Gruyter.
Kay, P. (1990). Even. Linguistics and Philosophy, 13(1), 59–111.
Kay, P. & Fillmore, C. J. (1999). Grammatical Constructions and Linguistic Generalizations: The What's X Doing Y? Construction. Language, 75(1), 1–33.
Kay, P. & Maffi, L. (2013). Number of Non-Derived Basic Colour Categories. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Kay, P. & Maffi, L. (2013). Number of Basic Colour Categories. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Kay, P. & Maffi, L. (2013). Green and Blue. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Kay, P. & Maffi, L. (2013). Red and Yellow. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Kay, P. & Michaelis, L. A. (2019). Constructional Meaning and Compositionality. In Semantics – Interfaces, 293–324. De Gruyter Mouton.
Kaye, J. (1992). On the Interaction of Theories of Lexical Phonology and Theories of Phonological Phenomena. In Phonologica 1988: Proceedings of the 6th International Phonology Meeting, 141–155. Cambridge University Press.
Kaye, J. & Lowenstamm, J. (1984). De la syllabicité. In Forme sonore du langage, 123–159. Hermann.
Kaye, J., Lowenstamm, J. & Vergnaud, J. (1985). The Internal Structure of Phonological Elements: A Theory of Charm and Government. Phonology Yearbook, 2(1), 305–328.
Kaye, J., Lowenstamm, J. & Vergnaud, J. (1990). Constituent Structure and Government in Phonology. Phonology Yearbook, 7(2), 193–231.
Kayne, R. S. (1984). Connectedness and Binary Branching. Foris.
Kayne, R. S. (1993). Toward a Modular Theory of Auxiliary Selection. Studia Linguistica, 47(1), 3–31.
Kayne, R. S. (1994). The Antisymmetry of Syntax. MIT Press.
Kayne, R. S. (1998). Overt vs. Covert Movements. Syntax, 1(2), 128–191.
Kayne, R. S. (2008). Antisymmetry and the lexicon. Linguistic Variation Yearbook, 8, 1–32.
Kayne, R. S. (2014). Why isn't this a complementizer?. In Functional Structure From Top to Toe: The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, Volume 9, 188–231. Oxford University Press.
Kearns, K. (2000). Semantics. St. Martin's.
Keating, P. A. (1988). Underspecification in Phonetics. Phonology, 5(2), 275–292.
Keefe, R. & Smith, P. (2000). Theories of Vagueness. In Vagueness, 1–57. The MIT Press.
Keenan, E. (1987). A Semantic Definition of Indefinite NP. In The Representation of (In)definiteness, 286–317. MIT Press.
Keenan, E. & Stavi, J. (1986). A Semantic Characterization of Natural Language Determiners. Linguistics and Philosophy, 9(3), 253–326.
Keenan, E. L. & Comrie, B. (1977). Noun Phrase Accessibility and Universal Grammar. Linguistic Inquiry, 8(1), 63–99.
Keenan, E. L. & Comrie, B. (1979). Data on the Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy. Language, 55(2), 333–351.
Keenan, E. L. & Faltz, L. M. (1985). Boolean Semantics for Natural Language. D. Reidel.
Kehler, A. (2002). Coherence, Reference, and the Theory of Grammar. CSLI Publications.
Kehler, A. & Rohde, H. (2013). A Probabilistic Reconciliation of Coherence-Driven and Centering-Driven Theories of Pronoun Interpretation. Theoretical Linguistics, 39(1-2), 1–37.
Keine, S. (2019). Selective Opacity. Linguistic Inquiry, 50(1), 13–62.
Keine, S. (2020). Probes and Their Horizons. MIT Press.
Kelly, S. A. (2015). Variable Glide Formation in Hexagonal French. PhD dissertation, The University of Western Ontario.
Kemmer, S. (1993). The Middle Voice. John Benjamins.
Kemmer, S. (1994). Middle Voice, Transitivity, and the Elaboration of Events. In Voice: Form and Function, 27, 179–230. John Benjamins.
Kenesei, I., Vago, R. M. & Fenyvesi, A. (1998). Hungarian. Routledge.
Kennedy, C. (1999). Projecting the Adjective: The Syntax and Semantics of Gradability and Comparison. Garland.
Kennedy, C. (2007). Vagueness and Grammar: The Semantics of Relative and Absolute Gradable Adjectives. Linguistics and Philosophy, 30(1), 1–45.
Kennedy, C. (2011). Vagueness and Comparison. In Vagueness and Language Use. Palgrave Macmillan.
Kennedy, C. (2015). A "de-Fregean" semantics (and neo-Gricean pragmatics) for modified and unmodified numerals. Semantics and Pragmatics, 8(10), 1–44.
Kennedy, C. & Levin, B. (2008). Measure of Change: The Adjectival Core of Degree Achievements. In Adjectives and Adverbs: Syntax, Semantics, and Discourse, 156–182. Oxford University Press.
Kennedy, C. & McNally, L. (2005). Scale Structure, Degree Modification, and the Semantics of Gradable Predicates. Language, 81(2), 345–381.
Kennedy, C. & McNally, L. (2010). Color, context, and compositionality. Synthese, 174(1), 79–98.
Kenstowicz, M. (1996). Base-Identity and Uniform Exponence: Alternatives to Cyclicity. In Current Trends in Phonology: Models and Methods, 1, 363–394. University of Salford Publications.
Keshet, E. & Abney, S. (2024). Intensional Anaphora. Semantics and Pragmatics, 17.
Kester, E. (1996). The Nature of Adjectival Inflection. PhD dissertation, University of Utrecht.
Keysar, B., Lin, S. & Barr, D. J. (2003). Limits on Theory of Mind Use in Adults. Cognition, 89(1), 25–41.
Khan, G. (2002). The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Qaraqosh. Brill.
Khoo, J. (2015). Modal Disagreements. Inquiry, 58(5), 511–534.
Khoo, J. (2017). Code in political discourse. Philosophical Topics, 45(2), 33–64.
Kibort, A. (2009). Modelling `the perfect', a category between tense and aspect. Current Issues in Unity and Diversity of Languages: Collection of the Papers Selected from the 18th International Congress of Linguists, 1390–1404.
Kidda, M. E. (1985). Tangale Phonology: A Descriptive Analysis. PhD dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Kim, N. & Lu, J. (2024). Coordination of unlike categories creates grammaticality illusion. Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics, 24, 52–61.
Kim, Y. (2024). On the Argument Structure of Object Experiencer Verbs. PhD dissertation, University College London.
Kimenyi, A. (1980). A Relational Grammar of Kinyarwanda. University of California Press.
Kimper, W. A. (2012). Harmony Is Myopic: Reply to Walker 2010. Linguistic Inquiry, 43(1), 301–309.
King, J. C. (2013). Supplementives, the coordination account, and conflicting intentions. Philosophical Perspectives, 27, 288–311.
King, J. C. (2014). The metasemantics of contextual sensitivity. In Metasemantics: New essays on the foundations of meaning, 97–117. Oxford University Press.
King, J. C. (2014). Speaker intentions in context. Noûs, 48(2), 219–237.
Kiparsky, P. (1973). “Elsewhere” in Phonology. In A Festschrift for Morris Halle. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Kiparsky, P. (1982). Lexical Morphology and Phonology. In Linguistics in the Morning Calm. Hanshin.
Kiparsky, P. (1993). An OT Perspective on Phonological Variation.
Kiparsky, P. (1997). Remarks on denominal verbs. In Complex predicates, 473–499. CSLI Publications.
Kiparsky, P. (2000). Opacity and cyclicity. The Linguistic Review, 17, 351–365.
Kiparsky, P. (2002). Event Structure and the Perfect. Manuscript, Stanford University.
Kiparsky, P. & Halle, M. (1977). Towards a reconstruction of the Indo-European accent. In Studies in Stress and Accent. University of Southern California.
Kiparsky, P. & Kiparsky, C. (1970). Fact. In Progress in Linguistics. Mouton.
Kirk-Giannini, C. D. (2024). Covert Mixed Quotation. Semantics and Pragmatics, 17(5), 1–54.
Kirkpatrick, J. R. (2024). The Dynamics of Generics. Journal of Semantics, 40(4), 523–548.
Klecha, P. (2016). Modality and Embedded Temporal Operators. Semantics and Pragmatics, 9, 1–55.
Kleene, S. C. (1951). Representation of events in nerve nets and finite automata.
Kleene, S. C. (1952). Introduction to Metamathematics. North-Holland.
Klein, E. (1980). A Semantics for Positive and Comparative Adjectives. Linguistics and Philosophy, 4(1), 1–45.
Klein, W. (1992). The present perfect puzzle. Language, 68(3), 525–552.
Klein, W. (1994). Time in Language. Routledge.
Klein, W. (2008). The Topic Situation. In Empirische Forschung und Theoriebildung, 287–305. Peter Lang.
Klima, E. S. (1964). Negation in English. In The Structure of Language, 246–323. Prentice-Hall.
Klinedinst, N. & Rothschild, D. (2012). Connectives without truth tables. Natural Language Semantics, 20(2), 137–175.
Knick, E. & Sharf, E. (2026). On Focus and the Perfect Aspect. Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 30.
Knyazev, M. (2016). Complementizers in Kalmyk. In Complementizer Semantics in European Languages, 665–689. De Gruyter Mouton.
Kocurek, A. W. (2024). Supplement to “Metalinguistic gradability”. Ms., Cornell University.
Kocurek, A. W., Jerzak, E. & Rudolph, R. E. (2020). Against conventional wisdom. Philosophers' Imprint, 20(22), 1–27.
Koev, T. (2017). Evidentiality, Learning Events and Spatiotemporal Distance: The View from Bulgarian. Journal of Semantics, 34(1), 1–41.
Koizumi, M. (2023). Constituent Order in Language and Thought: A Case Study in Field-Based Psycholinguistics. Cambridge University Press.
Kolodny, N. & MacFarlane, J. (2010). Ifs and oughts. The Journal of Philosophy, 107(3), 115–143.
Konnelly, L. & Cowper, E. (2020). Gender diversity and morphosyntax: An account of singular they. Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics, 5(1), 1–19.
Kontak, C. & Kunkel, J. (1987). Grammar Sketch of Northern Tiwa, Taos Dialect. Manuscript.
Konuk, C., Quillien, T. & Mascarenhas, S. (2026). Plural causes. Open Mind.
Koontz-Garboden, A. (2009). Anticausativization. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 27(1).
Koopman, H. (1984). The syntax of verbs: From verb movement rules in the Kru languages to universal grammar. Foris.
Koopman, H. (1997). Unifying predicate cleft constructions. Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 23, 71–85.
Kornfilt, J. (1997). Turkish. Routledge.
Korte, B., Lovász, L. & Schrader, R. (1991). Greedoids. Springer.
Koser, N. & Jardine, A. (2020). The computational nature of stress assignment. Proceedings of the 2019 Annual Meeting on Phonology.
Kozen, D. (1983). Results on the propositional $\mu$-calculus. Theoretical Computer Science, 27(3), 333–354.
Kracht, M. (1993). Mathematical Aspects of Command Relations. Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 240.
Kraft, C. H., Pratt, J. W. & Seidenberg, A. (1959). Intuitive Probability on Finite Sets. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 30(2), 408–419.
Krahmer, E. & Muskens, R. (1995). Negation and Disjunction in Discourse Representation Theory. Journal of Semantics, 12(4), 357–376.
Kramer, R. (2009). Definite markers, phi-features, and agreement: A morphosyntactic investigation of the Amharic DP. PhD dissertation, University of California, Santa Cruz.
Kramer, R. (2015). The Morphosyntax of Gender. Oxford University Press.
Kramer, R. (2020). Grammatical Gender: A Close Look at Gender Assignment Across Languages. Annual Review of Linguistics, 6, 45–66.
Krantz, D. H., Luce, R. D., Suppes, P. & Tversky, A. (1971). Foundations of Measurement, Volume I: Additive and Polynomial Representations. Academic Press.
Krapova, I. (2010). Bulgarian relative and factive clauses with an invariant complementizer. Lingua, 120(5), 1240–1272.
Kratzer, A. (1977). What `must' and `can' must and can mean. Linguistics and Philosophy, 1, 337–355.
Kratzer, A. (1981). The Notional Category of Modality. In Words, Worlds, and Contexts, 38–74. de Gruyter.
Kratzer, A. (1986). Conditionals. Proceedings of CLS 22, 651–656.
Kratzer, A. (1989). An investigation of the lumps of thought. Linguistics and Philosophy, 12(5), 607–653.
Kratzer, A. (1991). Modality. In Semantics: An International Handbook, 639–650. De Gruyter.
Kratzer, A. (1996). Severing the External Argument from Its Verb. In Phrase Structure and the Lexicon, 109–137. Kluwer.
Kratzer, A. (1998). More Structural Analogies between Pronouns and Tenses. Semantics and Linguistic Theory, 8.
Kratzer, A. (1998). Scope or Pseudoscope? Are There Wide-Scope Indefinites?. In Events and Grammar, 163–196. Kluwer.
Kratzer, A. (2004). Covert Quantifier Restrictions in Natural Languages. In Context-Dependence in the Analysis of Linguistic Meaning. Elsevier.
Kratzer, A. (2006). Decomposing Attitude Reports. In On Wesley.
Kratzer, A. (2009). Making a Pronoun: Fake Indexicals as Windows into the Properties of Pronouns. Linguistic Inquiry, 40(2), 187–237.
Kratzer, A. (2012). Modals and Conditionals. Oxford University Press.
Kratzer, A. & Selkirk, E. (2020). Deconstructing Information Structure. Glossa, 5(1), 113.
Kratzer, A. & Shimoyama, J. (2017). Indeterminate Pronouns: The View from Japanese. In Contrastiveness in Information Structure, Alternatives and Scalar Implicatures, 123–143. Springer International Publishing.
Kraus, S., Lehmann, D. & Magidor, M. (1990). Nonmonotonic Reasoning, Preferential Models and Cumulative Logics. Artificial Intelligence, 44(1-2), 167–207.
Kravtchenko, E. & Demberg, V. (2022). Informationally redundant utterances elicit pragmatic inferences. Cognition, 225, 105159.
Krejci, B. (2012). Causativization as Antireflexivization: A Study of Middle and Ingestive Verbs.
Krifka, M. (1989). Nominal Reference, Temporal Constitution and Quantification in Event Semantics. In Semantics and Contextual Expression, 75–116. De Gruyter.
Krifka, M. (1992). Definite NPs Aren't Quantifiers. Linguistic Inquiry, 23(1), 156–163.
Krifka, M. (1995). The Semantics and Pragmatics of Polarity Items. Linguistic Analysis, 25, 209–257.
Krifka, M. (1995). Common Nouns: A Contrastive Analysis of English and Chinese. In The Generic Book, 398–411. Chicago University Press.
Krifka, M. (1996). : "Pragmatic strengthening in plural predications". Semantics and Linguistic Theory, 6, 136.
Krifka, M. (1998). The Origins of Telicity. In Events and Grammar, 197–235. Springer Netherlands.
Krifka, M. (2003). Bare NPs: Kind-Referring, Indefinites, Both, or Neither?. Semantics and Linguistic Theory, 13.
Krifka, M. (2004). Bare NPs: Kind-referring, Indefinites, Both, or Neither?. Semantics and Linguistic Theory, 13, 180.
Krifka, M. (2007). Approximate interpretation of number words.
Krifka, M. (2007). Negated Antonyms: Creating and Filling the Gap. In Presupposition and Implicature in Compositional Semantics, 163–177. Palgrave Macmillan.
Krifka, M. (2008). Basic Notions of Information Structure. Acta Linguistica Hungarica, 55(3–4), 243–276.
Krifka, M. (2010). Before and After without coercion: comment on the paper by Cleo Condoravdi. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 28(4), 911–929.
Krifka, M. (2013). Definitional Generics. In Genericity, 372–389. Oxford University Press.
Krifka, M. (2014). Embedding illocutionary acts. In Recursion: Complexity in Cognition, 59–88. Springer.
Krifka, M. (2015). Bias in Commitment Space Semantics: Declarative Questions, Negated Questions, and Question Tags. Semantics and Linguistic Theory, 25, 328–345.
Krifka, M. (2017). Negated polarity questions as denegations of assertions. In Contrastiveness in Information Structure, Alternatives and Scalar Implicatures, 359–398. Springer.
Krifka, M. (2020). Layers of Assertive Clauses: Propositions, Judgements, Commitments, Acts. In Propositionale Argumente im Sprachvergleich: Theorie und Empirie. Narr.
Krifka, M. (2021). Individuating matter over time. In Countability in Natural Language. Cambridge University Press.
Krifka, M. (2023). Layers of Assertive Clauses: Propositions, Judgements, Commitments, Acts. In Propositional Arguments in Cross-Linguistic Research: Theoretical and Empirical Issues, 115–181. Narr Verlag.
Krifka, M. (2026). Anaphora for Concepts, Kinds, and Parts in Dynamic Interpretation. Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 30.
Krifka, M., Pelletier, F. J., Carlson, G. N., ter Meulen, A., Chierchia, G. & Link, G. (1995). Genericity: An Introduction. In The Generic Book, 1–124. University of Chicago Press.
Kripke, S. (1963). Semantical Considerations on Modal Logic. Acta Philosophica Fennica, 16, 83–94.
Kripke, S. (1980). Naming and Necessity. Harvard University Press.
Kripke, S. A. (2009). Presupposition and Anaphora: Remarks on the Formulation of the Projection Problem. Linguistic Inquiry, 40(3), 367–386.
Kripke, S. a. (1977). Speaker's Reference and Semantic Reference. Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 2, 255–276.
Krishnamurti, B. & Gwynn, J. P. L. (1985). A Grammar of Modern Telugu. Oxford University Press.
Kriz, M. & Chemla, E. (2015). Two Methods to Find Truth-Value Gaps and Their Application to the Projection Problem of Homogeneity. Natural Language Semantics, 23(3), 205–248.
Križ, M. (2015). Aspects of Homogeneity in the Semantics of Natural Language. PhD dissertation, University of Vienna.
Križ, M. (2016). Homogeneity, Non-Maximality, and All. Journal of Semantics, 33(3), 493–539.
Križ, M. & Spector, B. (2021). Interpreting Plural Predication: Homogeneity and Non-Maximality. Linguistics and Philosophy, 44, 1131–1178.
Kroch, A. S. (1972). Lexical and Inferred Meanings for Some Time Adverbs.
Kroeger, P. R. (1991). Phrase Structure and Grammatical Relations in Tagalog. PhD dissertation, Stanford University.
Krueger, J. R. (1961). Chuvash manual: introduction, grammar, reader, and vocabulary. Indiana University.
Krämer, M. & Wunderlich, D. (1999). Transitivity alternations in Yucatec, and the correlation between aspect and argument roles. Linguistics, 37(3), 431–480.
Kubota, Y. (2026). Outlook Management: `Subjective' Meanings of Discourse-Sensitive Adverbs and Particles. In Cambridge Handbook of Usage-Based Approaches to Japanese Linguistics. Cambridge University Press.
Kubota, Y. & Ido, M. (2025). Outlook markers (as abstract discourse markers): An analysis of nanka in Japanese. Proceedings of SALT 35.
Kubozono, H. (2006). Where Does Loanword Prosody Come From? A Case Study of Japanese Loanword Accent. Lingua, 116, 1140–1170.
Kuhlmann, M. (2013). Mildly Non-Projective Dependency Grammar. Computational Linguistics, 39(2), 355–387.
Kuhlmann, M., Koller, A. & Satta, G. (2010). The Importance of Rule Restrictions in CCG. Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 534–543.
Kuhlmann, M., Koller, A. & Satta, G. (2015). Lexicalization and Generative Power in CCG. Computational Linguistics, 41(2), 187–219.
Kuhlmann, M. & Nivre, J. (2006). Mildly Non-Projective Dependency Structures. Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the ACL, 507–514.
Kuno, S. (1987). Functional Syntax: Anaphora, Discourse and Empathy. University of Chicago Press.
Kuo, G. C. & Yu, K. M. (2012). Taiwan Mandarin Quantifiers. In Handbook of Quantifiers in Natural Language, 90, 647–698. Springer.
Kurafuji, T. (1997). Case checking of accusative wh-adjuncts. MIT Working Papers in Linguistics, 31.
Kuroda, S. (1972). The categorical and the thetic judgment: Evidence from Japanese syntax. Foundations of Language, 9, 153–185.
Kursat, L. & Degen, J. (2021). Perceptual difficulty differences predict asymmetry in redundant modification with color and material adjectives. Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America, 6, 676–688.
Kush, D. W. (2013). Respecting Relations: Memory Access and Antecedent Retrieval in Incremental Sentence Processing. PhD dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park.
Kweon, S. (2011). Processing null and overt pronoun subject in ambiguous sentences in Korean. International Journal of Linguistics, 3(1).
Kwon, N. & Lee, S. Y. (2026). From null pronouns to full NPs: Exploring accessibility markers in Korean. Journal of Linguistics.
König, E. & Kokutani, S. (2006). Towards a Typology of Reciprocal Constructions: Focus on German and Japanese. Linguistics, 44(2), 271–302.
König, E., Siemund, P. & Töpper, S. (2013). Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Labov, W. (2006). The Social Stratification of English in New York City. Cambridge University Press.
Labov, W. (2012). Dialect Diversity in America: The Politics of Language Change. University of Virginia Press.
Ladd, D. R. (1981). A First Look at the Semantics and Pragmatics of Negative Questions and Tag Questions. Papers from the 17th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, 164–171.
Ladusaw, W. A. (1979). Polarity Sensitivity as Inherent Scope Relations. PhD dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.
Ladusaw, W. A. (1980). Polarity Sensitivity as Inherent Scope Relations. Garland.
Lahiri, U. (1998). Focus and negative polarity in Hindi. Natural Language Semantics, 6, 57–123.
Lahiri, U. (2002). Questions and Answers in Embedded Contexts. Oxford University Press.
Laka, I. (1990). Negation in Syntax: On the Nature of Functional Categories and Projections. PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Laka, I. (1996). A Brief Grammar of Euskara, the Basque Language. University of the Basque Country.
Lakoff, R. (1970). Tense and Its Relation to Participants. Language, 46(4), 838–849.
Lambert, D. (2023). Relativized adjacency. Journal of Logic, Language and Information, 32, 707–731.
Lambert, D. (2024). System description: a theorem-prover for subregular systems: the Language Toolkit and its interpreter, Plebby. Functional and Logic Programming: 17th International Symposium, FLOPS 2024, 14659, 311–328.
Lambert, D. (2026). Multitier phonotactics with logic and algebra. Phonology, 43, e9.
Lambert, D. J. (2022). Unifying Classification Schemes for Languages and Processes with Attention to Locality and Relativizations Thereof. PhD dissertation, State University of New York at Stony Brook.
Lambova, M. (2004). V(P) Fronting and V Raising in Bulgarian. In Formal Approaches to Slavic Linguistics: The Ottawa Meeting, 269–292. Michigan Slavic Publications.
Lambrecht, K. (1994). Information Structure and Sentence Form: Topic, Focus, and the Mental Representations of Discourse Referents. Cambridge University Press.
Lamont, A. (2022). Directional Constraint Evaluation Solves the Problem of Ties in Harmonic Serialism. Linguistic Inquiry, 53(3), 617–632.
Lamont, A. (2022). Directional Harmonic Serialism. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Lamont, A. (2022). A Restrictive, Parsimonious Theory of Footing in Directional Harmonic Serialism. Phonology, 39(1), 41–78.
Lampitelli, N. (to appear). Consonant-Vowel Division. In The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Phonology. Wiley-Blackwell.
Landau, I. (2004). The Scale of Finiteness and the Calculus of Control. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 22(4), 811–877.
Landau, I. (2006). Chain resolution in Hebrew V(P)-fronting. Syntax, 9(1), 32–66.
Landau, I. (2013). Control in Generative Grammar: A Research Companion. Cambridge University Press.
Landau, I. (2015). A Two-Tiered Theory of Control. MIT Press.
Landau, I. (2026). Silent Resumption: A New Test for Ellipsis. Linguistic Inquiry, 1–44.
Landman, F. (1986). Conflicting presuppositions and modal subordination. Papers from the Twenty-Second Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, 195–207.
Landman, F. (1989). Groups, I. Linguistics and Philosophy, 12(5), 559–605.
Landman, F. (1998). Plurals and maximalization. In Events and grammar, 237–271. Kluwer.
Landman, F. (2000). Events and plurality: The Jerusalem lectures. Kluwer.
Landman, F. (2004). Indefinites and the Type of Sets. Wiley-Blackwell.
Landman, F. (2011). Count Nouns -- Mass Nouns -- Neat Nouns -- Mess Nouns. The Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication, 6, 1–67.
Landman, F. (2016). Iceberg Semantics for Count Nouns and Mass Nouns: The Evidence from Portions. The Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication, 11, 1–48.
Landman, F. (2020). Iceberg Semantics for Mass Nouns and Count Nouns: A New Framework for Boolean Semantics. Springer.
Langacker, R. W. (1969). On Pronominalization and the Chain of Command. Modern Studies in English, 160–186.
Langendoen, D. T. (1978). The Logic of Reciprocity. Linguistic Inquiry, 9(2), 177–197.
Laoide-Kemp, A. (2026). Strict modularity at the morphosyntax-phonology interface: The case of Irish preverbal d'. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 44(27).
Larson, R. K. (1988). On the Double Object Construction. Linguistic Inquiry, 19(3), 335–391.
Lascarides, A. & Copestake, A. (1999). Default Representation in Constraint-Based Frameworks. Computational Linguistics, 25(1), 55–105.
Lasersohn, P. (1995). Plurality, Conjunction and Events. Springer Netherlands.
Lasersohn, P. (1999). Pragmatic halos. Language, 75(3), 522–551.
Lassiter, D. (2011). Measurement and Modality: The Scalar Basis of Modal Semantics. PhD dissertation, New York University.
Lassiter, D. (2017). Probabilistic language in indicative and counterfactual conditionals. Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory 27, 525–546.
Lassiter, D. (2017). Graded Modality: Qualitative and Quantitative Perspectives. Oxford University Press.
Lassiter, D. (2025). Sorting Out Left-Nested Conditionals. Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 29.
Lassiter, D. & Goodman, N. D. (2017). Adjectival Vagueness in a Bayesian Model of Interpretation. Synthese, 194(10), 3801–3836.
Lauer, S. (2013). Towards a Dynamic Pragmatics. PhD dissertation, Stanford University.
Lauer, S. & Condoravdi, C. (2014). Preference-Conditioned Necessities: Detachment and Practical Reasoning. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 95(4), 584–621.
Lawvere, F. W. (1969). Adjointness in Foundations. Dialectica, 23(3–4), 281–296.
Le Bruyn, B. & de Swart, H. (2022). Exceptional wide scope of bare nominals. Semantics and Pragmatics, 15(7), 1–32.
Lebeaux, D. (1988). Language Acquisition and the Form of the Grammar. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
Leben, W. R. (2018). The nature(s) of downstep. Ms., Stanford University.
Leben, W. R. (2018). Autosegmental Phonology. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics.
Leben, W. R. (1973). Suprasegmental Phonology. PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Lechner, W. (2001). Reduced and Phrasal Comparatives. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 19(4), 683–735.
Lechner, W. (2004). Ellipsis in comparatives. Mouton de Gruyter.
Lechner, W. & Anagnostopoulou, E. (2006). Clitics and Adjacency in Greek PPs. In Linguistic Studies in Honor of Henk van Riemsdijk, 390–406. De Gruyter Mouton.
Lee, T. T. & Yip, K. (). `Again'-type elements. In The Routledge handbook of Cantonese linguistics. Routledge.
Lee, T. T. & Yip, K. (2024). Hyperraising, evidentiality, and phase deactivation. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 42, 1527–1578.
Legate, J. A. (2003). Some Interface Properties of the Phase. Linguistic Inquiry, 34(3), 506–516.
Legate, J. A. (2008). Morphological and abstract case. Linguistic Inquiry, 39(1), 55–101.
Leslau, W. (1941). Documents tigrigna (Éthiopien septentrional). Grammaire et textes. Klincksieck.
Leslie, S. (2008). Generics: Cognition and Acquisition. The Philosophical Review, 117(1), 1–47.
Levelt, W. J. M., Roelofs, A. & Meyer, A. S. (1999). A theory of lexical access in speech production. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22(1), 1–75.
Levi, S. V. (2011). Glides. In The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Phonology, 341–366. Wiley-Blackwell.
Levin, B. (1993). English Verb Classes and Alternations: A Preliminary Investigation. University of Chicago Press.
Levin, B. (2004). Verbs and Constructions: Where Next?. Handout, Western Conference on Linguistics.
Levin, B. (2017). The elasticity of verb meaning revisited.
Levin, B. (2019). Resultatives and constraints on concealed causatives. Proceedings of JerSem, 185–217.
Levin, B. (2026). The door pushed open: an English intransitive resultative construction with transitive-only verbs. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 35(3).
Levin, B. & Krejci, B. (2019). Talking about the weather: Two construals of precipitation events in English. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics, 4(1), 58.
Levin, B. & Rappaport Hovav, M. (1991). Wiping the slate clean: A lexical semantic exploration. Cognition, 41, 123–151.
Levin, B. & Rappaport Hovav, M. (1995). Unaccusativity: At the Syntax-Lexical Semantics Interface. MIT Press.
Levin, B. & Rappaport Hovav, M. (2005). Argument Realization. Cambridge University Press.
Levin, B. & Rappaport Hovav, M. (2014). Manner and result: A view from clean. In Language description informed by theory, 337–357. John Benjamins.
Levinson, S. C. (2000). Presumptive meanings: The theory of generalized conversational implicature. MIT Press.
Levshina, N., Namboodiripad, S., Allassonnière-Tang, M., Kramer, M. A., Talamo, L., Verkerk, A., Wilmoth, S., Rodriguez, G. G., Gupton, T., Kidd, E., Liu, Z., Naccarato, C., Nordlinger, R., Panova, A. & Stoynova, N. (2023). Why we need a gradient approach to word order. Linguistics, 61(4), 825–883.
Levy, R. (2008). Expectation-based syntactic comprehension. Cognition, 106(3), 1126–1177.
Lewis, D. (1969). Convention: A Philosophical Study. Harvard University Press.
Lewis, D. (1973). Counterfactuals. Blackwell.
Lewis, D. (1973). Causation. The Journal of Philosophy, 70(17), 556–567.
Lewis, D. (1979). Scorekeeping in a Language Game. Journal of Philosophical Logic, 8(1), 339–359.
Lewis, D. (1979). Attitudes De Dicto and De Se. The Philosophical Review, 88(4), 513–543.
Lewis, D. (1996). Elusive knowledge. Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 74(4), 549–567.
Lewis, K. S. (2020). The speaker authority problem for context-sensitivity (or: You can't always mean what you want). Erkenntnis, 85(6), 1527–1555.
Lewis, R. L. & Vasishth, S. (2005). An Activation-Based Model of Sentence Processing as Skilled Memory Retrieval. Cognitive Science, 29, 375–419.
Li, C. N. & Thompson, S. A. (1981). Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. University of California Press.
Li, X. (2011). On the Semantics of Classifiers in Chinese. PhD dissertation, Bar-Ilan University.
Li, Y. A. (1992). Indefinite Wh in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 1(2), 125–155.
Liberman, M. & Prince, A. (1977). On Stress and Linguistic Rhythm. Linguistic Inquiry, 8(2), 249–336.
Lieber, R. (1983). New developments in autosegmental morphology: Consonant mutation. Proceedings of the West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, 2, 165–175.
Liefke, K. (2024). Natural Language Ontology and Semantic Theory. Cambridge University Press.
Lin, T. J. & Liu, C. L. (2009). `Again' and `again': A grammatical analysis of ıtshape you and ıtshape zai in Mandarin Chinese. Linguistics, 47(5), 1183–1210.
Lindley, D. V. (1956). On a Measure of the Information Provided by an Experiment. Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 27(4), 986–1005.
Linebarger, M. C. (1987). Negative polarity and grammatical representation. Linguistics and Philosophy, 10(3), 325–387.
Link, G. (1983). The Logical Analysis of Plurals and Mass Terms. In Meaning, Use and Interpretation of Language, 302–323. de Gruyter.
Link, G. (1987). Generalized Quantifiers and Plurals. In Generalized Quantifiers: Linguistic and Logical Approaches, 31, 151–180. D. Reidel.
Lionnet, F. (2022). The features and geometry of tone in Laal. Phonology, 39(2), 251–292.
Lionnet, F. (2022). The features and geometry of tone in Laal. Phonology, 39(2), 251–292.
Lionnet, F. (2025). Tonal languages without tone: downstep in Drubea and Numèè (Oceanic, New Caledonia). Phonology, 42, e23, 1–43.
Lionnet, F., Hyman, L. M. & Rolle, N. (2022). Grammatical tone. Annual Review of Linguistics, 8, 385–407.
Liosis, N. (2016). Cosmopolitan or Local? The Dialects of the Smyrna Region. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference of Modern Greek Dialects and Linguistic Theory (Patras, 25–28 September 2014).
Lipták, A. & Saab, A. (2014). No N-raising out of NPs in Spanish: ellipsis as a diagnostic of head movement. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 32, 1247–1271.
Little, C. R., Moroney, M. & Royer, J. (2022). Classifiers can be for numerals or nouns: Two strategies for numeral modification. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics, 7(1), 1–35.
Little, C. (2020). Mutual dependencies of nominal and clausal syntax in Ch'ol. PhD dissertation, Cornell University.
Little, C. (2020). Left branch extraction, object shift, and freezing effects in Tumbalá Ch'ol. Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics, 5(1), 1–29.
Litvinov, G. L. (2005). The Maslov Dequantization, Idempotent and Tropical Mathematics: A Brief Introduction. arXiv:math/0507014; published in Journal of Mathematical Sciences 140(3), 2007.
Liu, M. & Rotter, S. (2025). Linguistic and Social Meaning Match: An Experiment on Modal Concord in English. Experiments in Linguistic Meaning, 3, 224–235.
Liu, Y. (2024). High vs. low `again': Mandarin ıtshape you vs. ıtshape zai and Cantonese ıtshape -faan vs. ıtshape -gwo. Buckeye East Asian Linguistics (BEAL), 7, 94–104.
Liu, Y. & Yip, K. (2026). Again, finiteness, and split aspect in Chinese languages. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 44(2), Article 25.
Lo Guercio, N. & Orlando, E. (2022). Expressives and argument extension. Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT), 32, 44–62.
Lo Guercio, N. F. (2025). Maximize Conventional Implicatures!. Semantics and Pragmatics, 18(9), 1–39.
Lobeck, A. (1995). Ellipsis: Functional Heads, Licensing, and Identification. Oxford University Press.
Lohmann, P. & Vollmer, H. (2013). Complexity Results for Modal Dependence Logic. Studia Logica, 101(2), 343–366.
Lohnstein, H. (2018). Verum focus, sentence mood, and contrast. In The Grammatical Realization of Polarity Contrast: Theoretical, Empirical, and Typological Approaches, 249, 55–88. John Benjamins.
Lombardi, L. (2002). Coronal Epenthesis and Markedness. Phonology, 19(2), 219–251.
Longacre, R. E. (2007). Sentences as combinations of clauses. In Language Typology and Syntactic Description, vol. 2, 2nd ed, 372–420. Cambridge University Press.
Longobardi, G. (1994). Reference and Proper Names: A Theory of N-Movement in Syntax and Logical Form. Linguistic Inquiry, 25(4), 609–665.
Longobardi, G. (2001). How Comparative is Semantics? A Unified Parametric Theory of Bare Nouns and Proper Names. Natural Language Semantics, 9(4), 335–369.
Longobardi, G. (2005). Toward a Unified Grammar of Reference. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft, 24(1), 5–44.
Lorson, A. (2018). The Influence of World Knowledge on Projectivity.
Lowenstamm, J. (1996). CV as the Only Syllable Type. In Current Trends in Phonology: Models and Methods. European Studies Research Institute, University of Salford.
Lowenstamm, J. (2014). Derivational Affixes as Roots: Phasal Spell-Out Meets English Stress Shift. In The Syntax of Roots and the Roots of Syntax. Oxford University Press.
Lowenstamm, J. & Prunet, J. (1985). On Certain Nominal Patterns in Tigrinya. Proceedings of the 15th Conference on African Linguistics.
Lowenstamm, J. & Prunet, J. (1988). Tigre Vowel Harmonies. Rapport Annuel du Groupe de Recherche sur la Linguistique Africaniste au CRSH 1987-88.
Lu, J., Pan, D. & Degen, J. (2025). Evidence for a discourse account of manner-of-speaking islands. Language, 101(4), 627–659.
Lu, Y., Chuang, Y. & Baayen, R. H. (2025). Form and meaning co-determine the realization of tone in Taiwan Mandarin spontaneous speech: the case of tone 3 sandhi. arXiv:2408.15747.
Lu, Y., Chuang, Y. & Baayen, R. H. (2026). The realization of tones in spontaneous spoken Taiwan Mandarin: a corpus-based survey and theory-driven computational modeling. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory.
Lucas, C. G. & Kemp, C. (2015). An improved probabilistic account of counterfactual reasoning. Psychological Review, 122, 700–734.
Luce, R. D. (1959). Individual Choice Behavior: A Theoretical Analysis. Wiley.
Lucy, J. A. (1994). The role of semantic value in lexical comparison. Linguistics, 32(4–5), 623–656.
Luo, Z. (2012). Common Nouns as Types. In LACL 2012, LNCS 7351: 173–185, 173–185. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Löbner, S. (2000). Polarity in Natural Language: Predication, Quantification, and Negation in Particular and Characterizing Sentences. Linguistics and Philosophy, 23(3), 213–308.
Löbner, S. (2014). Evidence for Frames from Human Language. In Frames and Concept Types, 23–67. Springer.
Löbner, S. (2021). Frames at the Interface of Language and Cognition. Annual Review of Linguistics, 7, 261–284.
Lücking, A. & Ginzburg, J. (2022). Referential transparency as the proper treatment for quantification. Semantics and Pragmatics, 15(4), 1–58.
Lüdeling, A. (2001). On Particle Verbs and Similar Constructions in German. CSLI Publications.
MacCartney, B. & Manning, C. D. (2009). An extended model of natural logic. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Computational Semantics, 140.
MacDonald, J. (2008). The syntactic nature of inner aspect: A minimalist perspective. John Benjamins.
Mackay, J. (2015). Actuality and Fake Tense in Conditionals. Semantics and Pragmatics, 8(12), 1–12.
Mackay, J. (2019). Modal Interpretation of Tense in Subjunctive Conditionals. Semantics and Pragmatics, 12(2), 1–29.
Mackie, J. L. (1965). Causes and conditions. American Philosophical Quarterly, 2(4), 245–264.
Macmillan, N. A. & Creelman, C. D. (2005). Detection Theory: A User's Guide. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Macuch Silva, V., Lorson, A., Franke, M., Cummins, C. & Winter, B. (2024). Strategic use of English quantifiers in the reporting of quantitative information. Discourse Processes, 61(10), 498–523.
Maddieson, I. (2013). Phonological inventory and tone features (WALS chapters 1–9, 11–13, 18–19). In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online (v2020.4). Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Magri, G. (2009). A theory of individual-level predicates based on blind mandatory scalar implicatures. Natural Language Semantics, 17(3), 245–297.
Magri, G. (2014). An account for the homogeneity effects triggered by plural definites and conjunction based on double strengthening. In Pragmatics, Semantics and the Case of Scalar Implicatures, 99–145. Palgrave Macmillan.
Magri, G. (2025). Constraint Interaction in Probabilistic Phonology: Deducing Maximum Entropy Grammars from Hayes and Zuraw's Shifted Sigmoids Generalization. Linguistic Inquiry, 1–37.
Mahler, T. (2020). The Social Component of the Projection Behavior of Clausal Complement Contents. Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America, 5(1), 777–791.
Maienborn, C. (2005). On the limits of the Davidsonian approach: The case of copula sentences. Theoretical Linguistics, 31(3), 275–316.
Maier, E. (2014). Mixed quotation: The grammar of apparently transparent opacity. Semantics and Pragmatics, 7(7), 1–67.
Maier, E. (2015). Parasitic Attitudes. Linguistics and Philosophy, 38(3), 205–236.
Maier, E. & van der Sandt, R. (2003). Denial and Correction in Layered DRT. Proceedings of DiaBruck.
Majewski, H. (2014). Comprehending Each Other: Weak Reciprocity and Processing. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
Majid, A., Boster, J. S. & Bowerman, M. (2008). The cross-linguistic categorization of everyday events: A study of cutting and breaking. Cognition, 109(2), 235–250.
Majid, A., Evans, N., Gaby, A. & Levinson, S. C. (2011). The Semantics of Reciprocal Constructions across Languages: An Extensional Approach. In Reciprocals and Semantic Typology, 29–60. John Benjamins.
Major, T. (2021). On the Nature of “say” Complementation. PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
Major, T. (2024). Re-analyzing `say' complementation: Implications for case theory and beyond. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 42, 1125–1190.
Makkai, A. (1972). Idiom Structure in English. Mouton.
Malamud, S. (2012). The meaning of plural definites: A decision-theoretic approach. Semantics and Pragmatics, 5.
Malamud, S. A. & Stephenson, T. (2015). Three Ways to Avoid Commitments: Declarative Force Modifiers in the Conversational Scoreboard. Journal of Semantics, 32(2), 275–311.
Mandelkern, M. (2019). Bounded Modality. The Philosophical Review, 128(1), 1–61.
Mandelkern, M. (2022). Witnesses. Linguistics and Philosophy, 45(5), 1091–1117.
Mandelkern, M., Zehr, J., Romoli, J. & Schwarz, F. (2020). We've Discovered That Projection across Conjunction Is Asymmetric (and It Is!). Linguistics and Philosophy, 43(5), 473–514.
Mangiarulo, M., Pighin, S., Polonio, L. & Tentori, K. (2021). The effect of evidential impact on perceptual probabilistic judgments. Cognitive Science, 45(1).
Mansfield, J., Stoll, S. & Bickel, B. (2020). Category Clustering: A Probabilistic Bias in the Morphology of Verbal Agreement Marking. Language, 96(2), 255–293.
Marantz, A. (1991). Case and Licensing. ESCOL '91, 234–253.
Marantz, A. (1993). Implications of asymmetries in double object constructions. In Theoretical Aspects of Bantu Grammar 1, 113–150. CSLI Publications.
Marantz, A. (1997). No escape from syntax: Don't try morphological analysis in the privacy of your own lexicon. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics, 4(2), 201–225.
Marantz, A. (2001). Words. WCCFL XX Handout, USC.
Marco, E. & Rasin, E. (2026). Optimal Paradigms: A Challenge from Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic. Linguistic Inquiry.
Marcolli, M., Chomsky, N. & Berwick, R. C. (2025). Mathematical Structure of Syntactic Merge: An Algebraic Model for Generative Linguistics. The MIT Press.
Marcolli, M., Larson, R. K. & Huijbregts, R. (2025). Extension Condition “Violations” and Merge Optimality Constraints.
Marcolli, M. & Skigin, D. (2025). Merge on workspaces as Hopf algebra Markov chain.
Markopoulos, G. (2018). Phonological Realization of Morphosyntactic Features. PhD dissertation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki.
Martin, F., Rose, D. & Nichols, S. (2025). Burning Facts: Thick and Thin Causatives.
Martin, F., Schäfer, F. & Kastner, I. (2025). The Lexical Pragmatics of Reflexive Marking. Language, 101(3), 524–571.
Martin, J. R. (2020). Wh-the-hell as a polarity-insensitive, speaker-oriented domain restrictor. Proceedings of the 30th Semantics and Linguistic Theory Conference (SALT 30), 334–354.
Martin, S. E. (1975). A Reference Grammar of Japanese. Yale University Press.
Martin-Löf, P. (1984). Intuitionistic Type Theory. Bibliopolis.
Martinovic, M. (2019). Interleaving syntax and postsyntax: Spellout before syntactic movement. Syntax, 22(4), 378–418.
Martí, L. (2020). Numerals and the theory of number. Semantics and Pragmatics, 13, 3.
Martínez Cruz, V. (2007). Los adjetivos y los conceptos de propiedad en chol.
Martínez Vera, G. (2024). Direct evidentiality and discourse in Southern Aymara. Natural Language Semantics, 32, 1–34.
Martínez Vera, G. (2026). Verum, contrast and evidentiality in Saraguro Kichwa. Natural Language Semantics.
Martínez Vera, G. & Camacho, J. (2025). Evidentiality and focus in Colombian Spanish: A comparative analysis of dizque and como. Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics, 10(1), 1–34.
Martínez-Paricio, V. & Kager, R. (2015). The Binary-to-Ternary Rhythmic Continuum in Stress Typology: Layered Feet and Non-Intervention Constraints. Phonology, 32(3), 459–504.
Marušič, F., Nevins, A. & Badecker, W. (2015). The Grammars of Conjunction Agreement in Slovenian. Syntax, 18, 39–77.
Mascaró, J. (2019). On the Lack of Evidence for Nonmyopic Harmony. Linguistic Inquiry, 50(4), 862–872.
Maslova, E. (2008). Reflexive Encoding of Reciprocity: Cross-Linguistic and Language-Internal Variation. In Reciprocals and Reflexives: Theoretical and Typological Explorations, 225–257. De Gruyter Mouton.
Maslova, E. & Nedjalkov, V. P. (2013). Reciprocal Constructions. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Mateo Toledo, E. (2008). The Family of Complex Predicates in Q'anjob'al (Maya); Their Syntax and Meaning. PhD dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin.
Matic, D. & Nikolaeva, I. (2018). From polarity focus to salient polarity: From things to processes. In The Grammatical Realization of Polarity Contrast: Theoretical, Empirical, and Typological Approaches, 249, 9–53. John Benjamins.
Matic, D. & Pakendorf, B. (2013). Non-canonical SAY in Siberia: Areal and genealogical patterns. Studies in Language, 37(2), 356–412.
Matthews, S. & Yip, V. (1994). Cantonese: A comprehensive grammar. Routledge.
Matthewson, L. (1999). On the Interpretation of Wide-Scope Indefinites. Natural Language Semantics, 7(1), 79–134.
Matthewson, L. (2004). On the methodology of semantic fieldwork. International Journal of American Linguistics, 70(4), 369–415.
Matthewson, L. (2006). Temporal Semantics in a Superficially Tenseless Language. Linguistics and Philosophy, 29, 673–713.
Matthewson, L. (2012). On the (Non-)Future Orientation of Modals in English, Gitksan and Blackfoot. Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 16, vol. 2, 431–446.
Matthewson, L. (2013). Gitksan Modals. International Journal of American Linguistics, 79(3), 349–394.
Matthewson, L. (2016). Modality. In The Cambridge Handbook of Formal Semantics, 525–559. Cambridge University Press.
Matthewson, L. (2021). Verum in Gitksan. Canadian Journal of Linguistics / Revue canadienne de linguistique, 66(1), 60–90.
Matthewson, L., Davis, H. & Talagi, L. (2012). Epistemic Modals in Niuean. Oceanic Linguistics, 51(1), 223–235.
Matushansky, O. (2006). Head Movement in Linguistic Theory. Linguistic Inquiry, 37(1), 69–109.
May, R. (1985). Logical Form: Its Structure and Derivation. MIT Press.
Mayer, C. & Major, T. (2018). A challenge for tier-based strict locality from Uyghur backness harmony. Formal Grammar 2018, 10950, 62–83.
Mayo, P. (1993). Belorussian. In The Slavonic Languages, 887–946. Routledge.
Mayr, C. & Sauerland, U. (2015). Accommodation and the Strongest Meaning Hypothesis. Proceedings of the 20th Amsterdam Colloquium.
McBride, C. & Paterson, R. (2008). Applicative Programming with Effects. Journal of Functional Programming, 18(1), 1–13.
McCarthy, A. D., Kirov, C., Grella, M., Nidhi, A., Xia, P., Gorman, K., Vylomova, E., Mielke, S. J., Nicolai, G., Silfverberg, M., Arkhangelskiy, T., Krizhanovsky, N., Krizhanovsky, A., Klyachko, E., Sorokin, A., Mansfield, J., Ernštreits, V., Pinter, Y., Jacobs, C. L., Cotterell, R., Hulden, M. & Yarowsky, D. (2020). UniMorph 3.0: Universal Morphology. Proceedings of the Twelfth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, 3922–3931.
McCarthy, J. J. (1981). A Prosodic Theory of Nonconcatenative Morphology. Linguistic Inquiry, 12(3), 373–418.
McCarthy, J. J. (1986). OCP Effects: Gemination and Antigemination. Linguistic Inquiry.
McCarthy, J. J. (1994). The Phonetics and Phonology of Semitic Pharyngeals. In Papers in Laboratory Phonology III: Phonological Structure and Phonetic Form, 191–283. Cambridge University Press.
McCarthy, J. J. (1995). Extensions of Faithfulness: Rotuman Revisited. Manuscript, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. ROA-110.
McCarthy, J. J. (2000). Harmonic serialism and parallelism. Proceedings of the 30th Annual Meeting of the North East Linguistic Society (NELS 30).
McCarthy, J. J. (2005). Optimal Paradigms. In Paradigms in Phonological Theory. Oxford University Press.
McCarthy, J. J. (2008). The gradual path to cluster simplification. Phonology, 25(2), 271–319.
McCarthy, J. J. (2010). An Introduction to Harmonic Serialism. Language and Linguistics Compass, 4(10), 1001–1018.
McCarthy, J. J., Mullin, K. & Smith, B. W. (2012). Implications of Harmonic Serialism for lexical tone association. In Phonological Explorations: Empirical, Theoretical and Diachronic Issues, 265–297. De Gruyter.
McCarthy, J. J. & Prince, A. (1993). Prosodic Morphology: Constraint Interaction and Satisfaction.
McCarthy, J. J. & Prince, A. (1995). Faithfulness and Reduplicative Identity. In Papers in Optimality Theory, 18, 249–384. GLSA.
McCarthy, J. J. & Prince, A. S. (1990). Foot and Word in Prosodic Morphology: The Arabic Broken Plural. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 8, 209–283.
McCawley, J. D. (1968). The Phonological Component of a Grammar of Japanese. Mouton.
McCloskey, J. (2006). Questions and Questioning in a Local English. In Crosslinguistic Research in Syntax and Semantics: Negation, Tense, and Clausal Architecture, 87–126. Georgetown University Press.
McCollum, A. G. (2019). Gradient morphophonology: Evidence from Uyghur vowel harmony. Proceedings of the Annual Meetings on Phonology, 7.
McCollum, A. G., Bakovic, E., Mai, A. & Meinhardt, E. (2020). Unbounded circumambient patterns in segmental phonology. Phonology, 37, 215–255.
McCready, E. (2019). The Semantics and Pragmatics of Honorification: Register and Social Meaning. Oxford University Press.
McElree, B. (2006). Accessing Recent Events. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 46, 155–200.
McFadden, D. (1974). Conditional logit analysis of qualitative choice behavior. In Frontiers in Econometrics, 105–142. Academic Press.
McFadden, T. (2018). *ABA in stem-allomorphy and the emptiness of the nominative. Glossa, 3(1), 8.
McGee, V. (1985). A counterexample to modus ponens. The Journal of Philosophy, 82(9), 462–471.
McGinnis, M. (2005). On markedness asymmetries in person and number. Language, 81(3), 699–718.
McKay, T. & Van Inwagen, P. (1977). Counterfactuals with Disjunctive Antecedents. Philosophical Studies, 31, 353–356.
McMullin, K. J. (2016). Tier-based locality in long-distance phonotactics: Learnability and typology. PhD dissertation, University of British Columbia.
McNally, L. & de Swart, H. (2011). Inflection and Derivation: How Adjectives and Nouns Refer to Abstract Objects. Proceedings of the 18th Amsterdam Colloquium, 425–434.
McNally, L. & Spalek, A. A. (2022). Grammatically relevant aspects of meaning and verbal polysemy. Linguistics, 60, 1943–1987.
McNaughton, R. & Papert, S. (1971). Counter-free Automata. MIT Press.
McPherson, L. (2022). Word tone is epiphenomenal: a case study from Poko. In Prosody and prosodic interfaces, 329–364. Oxford University Press.
McPherson, L. & Dryer, M. S. (2021). The tone system of Poko-Rawo (Skou). Phonological Data and Analysis, 3, article 1.
McPherson, L. & Heath, J. (2016). Phrasal grammatical tone in the Dogon languages. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 34, 593–639.
McPherson, L. & Lamont, A. (2026). Poko postlexical tone requires serial, directional evaluation. Phonology, 43, e1.
McRae, K., Cree, G. S., Seidenberg, M. S. & McNorgan, C. (2005). Semantic feature production norms for a large set of living and nonliving things. Behavior Research Methods, 37, 547–559.
Meibauer, J. (2007). How Marginal Are Phrasal Compounds? Generalized Insertion, Expressivity, and I/Q-Interaction. Morphology, 17(2), 233–259.
Meier, C. (2003). The meaning of too, enough, and so...that. Natural Language Semantics, 11(1), 69–107.
Meinhardt, E., Mai, A., Bakovic, E. & McCollum, A. G. (2024). Weak determinism and the computational consequences of interaction. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 42, 1191–1232.
Meister, C., Giulianelli, M. & Pimentel, T. (2024). Towards a Similarity-Adjusted Surprisal Theory. Proceedings of the 2024 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, 16485–16498.
Mel'čuk, I. (1988). Dependency Syntax: Theory and Practice. State University of New York Press.
Melissaropoulou, D. (2014). Reorganization of Grammar in the Light of the Language Contact Factor: A Case Study on Grico and Cappadocian. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference of Modern Greek Dialects and Linguistic Theory, 311–334.
Mendes, A. (2025). Indefiniteness in Future Reference. Semantics and Pragmatics, 18(10), 1–53.
Mendes, G. & Ranero, R. (2021). Chain Reduction via Substitution: Evidence from Mayan. Glossa, 6(1), 1–31.
Mendia, J. A. (2020). Reference to ad hoc kinds. Linguistics and Philosophy, 43(6), 589–631.
Menon, M. & Pancheva, R. (2014). The grammatical life of property concept roots in Malayalam. Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung, 18, 289–302.
Merchant, J. (2001). The Syntax of Silence. Oxford University Press.
Merchant, J. (2002). Swiping in Germanic. In Studies in Comparative Germanic Syntax, 289–315.
Merchant, J. (2004). Fragments and ellipsis. Linguistics and Philosophy, 27(6), 661–738.
Merchant, J. (2009). Phrasal and Clausal Comparatives in Greek and the Abstractness of Syntax. Journal of Greek Linguistics, 9, 134–164.
Merchant, J. (2013). Voice and ellipsis. Linguistic Inquiry, 44(1), 77–108.
Merchant, J. (2014). Gender mismatches under nominal ellipsis. Lingua, 151, 9–32.
Merchant, J. (2015). Joint selection. Talk presented at Cornell University, February.
Merchant, J. (2019). Roots Don't Select, Categorial Heads Do. The Linguistic Review, 36(3), 325–341.
Merchant, N. & Prince, A. (2022). The Mother of All Tableaux: Order, equivalence, and geometry in the large-scale structure of OT. Version 2.1.1. Rutgers Optimality Archive.
Merchant, N. & Riggle, J. (2016). OT grammars, beyond partial orders: ERC sets and antimatroids. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 34(1), 241–269.
Merin, A. (1999). Information, Relevance, and Social Decisionmaking. In Logic, Language, and Computation, 2, 179–221.
Merlan, F. & Rumsey, A. (1991). Ku Waru. Cambridge University Press.
Merlan, F. C. (1994). A grammar of Wardaman: A language of the Northern Territory of Australia. Mouton de Gruyter.
Mertyris, D. (2014). The Loss of the Genitive in Greek: A Diachronic and Dialectological Analysis. PhD dissertation, La Trobe University.
Mertyris, D. (2019). Defective Genitives of \textiota-Neuter Nouns in Modern Greek: The Role of Synizesis. Modern Greek Dialects and Linguistic Theory: Proceedings of the International Conference Series of Modern Greek Dialects and Linguistics Theory, 163–176.
Mertyris, D. (2023). The Loss of the Partitive Genitive in Greek. Lexicographic Bulletin of the Research Center for Modern Greek Dialects of the Academy of Athens, 27-28, 251–282.
Meyer, M. & Feiman, R. (2021). Composing Alternatives: The Structural Source of Scalar and Free Choice Implicatures. Journal of Memory and Language, 121, 104279.
Meyer, M. & Sauerland, U. (2017). Covert Across-the-Board Movement Revisited: Free Choice and the Scope of Modals. Proceedings of NELS 47.
Michelioudakis, D., Chatzikyriakidis, S. & Spathas, G. (2024). The Emergence of Prepositional Genitives in Greek and its Diachronic Implications. In The Place of Case in Grammar, 275–303. Oxford University Press.
Middleton, J. (2026). A Remark on the Ordering of Impoverishment Rules: Differences between Taos and Basque. Linguistic Inquiry.
Mielke, J. (2008). The Emergence of Distinctive Features. Oxford University Press.
Miestamo, M. (2005). Standard Negation: The Negation of Declarative Verbal Main Clauses in a Typological Perspective. Mouton de Gruyter.
Miestamo, M. (2013). Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Mifsud, M. (1995). Loan Verbs in Maltese: A Descriptive and Comparative Study. E. J. Brill.
Mihoc, T. (2019). Decomposing logic: Modified numerals, polarity, and exhaustification. PhD dissertation, Harvard University.
Mikheev, A. (1997). Automatic rule induction for unknown-word guessing.
Milsark, G. (1977). Toward an Explanation of Certain Peculiarities of the Existential Construction in English. Linguistic Analysis, 3, 1–29.
Milsark, G. L. (1974). Existential Sentences in English. PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Mirrazi, Z. (2024). Indefinites in Negated Intensional Contexts: An Argument for World-Skolemized Choice Functions. Semantics & Pragmatics, 17(6), 1–44.
Mitrovic, M. & Sauerland, U. (2014). Decomposing Coordination. Proceedings of NELS 44.
Mitrovic, M. & Sauerland, U. (2016). Two Conjunctions Are Better Than One. Acta Linguistica Hungarica, 63(4), 471–494.
Mitrović, M. (2021). Superparticles. Springer Netherlands.
Mittwoch, A. (2005). Unspecified arguments in episodic and habitual sentences. In The syntax of aspect, 237–254. Oxford University Press.
Mix Barrington, D. A., Immerman, N., Lautemann, C., Schweikardt, N. & Thérien, D. (2001). The Crane Beach conjecture. Proceedings of the 16th IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science, 187–196.
Mizuno, T. (2024). Strategies for Anderson Conditionals: Their Implications for the Typology of O-Marking and X-Marking. Semantics and Pragmatics, 17(8), 1–14.
Mizuno, T. & Kaufmann, S. (2019). Past-as-Past in Japanese Counterfactuals. Chicago Linguistic Society (CLS), 54, 309–324.
Moens, M. & Steedman, M. (1988). Temporal Ontology and Temporal Reference. Computational Linguistics, 14(2), 15–28.
Mohri, M. (1997). Finite-State Transducers in Language and Speech Processing. Computational Linguistics, 23(2), 269–311.
Moltmann, F. (2004). Properties and kinds of tropes: New linguistic facts and old philosophical insights. Mind, 113(449), 1–43.
Moltmann, F. (2013). Reference to numbers in natural language. Philosophical Studies, 162(3), 499–536.
Moltmann, F. (2019). Attitudinal objects: Their ontology and importance for philosophy and natural language semantics. In The act of judgment, 180–201. Routledge.
Moltmann, F. (2021). Situations, alternatives, and the semantics of `cases'. Linguistics and Philosophy, 44, 153–193.
Moltmann, F. (2024). Objects and attitudes. Oxford University Press.
Moltmann, F. (2025). Events in Contemporary Semantics. In 21st-Century Philosophy of Events: Beyond the Analytic/Continental Divide. Edinburgh University Press.
Mondloch, J. L. (2017). Basic K'ichee' Grammar: Thirty-Eight Lessons. University Press of Colorado.
Monjardet, B. (1985). A use for frequently rediscovering a concept. Order, 1, 415–417.
Montague, R. (1973). The Proper Treatment of Quantification in Ordinary English. In Approaches to Natural Language, 141–162. D. Reidel.
Moon, E. (2026). Countability and measured parts in mixed drink nouns. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics.
Moore-Cantwell, C. (2021). The representation of probabilistic phonological patterns: Neurological, behavioral, and computational evidence from the English stress system. Language.
Moran, S. & McCloy, D. (eds.) (2019). PHOIBLE 2.0.
Moroney, M. (2021). Definiteness and quantification: Evidence from Shan. PhD dissertation, Cornell University.
Morzycki, M. (2009). Degree modification of gradable nouns: size adjectives and adnominal degree morphemes. Natural Language Semantics, 17, 175–203.
Moskal, B. (2015). Limits on Allomorphy: A Case Study in Nominal Suppletion. Linguistic Inquiry, 46(2), 363–376.
Moskal, B. A. (2015). Domains on the Border: Between Morphology and Phonology. PhD dissertation, University of Connecticut.
Mostowski, A. (1957). On a generalization of quantifiers. Fundamenta Mathematicae, 44(1), 12–36.
Moulton, K. (2009). Natural Selection and the Syntax of Clausal Complementation. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Moulton, K. (2015). CPs: Copies and Compositionality. Linguistic Inquiry, 46(2), 305–342.
Moulton, K. (2020). Remarks on propositional nominalization. In Nominalization: 50 years from Chomsky's Remarks, 93–120. Oxford University Press.
Močnik, M. & Abramovitz, R. (2019). A variable-force variable-flavor attitude verb in Koryak. Proceedings of the 22nd Amsterdam Colloquium, 494–503.
Mu~noz Pérez, C. (2026). Stylistic applicatives: A lens into the nature of anticausative SE. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics, 11(1).
Mueller-Reichau, O. (2018). Two kinds of VERUM distinguished by aspect choice in Russian. In The Grammatical Realization of Polarity Contrast: Theoretical, Empirical, and Typological Approaches, 249, 203–225. John Benjamins.
Munn, A. (1993). Topics in the syntax and semantics of coordinate structures. PhD dissertation, University of Maryland.
Murray, S. E. (2008). Reflexivity and Reciprocity With(out) Underspecification. Sinn Und Bedeutung, 12, 455–469.
Murray, S. E. (2014). Varieties of update. Semantics and Pragmatics, 7(2), 1–53.
Murray, S. E. (2017). The Semantics of Evidentials. Oxford University Press.
Musan, R. (1995). On the Temporal Interpretation of Noun Phrases. PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Muskens, R. (1996). Combining Montague semantics and discourse representation. Linguistics and Philosophy, 19(2), 143–186.
Musolino, J. (2004). The semantics and acquisition of number words: integrating linguistic and developmental perspectives. Cognition, 93(1), 1–41.
Musolino, J. & Lidz, J. (2003). The Scope of Isomorphism: Turning Adults Into Children. Language Acquisition, 11(4), 277–291.
Myler, N. (2016). Building and Interpreting Possession Sentences. MIT Press.
Müller, A. (2015). Analyse von Wort-Vektoren deutscher Textkorpora.
Müller, S. (2013). Unifying Everything: Some Remarks on Simpler Syntax, Construction Grammar, Minimalism, and HPSG. Language, 89(4), 920–950.
Müller, S. (2024). Anaphoric binding. In Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar: The Handbook, 951–1009. Language Science Press.
N\'ı Chiosáin, M. (1991). Topics in the phonology of Irish. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
Nadathur, P. (2019). Causality, Aspect, and Modality in Actuality Inferences. PhD dissertation, Stanford University.
Nadathur, P. (2023). Actuality Inferences. Oxford University Press.
Nadathur, P. (2023). Causal Semantics for Implicative Verbs. Journal of Semantics, 40(2-3), 311–358.
Nadathur, P. & Bar-Asher Siegal, E. (2024). Modeling progress: causal models, event types, and the imperfective paradox. Proceedings of the 40th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics.
Nadathur, P. & Lauer, S. (2020). Causal Necessity, Causal Sufficiency, and the Implications of Causative Verbs. Glossa, 5(1).
Nakanishi, K. (2007). Formal properties of measurement constructions. Mouton de Gruyter.
Napoli, D. J. & Nespor, M. (1976). Negatives in comparatives. Language, 52(4), 811–838.
Narrog, H. (2009). Modality in Japanese: The Layered Structure of the Clause and Hierarchies of Functional Categories. John Benjamins.
Narrog, H. (2010). (Inter)subjectification in the Domain of Modality and Mood: Concepts and Cross-Linguistic Realities. In Subjectification, Intersubjectification and Grammaticalization, 385–429. De Gruyter Mouton.
Narrog, H. (2012). Modality, Subjectivity, and Semantic Change: A Cross-Linguistic Perspective. Oxford University Press.
Nauze, F. (2008). Modality in Typological Perspective. PhD dissertation, University of Amsterdam.
Nedjalkov, V. P. (2007). Overview of the Research: Definitions of Terms, Framework, and Related Issues. In Reciprocal Constructions, 3–114. John Benjamins.
Nedjalkov, V. P. (2007). Polysemy of Reciprocal Markers. In Reciprocal Constructions, 231–333. John Benjamins.
Nedyalkov, V. P. & Silnitsky, G. G. (1973). The Typology of Morphological and Lexical Causatives. In Trends in Soviet Theoretical Linguistics, 1–32. Reidel.
Neeleman, A., Philip, J., Tanaka, M. & van de Koot, H. (2022). Subordination and binary branching. Syntax, 26, 41–84.
Neeleman, A., Philip, J., Tanaka, M. & van de Koot, H. (2023). Subordination and binary branching. Syntax, 26(1), 41–84.
Nekula, M. (1996). System der Partikeln im Deutschen und Tschechischen. Max Niemeyer Verlag.
Nemoto, N. (2005). On mass denotations of bare nouns in Japanese and Korean. Linguistics, 43(2), 383–413.
Nespor, M. & Vogel, I. (1986). Prosodic Phonology. Foris Publications.
Nevins, A. (2010). Locality in vowel harmony. MIT Press.
Nevins, A. (2011). Multiple agree with clitics: person complementarity vs. omnivorous number. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 29, 939–971.
Nevins, A. & Weisser, P. (2019). Closest Conjunct Agreement. Annual Review of Linguistics, 5, 219–241.
Newell, H. (2008). Aspects of the morphology and phonology of phases. PhD dissertation, McGill University.
Newell, H. (2017). Nested phase interpretation and the PIC. In The structure of words at the interfaces, 20–40. Oxford University Press.
Newman, E. (2024). When Arguments Merge. The MIT Press.
Newman, J. (1984). Nasal replacement in Western Austronesian: an overview. Philippine Journal of Linguistics, 15, 1–17.
Newman, M. (1992). Pronominal disagreements: The stubborn problem of singular epicene antecedents. Language in Society, 21(3), 447–475.
Newman, M. (1998). What can pronouns tell us? A case study of English epicenes. Studies in Language, 22(2), 353–389.
Newman, P. (1979). Explaining Hausa Feminines. Studies in African Linguistics, 10(2), 197–226.
Newman, P. (2000). The Hausa Language: An Encyclopedic Reference Grammar. Yale University Press.
Ney, M. (2024). Metaphors and hermeneutical resistance. European Journal of Philosophy, 32(1), 159–178.
Ney, M. (2026). Insinuative reference and the coordination account. Linguistics and Philosophy.
Nichols, J. (1986). Head-marking and dependent-marking grammar. Language, 62(1), 56–119.
Nichols, J. & Bickel, B. (2013). Obligatory Possessive Inflection. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Nichols, J. & Bickel, B. (2013). Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Nichols, J. & Bickel, B. (2013). Locus of Marking in the Clause. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Nichols, J. & Bickel, B. (2013). Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Nichols, J. & Bickel, B. (2013). Zero Marking of A and P Arguments. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Nickel, B. (2009). Generics and the Ways of Normality. Linguistics and Philosophy, 31, 629–648.
Nie, Y. (2020). Morphological Causatives Are Voice over Voice. Word Structure, 13(1), 102–126.
Nikiforidou, K. (1991). The Meanings of the Genitive: A Case Study in Semantic Structure and Semantic Change. Cognitive Linguistics, 2(2), 149–205.
Nishigauchi, T. (1992). Syntax of Reciprocals in Japanese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 1(2), 157–196.
Nissenbaum, J. (2005). Kissing Pedro Martinez: (Existential) anankastic conditionals and rationale clauses. Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory, 15.
Nomoto, H. (2015). Person Restriction on Passive Agents in Malay and Givenness. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Information Structure of Austronesian Languages, 83–101.
Nomoto, H. (2021). Bare Passive Agent Hierarchy. Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Meeting of the Austronesian Formal Linguistics Association (AFLA 27), 57–70.
Noonan, M. (1992). A Grammar of Lango. Mouton de Gruyter.
Noonan, M. (2007). Complementation. In Language Typology and Syntactic Description, vol. 2, 2nd ed, 52–150. Cambridge University Press.
Nordlinger, R. (1998). A grammar of Wambaya, Northern Territory (Australia). Pacific Linguistics.
Nordlinger, R. (2023). The Typology of Reciprocal Constructions. Annual Review of Linguistics, 9, 71–91.
Norris, M. (2019). A Typological Perspective on Nominal Concord. Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America, 4(1), 12:1–15.
Nouwen, R. (2006). Remarks on the Polar Orientation of Almost. In Linguistics in the Netherlands 2006, 162–173.
Nouwen, R. (2010). Two kinds of modified numerals. Semantics and Pragmatics, 3(3), 1–41.
Nouwen, R. (2024). The Semantics and Probabilistic Pragmatics of Deadjectival Intensifiers. Semantics and Pragmatics, 17(2), 1–45.
Nouwen, R. W. F. (2003). Plural Pronominal Anaphora in Context: Dynamic Aspects of Quantification. PhD dissertation, Utrecht University.
Nowak, A. (2000). On split PPs in Polish. Unpublished Generals Paper, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
Noyer, R. R. (1992). Features, Positions and Affixes in Autonomous Morphological Structure. PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Nunberg, G. (1995). Transfers of Meaning. Journal of Semantics, 12(2), 109–132.
Næss, Å. (2007). Prototypical Transitivity. John Benjamins.
O'Donnell, T. J. (2015). Productivity and Reuse in Language: A Theory of Linguistic Computation and Storage. The MIT Press.
Oberauer, K. (2002). Access to information in working memory: Exploring the focus of attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28(3), 411–421.
Ochs, E. (1992). Indexing Gender. In Rethinking Context: Language as an Interactive Phenomenon, 335–358. Cambridge University Press.
Odden, D. (1984). Stem tone assignment in Shona. In Autosegmental studies in Bantu tone, 255–280. Foris.
Ogihara, T. (1989). Temporal reference in English and Japanese. PhD dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.
Ogihara, T. (1996). Tense, Attitudes, and Scope. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Ogihara, T. (2014). The Semantics of -ta in Japanese Future Conditionals. In The Art and Craft of Semantics: A Festschrift for Irene Heim, 71, 1–21. MITWPL.
Ogihara, T. (2019). Tense. In Semantics: Noun Phrases and Verb Phrases, 436–462. De Gruyter Mouton.
Ogihara, T. & Steinert-Threlkeld, S. (2024). Limitations of a Modal Analysis of Before and After. Semantics and Pragmatics, 17(1), 1–21.
Ogihara, T. & Sharvit, Y. (2012). Embedded tenses. In The Oxford Handbook of Tense and Aspect. Oxford University Press.
Ohala, J. J. (1994). Towards a universal, phonetically-based, theory of vowel harmony. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP 1994), 491–494.
Olivier, M. (2025). A syntactic account of auxiliary selection in French. Probus.
Olivier, M. (2026). Agree in restructuring: Evidence from auxiliary switch and clitic climbing in French and Italian. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 44(23).
Omar, A. H. (1969). The Iban language of Sarawak: a grammatical description. PhD dissertation, SOAS University of London.
Ordóñez, F. (1995). The antipassive in Jacaltec: A last resort strategy. CatWPL, 4, 329–343.
Osborne, T. (2019). A Dependency Grammar of English: An Introduction and Beyond. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Osborne, T. & Groß, T. (2012). Constructions Are Catenae: Construction Grammar Meets Dependency Grammar. Cognitive Linguistics, 23(1), 165–216.
Osborne, T. & Li, J. (2023). Coordination and referential dependencies: a dependency grammar account in terms of predicate-valent structures. Folia Linguistica, 57(3), 629–659.
Oshima, D. Y. (2023). The semantics and sociopragmatics of the Japanese honorific titles san, kun, and chan: Some focal points of variation. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 32(2), 169–200.
Osswald, R. & Kallmeyer, L. (2018). Towards a formalization of Role and Reference Grammar. In Applying and Expanding Role and Reference Grammar, 355–378. Albert-Ludwigs-Universität.
Ostrove, J. (2026). Obligatorily Overt PRO in San Martín Peras Mixtec. Linguistic Inquiry, 57(1), 1–48.
Oswalt, R. L. (1986). The Evidential System of Kashaya. In Evidentiality: The Linguistic Coding of Epistemology, 29–45. Ablex.
Ouali, H. (2008). On C-to-T phi-feature transfer: The nature of agreement and antiagreement in Berber. In Agreement restrictions, 159–180. Mouton de Gruyter.
Oudom, J. & Guin, D. (2008). On the Lie enveloping algebra of a pre-Lie algebra. Journal of K-Theory, 2(1), 147–167.
Owusu, A. (2022). Cross-Categorial Definiteness/Familiarity. PhD dissertation, Rutgers University.
Oyharçabal, B. (1993). Verb agreement with non-arguments: On allocutive agreement. In Generative Studies in Basque Linguistics, 89–114. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Ozaki, S. (2026). Japanese accusative/ablative alternation verbs are unaccusative. Proceedings of CLS 61.
Paape, D. & Vasishth, S. (2026). Context ameliorates but does not eliminate garden-pathing: Novel insights from latent-process modeling. Journal of Memory and Language, 148, 104748.
Padgett, J. (1995). Stricture in Feature Geometry. CSLI Publications.
Paillé, M. (2020). Tucking-in and Pivot-Third Word Order. Proceedings of the Austronesian Formal Linguistics Association (AFLA), 27, 83–97.
Palmer, F. R. (2001). Mood and Modality. Cambridge University Press.
Palmieri, G. (2024). Lexical and Grammatical Reciprocity: Perspectives from Romance, Bantu and Beyond. PhD dissertation, Utrecht University.
Panagiotidis, P. (2015). Categorial Features: A Generative Theory of Word Class Categories. Cambridge University Press.
Pancheva, R. (2003). The aspectual makeup of Perfect participles and the interpretations of the Perfect. In Perfect Explorations, 277–306. DE GRUYTER.
Pancheva, R. & Zubizarreta, M. L. (2018). The Person Case Constraint: The Syntactic Encoding of Perspective. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 36, 1291–1337.
Pantcheva, M. B. (2011). Decomposing Path: The Nanosyntax of Directional Expressions. PhD dissertation, University of Troms\o.
Paparounas, L. & Salzmann, M. (2023). Reciprocal = Floating Quantifier + Anaphor: Evidence from Greek. Proceedings of NELS 53, 35–44.
Pareschi, R. & Steedman, M. J. (1987). A Lazy Way to Chart-Parse with Extended Categorial Grammars. Proceedings of the 25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics.
Parker, S. (2002). Quantifying the Sonority Hierarchy. Linguistics, 40(2), 369–422.
Parsons, T. (1970). Some Problems Concerning the Logic of Grammatical Modifiers. Synthese, 21, 320–334.
Parsons, T. (1990). Events in the Semantics of English: A Study in Subatomic Semantics. MIT Press.
Partee, B. (1973). Some Structural Analogies between Tenses and Pronouns in English. Journal of Philosophy, 70(18), 601–609.
Partee, B. & Rooth, M. (1983). Generalized Conjunction and Type Ambiguity. In Meaning, Use, and Interpretation of Language, 361–383. De Gruyter.
Partee, B. H. (1984). Nominal and Temporal Anaphora. Linguistics and Philosophy, 7, 243–286.
Partee, B. H. (1987). Noun Phrase Interpretation and Type-shifting Principles. In Studies in Discourse Representation Theory, 115–144. De Gruyter.
Partee, B. H. (1989). Many Quantifiers. Proceedings of the 5th Eastern States Conference on Linguistics (ESCOL '89), 383–402.
Partee, B. H. (2010). Privative adjectives: Subsective plus coercion. In Presuppositions and Discourse: Essays Offered to Hans Kamp, 273–292. Brill.
Partee, B. H. & Borschev, V. (2001). Some Puzzles of Predicate Possessives. In Perspectives on Semantics, Pragmatics and Discourse: A Festschrift for Ferenc Kiefer, 91–117. John Benjamins.
Partee, B. H. & Borschev, V. (2003). Genitives, Relational Nouns, and Argument-Modifier Ambiguity. In Modifying Adjuncts. Mouton de Gruyter.
Partee, B. H. (1972). Opacity, Coreference, and Pronouns. In Semantics of Natural Language, 415–441. Springer.
Paster, M. (2019). Phonological substance and SPE-style rules. In Theoretical and Computational Phonology.
Pasternak, R. (2019). A lot of hatred and a ton of desire: intensity in the mereology of mental states. Linguistics and Philosophy, 42, 267–316.
Patel-Grosz, P. & Grosz, P. G. (2017). Revisiting Pronominal Typology. Linguistic Inquiry, 48(2), 259–297.
Pater, J. (1999). Austronesian nasal substitution and other NC effects. In The Prosody-Morphology Interface, 310–343. Cambridge University Press.
Pater, J. (2000). Nonuniformity in English stress: The role of ranked and lexically specific constraints. Phonology, 17(2), 237–274.
Pater, J. (2001). Austronesian nasal substitution revisited: what's wrong with *NC (and what's not). In Segmental Phonology in Optimality Theory: Constraints and Representations, 159–182. Cambridge University Press.
Pater, J. (2009). Morpheme-specific phonology: Constraint indexation and inconsistency resolution. In Phonological argumentation: Essays on evidence and motivation. Equinox.
Pater, J. (2010). Morpheme-Specific Phonology: Constraint Indexation and Inconsistency Resolution. In Phonological Argumentation: Essays on Evidence and Motivation. Equinox.
Pawlak, Z. (1982). Rough Sets. International Journal of Computer and Information Sciences, 11(5), 341–356.
Payne, A., Vu, M. H. & Heinz, J. (2017). A Formal Analysis of Correspondence Theory. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting on Phonology 2016.
Payne, D. L. & Payne, T. E. (1990). Yagua. In Handbook of Amazonian languages, 2, 249–474. Mouton de Gruyter.
Pearl, J. (2009). Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference. Cambridge University Press.
Pearl, J. (2013). Structural counterfactuals: A brief introduction. Cognitive Science, 37(6), 977–985.
Pearl, J. (2019). Sufficient Causes: On Oxygen, Matches, and Fires. Journal of Causal Inference, 7(2), 20190026.
Pearson, H. (2015). The interpretation of the logophoric pronoun in Ewe. Natural Language Semantics, 23(2), 77–118.
Penka, D. (2006). “Almost there”: The meaning of almost. ZAS Papers in Linguistics, 44(2), 275–286.
Percus, O. (2000). Constraints on Some Other Variables in Syntax. Natural Language Semantics, 8(3), 173–229.
Percus, O. (2006). Antipresuppositions. In Theoretical and Empirical Studies of Reference and Anaphora: Toward the Establishment of Generative Grammar as an Empirical Science, 52–73. Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.
Percus, O. & Sauerland, U. (2003). On the LFs of attitude reports. Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 7.
Perles, M., Rabin, M. O. & Shamir, E. (1963). The theory of definite automata. IEEE Transactions on Electronic Computers, 12, 233–243.
Pesetsky, D. (1987). Wh-in-situ: Movement and unselective binding. In The Representation of (In)definiteness, 98, 98–129.
Pesetsky, D. (1995). Zero Syntax: Experiencers and Cascades. MIT Press.
Pesetsky, D. (2013). Russian Case Morphology and the Syntactic Categories. MIT Press.
Pesetsky, D. (2021). Exfoliation: Towards a derivational theory of clause size. Manuscript, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Peters, S. (1979). A Truth-Conditional Formulation of Karttunen's Account of Presupposition. Synthese, 40(2), 301–316.
Peters, S. & Westerst\rahl, D. (2006). Quantifiers in Language and Logic. Oxford University Press.
Peters, S. & Westerst\rahl, D. (2013). The semantics of possessives. Language, 89(4), 713–759.
Petersen, W. (2007). Representation of Concepts as Frames. In Meaning, Frames, and Conceptual Representation, 43–68. De Gruyter.
Peterson, P. (2004). Coordination: Consequences of a lexical-functional account. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 22, 643–679.
Peterson, T. (2010). Epistemic Modality and Evidentiality in Gitksan at the Semantics-Pragmatics Interface. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, 28, 148–168.
Philipp, M. (2022). Quantifier Scope Ambiguities in English, German, and Asante Twi (Akan): Structural and Pragmatic Factors. PhD dissertation, Universität Potsdam.
Phillips, J. (2021). At the Intersection of Temporal & Modal Interpretation: Essays on Irreality. PhD dissertation, Yale University.
Phillips-Brown, M. (2025). Some-Things-Considered Desire. Semantics and Pragmatics, 18(11), 1.
Pickering, M. & Barry, G. (1991). Sentence Processing without Empty Categories. Language and Cognitive Processes, 6(3), 229–259.
Pierrehumbert, J. B. (1980). The Phonology and Phonetics of English Intonation. PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Pierrehumbert, J. B. (2001). Exemplar Dynamics: Word Frequency, Lenition and Contrast. In Frequency and the Emergence of Linguistic Structure, 45, 137–157. John Benjamins.
Pietraszko, A. (2019). Obligatory CP nominalization in Ndebele. Syntax, 22(1), 66–111.
Pietroski, P. (2000). On explaining that. The Journal of Philosophy, 97(12), 655–662.
Pin, J. (). Mathematical Foundations of Automata Theory.
Pinker, S. & Prince, A. (1988). On language and connectionism: Analysis of a parallel distributed processing model of language acquisition.
Pitman, J. (2006). Combinatorial Stochastic Processes. Springer-Verlag.
Plunkett, D. & Sundell, T. (2013). Disagreement and the semantics of normative and evaluative terms. Philosophers' Imprint, 13(23), 1–37.
Podesva, R. J. (2007). Phonation Type as a Stylistic Variable: The Use of Falsetto in Constructing a Persona. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 11(4), 478–504.
Poesio, M., Stevenson, R., Di Eugenio, B. & Hitzeman, J. (2004). Centering: A Parametric Theory and Its Instantiations. Computational Linguistics, 30(3), 309–363.
Poletto, C. & Pollock, J. (2004). On the Left Periphery of Some Romance Wh-Questions. In The Structure of CP and IP: The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, 2, 251–296. Oxford University Press.
Poletto, C. & Zanuttini, R. (2013). Emphasis as reduplication: Evidence from s\`ı che / no che sentences. Lingua, 128, 124–141.
Polian, G. (2013). Gramática del tseltal de Oxchuc. CIESAS.
Polian, G. (2017). Morphology. In The Mayan Languages, 201–225. Routledge.
Polinsky, M. (2013). Antipassive Constructions. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Polinsky, M. (2013). Applicative Constructions. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Polinsky, M. & Potsdam, E. (2001). Long-Distance Agreement and Topic in Tsez. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 19(3), 583–646.
Polinsky, M. & Potsdam, E. (2006). Expanding the Scope of Control and Raising. Syntax, 9(2), 171–192.
Pollard, C. & Sag, I. A. (1987). Information-Based Syntax and Semantics. CSLI Publications.
Pollard, C. & Sag, I. A. (1992). Anaphors in English and the Scope of Binding Theory. Linguistic Inquiry, 23(2), 261–303.
Pollard, C. & Sag, I. A. (1994). Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar. University of Chicago Press.
Pollock, J. (1989). Verb Movement, Universal Grammar, and the Structure of IP. Linguistic Inquiry, 20(3), 365–424.
Poole, E. (2024). Dependent-case assignment could be Agree. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics, 8(1), 1–23.
Poortman, E. B., Struiksma, M. E., Kerem, N., Friedmann, N. & Winter, Y. (2018). Reciprocal Expressions and the Maximal Typicality Hypothesis. Glossa, 3(1), 1–30.
Portner, P. (1997). The semantics of mood, complementation, and conversational force. Natural Language Semantics, 5, 167–212.
Portner, P. (2004). The Semantics of Imperatives within a Theory of Clause Types. Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT), 14, 235–252.
Portner, P. (2007). Imperatives and Modals. Natural Language Semantics, 15, 351–383.
Portner, P. (2018). Mood. Oxford University Press.
Portner, P., Pak, M. & Zanuttini, R. (2019). The Speaker-Addressee Relation at the Syntax-Semantics Interface. Language, 95(1), 1–36.
Portner, P. & Rubinstein, A. (2020). Desire, Belief, and Semantic Composition: Variation in Mood Selection with Desire Predicates. Natural Language Semantics, 28(4), 343–393.
Postal, P. M. (1964). Limitations of Phrase Structure Grammars. In The Structure of Language: Readings in the Philosophy of Language, 137–151. Prentice-Hall.
Postal, P. M. (1966). On So-Called `Pronouns' in English. In Report of the Seventeenth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. Georgetown University Press.
Postal, P. M. (1989). Masked Inversion in French. University of Chicago Press.
Potts, C. (2005). The Logic of Conventional Implicatures. Oxford University Press.
Potts, C. (2007). The expressive dimension. Theoretical Linguistics, 33(2), 165–198.
Potts, C., Lassiter, D., Levy, R. & Frank, M. C. (2016). Embedded Implicatures as Pragmatic Inferences under Compositional Lexical Uncertainty. Journal of Semantics, 33(4), 755–802.
Potts, C. & Levy, R. (2015). Negotiating lexical uncertainty and speaker expertise with disjunction. Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 41, 417–445.
Potts, C. & Pullum, G. K. (2002). Model Theory and the Content of OT Constraints. Phonology, 19(3), 361–393.
Poulos, G. & Msimang, C. T. (1998). A Linguistic Analysis of Zulu. Via Afrika.
Prasada, S. & Dillingham, E. M. (2006). Principled and Statistical Connections in Common Sense Conception. Cognition, 99(1), 73–112.
Prasertsom, P., Smith, K. & Culbertson, J. (2026). Domain-general categorisation explains constrained cross-linguistic variation in noun classification. Cognition, 271, 106411.
Preminger, O. (2014). Agreement and Its Failures. MIT Press.
Previc, F. H. (1998). The neuropsychology of 3-D space. Psychological Bulletin, 124(2), 123–164.
Priestly, T. M. S. (1993). Slovene. In The Slavonic Languages, 388–454. Routledge.
Primus, B. (1999). Cases and Thematic Roles: Ergative, Accusative and Active. Niemeyer.
Prince, A. (1997). Stringency and anti-Paninian hierarchies. Handout, LSA Linguistic Institute, Cornell University; not on ROA..
Prince, A. (2002). Entailed Ranking Arguments. Ms., Rutgers University. ROA-500.
Prince, A. & Smolensky, P. (1993). Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar. Rutgers University Center for Cognitive Science.
Prince, A. S. (1983). Relating to the Grid. Linguistic Inquiry, 14(1), 19–100.
Prince, E. F. (1981). Toward a Taxonomy of Given--New Information. In Radical Pragmatics, 223–255. Academic Press.
Prince, E. F. (1992). The ZPG Letter: Subjects, Definiteness, and Information-status. In Discourse Description: Diverse Linguistic Analyses of a Fund-Raising Text, 295–325. John Benjamins.
Prior, A. (1967). Past, Present and Future. Oxford University Press.
Privoznov, D. (2021). Adjunct islands are configurational. Manuscript, MIT.
Pruitt, K. (2009). Two types of ties (some notes). Manuscript, University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Pruitt, K. (2010). Serialism and Locality in Constraint-Based Metrical Parsing. Phonology, 27, 481–526.
Pruitt, K. (2023). Serialism and Opacity in Phonological Theory. Annual Review of Linguistics, 9, 497–517.
Pruitt, K. & Roelofsen, F. (2011). Disjunctive questions: prosody, syntax, and semantics. Presented at a seminar at the Georg August Universität Göttingen.
Pruitt, K. R. (2012). Stress in Harmonic Serialism. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Przepiórkowski, A. (2024). Coordination and binary branching. Syntax, 1–24.
Puljujärvi, J. & Quadrellaro, D. E. (2024). Compactness in Team Semantics. Mathematical Logic Quarterly, 70(2).
Pulleyblank, D. (1986). Tone in Lexical Phonology.
Pullum, G. & Zwicky, A. (1986). Phonological resolution of syntactic feature conflict. Language, 62(4), 751–773.
Pullum, G. K. (1991). English nominal gerund phrases as noun phrases with verb phrase heads. Linguistics, 29(5), 763–799.
Pullum, G. K. & Scholz, B. C. (2001). On the distinction between model-theoretic and generative-enumerative syntactic frameworks. In Logical Aspects of Computational Linguistics: 4th International Conference, 17–43. Springer.
Punčochá\v r, V. (2016). A Generalization of Inquisitive Semantics. Journal of Philosophical Logic, 45(4), 399–428.
Punčochá\v r, V. (2019). Substructural Inquisitive Logics. The Review of Symbolic Logic, 12(2), 296–330.
Purver, M. & Ginzburg, J. (2004). Clarifying Noun Phrase Semantics. Journal of Semantics, 21(3), 283–339.
Pustejovsky, J. (1995). The Generative Lexicon. MIT Press.
Pustet, R. (2003). Copulas: Universals in the Categorization of the Lexicon. Oxford University Press.
Pylkkänen, L. (2008). Introducing Arguments. The MIT Press.
Qing, C. (2021). Zero or Minimum Degree? Rethinking Minimum Gradable Adjectives. Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung, 25.
Qing, C. & Franke, M. (2013). Variations on a Bayesian Theme. In Language, Cognition, and Mind, 201–220. Springer International Publishing.
Qing, C. & Franke, M. (2015). Variations on a Bayesian Theme: Comparing Bayesian Models of Referential Reasoning. In Bayesian Natural Language Semantics and Pragmatics, 2, 201–220. Springer.
Qing, C., Goodman, N. D. & Lassiter, D. (2016). A Rational Speech-Act Model of Projective Content. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 38.
Qing, C., Özyıldız, D., Roelofsen, F., Romero, M. & Uegaki, W. (2025). When can non-veridical preferential attitude predicates take questions?.
Quine, W. V. (1950). Methods of Logic. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Quine, W. V. (1956). Quantifiers and Propositional Attitudes. The Journal of Philosophy, 53(5), 177.
Rackowski, A. & Richards, N. (2005). Phase edge and extraction: A Tagalog case study. Linguistic Inquiry, 36, 565–599.
Radford, A. (2009). Analysing English Sentences. Cambridge University Press.
Raiffa, H. & Schlaifer, R. (1961). Applied Statistical Decision Theory. Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University.
Ralli, A. (2000). A Feature-Based Analysis of Greek Nominal Inflection. Glossologia, 11-12, 201–227.
Ramadanidis, A. M. (2022). Projective and Other Locative PPs in Greek. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics, 7(1).
Rambow, O. (1993). Pragmatic Aspects of Scrambling and Topicalization in German. Workshop on Centering Theory in Naturally-Occurring Discourse, Institute for Research in Cognitive Science.
Ramchand, G. C. (2008). Verb meaning and the lexicon: A first phase syntax. Cambridge University Press.
Ramotowska, S., Marty, P., Romoli, J. & Santorio, P. (2025). Counterfactuals and quantificational force: Experimental evidence for selectional semantics. Semantics and Pragmatics, 18(6), 1–43.
Randell, R., Bature, A. & Schuh, R. (1998). Hausar Baka. Video course in spoken Hausa, UCLA.
Ranta, A. (1994). Type-Theoretical Grammar. Clarendon Press.
Rappaport Hovav, M. (2014). Lexical content and context: The causative alternation in English revisited. Lingua, 141, 8–29.
Rappaport Hovav, M. (2017). Grammatically relevant ontological categories underlie manner/result complementarity. Proceedings of the Israel Association for Theoretical Linguistics 2016, 77–98.
Rappaport Hovav, M. & Levin, B. (1998). Building Verb Meanings. In The Projection of Arguments, 97–134. CSLI Publications.
Rappaport Hovav, M. & Levin, B. (2001). An event structure account of English resultatives. Language, 77(4), 766–797.
Rappaport Hovav, M. & Levin, B. (2010). Reflections on manner/result complementarity. In Lexical Semantics, Syntax, and Event Structure, 21–38, 21–38. Oxford University Press.
Rappaport Hovav, M. & Levin, B. (2012). Lexicon uniformity and verbal polysemy. In The Theta System: Argument Structure at the Interface, 150–176. Oxford University Press.
Rappaport Hovav, M. & Levin, B. (2024). Variable agentivity: Polysemy or underspecification?. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics, 9(1), 1–39.
Rathi, N., Hahn, M. & Futrell, R. (2021). An Information-Theoretic Characterization of Morphological Fusion. Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, 10115–10120.
Rathi, N., Hahn, M. & Futrell, R. (2026). Toward an information-theoretic model of morphological fusion based on an efficient tradeoff of memory and surprisal. Language, 102, 1–34.
Rawlins, K. (2008). (Un)conditionals: An investigation in the syntax and semantics of conditional structures. PhD dissertation, University of California, Santa Cruz.
Raz, S. (1980). The Morphology of the Tigre Verb (Mansaʕ Dialect) (I). Journal of Semitic Studies, 25(1), 66–84.
Raz, S. (1983). Tigre Grammar and Texts. Udena Publications.
Recanati, F. (2003). Embedded implicatures. Philosophical Perspectives, 17(1), 299–332.
Rees, A., Reksnes, V. & Rohde, H. (2026). Why are you telling me this? The availability and timing of relevance inferences. Journal of Memory and Language, 148, 104741.
Regier, T., Kay, P. & Khetarpal, N. (2007). Color naming reflects optimal partitions of color space. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(4), 1436–1441.
Reichenbach, H. (1947). Elements of Symbolic Logic. Macmillan.
Reinhart, T. (1976). The Syntactic Domain of Anaphora. PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Reinhart, T. (1981). Pragmatics and Linguistics: An Analysis of Sentence Topics. Philosophica, 27(1), 53–94.
Reinhart, T. (1997). Quantifier Scope: How Labor Is Divided Between QR and Choice Functions. Linguistics and Philosophy, 20(4), 335–397.
Reinhart, T. & Siloni, T. (2005). The Lexicon-Syntax Parameter: Reflexivization and Other Arity Operations. Linguistic Inquiry, 36(3), 389–436.
Repp, S. (2013). Common ground management. In Beyond Expressives, 231–274. BRILL.
Rescorla, R. A. & Wagner, A. R. (1972). A Theory of Pavlovian Conditioning: Variations in the Effectiveness of Reinforcement and Nonreinforcement. In Classical Conditioning II: Current Theory and Research, 64–99. Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Rett, J. (2014). The polysemy of measurement. Lingua, 143, 242–266.
Rett, J. (2015). The Semantics of Evaluativity. Oxford University Press.
Rett, J. (2020). Eliminating EARLIEST. Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 24, 201–218.
Rett, J. (2026). Semantic Ambivalence and Expletive Negation. Ms., UCLA.
Rezac, M. (2011). Phi-Features and the Modular Architecture of Language. Springer.
Richards, N. (2013). Lardil “Case Stacking” and the Timing of Case Assignment. Syntax, 16(1), 42–76.
Richter, F. (2000). A Mathematical Formalism for Linguistic Theories with an Application in Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar. PhD dissertation, Universität Tübingen.
Richter, F. (2024). Formal background. In Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar: The Handbook, 93–131. Language Science Press.
Rieppel, M. (2021). Mereological singularism and paradox. Philosophical Studies, 178(1), 23–44.
Riggle, J. (2009). Violation Semirings in Optimality Theory. Research on Language and Computation, 7, 1–12.
Riggle, J. (2009). The Complexity of Ranking Hypotheses in Optimality Theory. Computational Linguistics, 35(1), 47–59.
Ringen, C. O. & Heinämäki, O. (1999). Variation in Finnish vowel harmony: An OT account. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 17(2), 303–337.
Rissman, L., van Putten, S. & Majid, A. (2022). Evidence for a shared instrument prototype from English, Dutch, and German. Cognitive Science, 46(e13140).
Ritchie, K. & Schiller, H. (2024). Default Domain Restriction Possibilities. Semantics and Pragmatics, 17(13), 1–49.
Ritter, E. (1991). Two Functional Categories in Noun Phrases: Evidence from Modern Hebrew. In Perspectives on Phrase Structure: Heads and Licensing, 25, 37–62. Brill.
Ritter, N. A. & van der Hulst, H. (2024). Themes in vowel harmony. In The Oxford Handbook of Vowel Harmony, 3–16. Oxford University Press.
Ritter, N. A. & van der Hulst, H. (eds.) (2024). The Oxford Handbook of Vowel Harmony. Oxford University Press.
Rizzi, L. (1978). A Restructuring Rule in Italian Syntax. Rivista di Grammatica Generativa, 3, 127–181.
Rizzi, L. (1990). Relativized Minimality. MIT Press.
Rizzi, L. (1997). The Fine Structure of the Left Periphery. In Elements of Grammar, 281–337. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Roberts, C. (1987). Modal Subordination, Anaphora, and Distributivity. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
Roberts, C. (1989). Modal Subordination and Pronominal Anaphora in Discourse. Linguistics and Philosophy, 12(6), 683–721.
Roberts, C. (1996). Information Structure in Discourse: Towards an Integrated Formal Theory of Pragmatics. In OSU Working Papers in Linguistics No. 49: Papers in Semantics, 91–136. The Ohio State University.
Roberts, C. (2012). Information Structure in Discourse: Towards an Integrated Formal Theory of Pragmatics. Semantics and Pragmatics, 5(6), 1–69.
Roberts, C. (2023). Imperatives in Dynamic Pragmatics. Semantics and Pragmatics, 16(7), 1–55.
Roberts, C. & Simons, M. (2024). Preconditions and Projection: Explaining Non-Anaphoric Presupposition. Linguistics and Philosophy, 47(4), 703–748.
Roberts, I. (1993). Verbs and Diachronic Syntax: A Comparative History of English and French. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Roberts, I. & Roussou, A. (2009). Syntactic Change: A Minimalist Approach to Grammaticalization. Cambridge University Press.
Roberts, I. G. (2010). Agreement and Head Movement: Clitics, Incorporation, and Defective Goals. MIT Press.
Roberts, J. R. (1987). Amele. Croom Helm.
Roberts, T. & Rudin, D. (2024). Polarity Reversal Questions and the Semantics of Prosodic Incorporation. Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 28.
Roberts, T. & Özyıldız, D. (2025). A causal explanation for the contrafactive gap.
Rochemont, M. (2018). Only syntax. In Freezing: Theoretical Approaches and Empirical Domains, 264–283. De Gruyter.
Roelofs, A. (1997). The WEAVER model of word-form encoding in speech production. Cognition, 64(3), 249–284.
Roelofsen, F. & Farkas, D. F. (2015). Polarity particle responses as a window onto the interpretation of questions and assertions. Language, 91(2), 359–414.
Roelofsen, F. & Uegaki, W. (2016). The Distributive Ignorance Puzzle. Sinn und Bedeutung (SuB), 21, 999–1016.
Roelofsen, F. & Uegaki, W. (2020). Searching for a universal constraint on the possible denotations of clause-embedding predicates. Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory 30, 542–561.
Roelofsen, F. & Uegaki, W. (2021). Searching for a universal constraint on the possible denotations of clause-embedding predicates. Semantics and Linguistic Theory, 30, 542–561.
Roelofsen, F. & van Gool, S. (2010). Disjunctive questions, intonation and highlighting. Logic, Language and Meaning: Amsterdam Colloquium 2009 (Selected Papers), 384–394.
Rogers, J. & Lambert, D. (2019). Some classes of sets of structures definable without quantifiers. Proceedings of the 16th Meeting on the Mathematics of Language, 63–77.
Rogers, J. & Pullum, G. K. (2011). Aural Pattern Recognition Experiments and the Subregular Hierarchy. Journal of Logic, Language and Information, 20(3), 329–342.
Rohde, H., Hoek, J., Keshev, M. & Franke, M. (2022). This Better Be Interesting: A Speaker's Decision to Speak Cues Listeners to Expect Informative Content. Open Mind: Discoveries in Cognitive Science, 6, 118–131.
Rolle, N. R. (2018). Grammatical tone: Typology and theory. PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
Romero, M. (2005). Concealed Questions and Specificational Subjects. Linguistics and Philosophy, 28(6), 687–737.
Romero, M. (2015). The Conservativity of `many'. Proceedings of the 20th Amsterdam Colloquium, 20–29.
Romero, M. (2015). Surprise-predicates, strong exhaustivity and alternative questions. Proceedings of SALT 25, 225–245.
Romero, M. (2019). High Negation in Subjunctive Conditionals and Polar Questions. Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung, 19, 519–536.
Romero, M. (2020). Form and Function of Negative, Tag, and Rhetorical Questions. In The Oxford Handbook of Negation, 235–254. Oxford University Press.
Romero, M. (2024). Biased Polar Questions. Annual Review of Linguistics, 10(1), 279–302.
Romero, M. & Han, C. (2004). On Negative Yes/No Questions. Linguistics and Philosophy, 27(5), 609–658.
Ronai, E. (2024). Embedded scalar diversity. Proceedings of SALT 34, 110–131.
Ronderos, C. R., Aparicio, H., Long, M., Shukla, V., Jara-Ettinger, J. & Rubio-Fernandez, P. (2024). Perceptual, Semantic, and Pragmatic Factors Affect the Derivation of Contrastive Inferences. Open Mind: Discoveries in Cognitive Science, 8, 1213–1227.
Rooth, M. (1985). Association with Focus. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Rooth, M. (1992). A Theory of Focus Interpretation. Natural Language Semantics, 1, 75–116.
Rooth, M. & Partee, B. (1982). Conjunction, Type Ambiguity, and Wide Scope Or. Proceedings of WCCFL 1.
Rosa, E. C. & Arnold, J. E. (2017). Predictability Affects Production: Thematic Roles Can Affect Reference Form Selection. Journal of Memory and Language, 94, 43–60.
Rose, D., Sievers, E. & Nichols, S. (2021). Cause and burn. Cognition, 207, 104517.
Rose, S. (1996). Variable Laryngeals and Lowering. Phonology, 13(1), 73–117.
Rose, S. & Walker, R. (2004). A Typology of Consonant Agreement as Correspondence. Language, 80(3), 475–531.
Rose, S. & Walker, R. (2011). Harmony systems. In The Handbook of Phonological Theory, 240–290. Wiley-Blackwell.
Ross, A. (1944). Imperatives and Logic. Theoria, 11(1), 30–46.
Ross, J. R. (1967). Constraints on Variables in Syntax. PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Ross, J. R. (1970). Gapping and the order of constituents. In Progress in Linguistics. DE GRUYTER.
Rostworowski, W., Kus, K. & Mackiewicz, B. (2022). Against intentionalism: An experimental study on demonstrative reference. Linguistics and Philosophy, 45(5), 1027–1061.
Rothschild, D. (2011). Explaining presupposition projection with dynamic semantics. Semantics and Pragmatics, 4(3), 1–43.
Rothschild, D. (2017). A trivalent approach to anaphora and presupposition. Proceedings of the 21st Amsterdam Colloquium, 1–13.
Rothstein, R. A. (1993). Polish. In The Slavonic Languages, 686–758. Routledge.
Rothstein, S. (2004). Structuring Events. Wiley.
Rothstein, S. (2013). A Fregean semantics for number words. Proceedings of the 19th Amsterdam Colloquium, 179–186.
Rothstein, S. (2017). Semantics for Counting and Measuring. Cambridge University Press.
Rotstein, C. & Winter, Y. (2004). Total Adjectives vs. Partial Adjectives: Scale Structure and Higher-Order Modifiers. Natural Language Semantics, 12(3), 259–288.
Rotter, S. & Liu, M. (2025). A Register Approach to Modal (Non-)Concord in English: An Experimental Study of Linguistic and Social Meaning. English Language & Linguistics, 29(3), 478–504.
Rouillard, V. (2026). Maximal Informativity Accounts for the Distribution of Temporal in-Adverbials. Linguistics and Philosophy, 49, 1–56.
Rounds, C. (2001). Hungarian: An Essential Grammar. Routledge.
Roussou, A. (2010). Selecting complementizers. Lingua, 120(3), 582–603.
Roussou, A. (2019). Complement clauses: Case and argumenthood. In Linguistic variation: Structure and interpretation. Studies in honor of M.~Rita Manzini, 609–632. De Gruyter.
Rowlands, E. C. (1969). Teach Yourself Yoruba. English Universities Press.
Rubino, C. (2013). Reduplication. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Rubinstein, A. (2014). On Necessity and Comparison. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 95(4), 512–554.
Rudin, C. (1988). On Multiple Questions and Multiple Wh-Fronting. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 6(4), 445–501.
Rudin, D. (2018). Rising Imperatives. Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory 28, 100–119.
Rudin, D. (2019). Head-Based Syntactic Identity in Sluicing. Linguistic Inquiry, 50(2), 253–283.
Rudin, D. (2025). Asserting epistemic modals. Linguistics and Philosophy, 48, 43–88.
Rudin, D. (2025). Embedded Intonation and Quotative Complements to Verbs of Speech. Linguistic Inquiry.
Rudolph, R. E. & Kocurek, A. W. (2024). Metalinguistic gradability. Semantics and Pragmatics, 17(7), 1–58.
Ruiz, A. S. & Faroldi, F. L. (2022). Moral adjectives, judge-dependency and holistic multidimensionality. Inquiry, 65(7), 887–916.
Rullmann, H. (1995). Maximality in the Semantics of Wh-Constructions. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Rullmann, H. (2003). Additive particles and polarity. Journal of Semantics, 20(4), 329–401.
Rullmann, H., Matthewson, L. & Davis, H. (2008). Modals as Distributive Indefinites. Natural Language Semantics, 16(4), 317–357.
Rumberg, A. & Lauer, S. (2023). What if, and when? Conditionals, tense, and branching time. Linguistics and Philosophy, 46(3), 533–565.
Russell, B. (2006). Against grammatical computation of scalar implicatures. Journal of Semantics, 23(4), 361–382.
Russell, B. (1905). On Denoting. Mind, 14(56), 479–493.
Russell, J. A. (1980). A Circumplex Model of Affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(6), 1161–1178.
Russell, K. (2023). The phonology of Atchan. Language and Linguistics Compass, 17(4), e12488.
Ruytenbeek, N., Ostashchenko, E. & Kissine, M. (2017). Indirect request processing, sentence types and illocutionary forces. Journal of Pragmatics, 119, 46–62.
Ryding, K. C. (2005). A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic. Cambridge University Press.
Rákosi, G. (2019). Reciprocal Anaphors in Singular Constructions in Hungarian. Paper presented at the workshop Crosslinguistic Semantics of Reciprocals, Universiteit Utrecht.
S\aeb\o, K. J. (2001). Necessary conditions in a natural language. In Audiatur Vox Sapientiae: A Festschrift for Arnim von Stechow, 427–449. Akademie Verlag.
Saab, A. (2026). NP-Ellipsis Patterns in Spanish Binominals: A New Empirical Observation and Its Theoretical Implications. Catalan Journal of Linguistics, 25(1), 133–168.
Sabato, S. & Winter, Y. (2012). Relational Domains and the Interpretation of Reciprocals. Linguistics and Philosophy, 35(3), 191–241.
Sablé-Meyer, M. & Mascarenhas, S. (2022). Indirect illusory inferences from disjunction: A new bridge between deductive inference and representativeness. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 13, 567–592.
Sadakane, K. & Koizumi, M. (1995). On the nature of the “dative” particle ni in Japanese. Linguistics, 33(1), 5–33.
Sadock, J. M. (1978). On Testing for Conversational Implicature. In Syntax and Semantics, Volume 9: Pragmatics, 281–297. Academic Press.
Sadock, J. M. & Zwicky, A. M. (1985). Speech Act Distinctions in Syntax. In Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Volume 1: Clause Structure, 155–196. Cambridge University Press.
Safir, K. (2014). One True Anaphor. Linguistic Inquiry, 45(1), 91–124.
Sag, I. A. (2010). English filler-gap constructions. Language, 86(3), 486–545.
Sag, I. A. (2012). Sign-Based Construction Grammar: An Informal Synopsis. In Sign-Based Construction Grammar, 69–202. CSLI Publications.
Sag, I. A., Chaves, R. P., Abeillé, A., Estigarribia, B., Flickinger, D., Kay, P., Michaelis, L. A., Müller, S., Pullum, G. K., Van Eynde, F. & Wasow, T. (2020). Lessons from the English auxiliary system. Journal of Linguistics, 56(1), 87–155.
Sag, I. A., Chaves, R. P., Abeillé, A., Estigarribia, B., Flickinger, D., Kay, P., Michaelis, L. A., Müller, S., Pullum, G. K., Van Eynde, F. & Wasow, T. (2020). Lessons from the English auxiliary system. Journal of Linguistics, 56(1), 87–155.
Sag, I. A., Gazdar, G., Wasow, T. & Weisler, S. (1985). Coordination and how to distinguish categories. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 3(2), 117–171.
Sag, I. A., Wasow, T. & Bender, E. M. (2003). Syntactic Theory: A Formal Introduction. CSLI Publications.
Sagey, E. C. (1986). The Representation of Features and Relations in Non-Linear Phonology. PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Sailor, C. (2014). The Variables of VP Ellipsis. PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
Saito, M. (1985). Some Asymmetries in Japanese and Their Theoretical Implications. PhD dissertation, MIT.
Saito, M., Tomaschek, F. & Baayen, R. H. (2025). Interaction of frequency and inflectional status: An approach from discriminative learning. Preprint v1.
Saltarelli, M., Azkarate, M., Farwell, D., Ortiz de Urbina, J. & O~nederra, L. (1988). Basque. Croom Helm.
Sande, H. (2017). Distributing Morphologically Conditioned Phonology: Three case studies from Guébie. PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
Sande, H. (2018). Cross-word morphologically conditioned scalar tone shift in Guébie. Morphology, 28(3), 253–295.
Sande, H. (2019). A unified account of conditioned phonological alternations: Evidence from Guébie. Language, 95(3), 456–497.
Sande, H. (2020). Guébie (Côte d'Ivoire, Ivory Coast) --- Language Snapshot. Language Documentation and Description, 19, 35–44.
Sande, H. (2022). The phonology of Guébie. Language and Linguistics Compass, 16(8), e12468.
Sande, H., Baier, N. & Jenks, P. (2019). The syntactic diversity of SAuxOV in West Africa. In Theory and description in African Linguistics: Selected papers from the 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 667–701. Language Science Press.
Sande, H., Clem, E. & D\kabkowski, M. (2026). Discontinuous vowel harmony in Guébie: Cyclic interleaving of syntax and phonology. Language, 1–32.
Sande, H. & Jenks, P. (2017). Cophonologies by Phase. Proceedings of NELS, 48.
Sande, H., Jenks, P. & Inkelas, S. (2020). Cophonologies by Ph(r)ase. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 38(4), 1211–1261.
Santorio, P. (2018). Alternatives and truthmakers in conditional semantics. The Journal of Philosophy, 115(10), 513–549.
Sapir, E. & Hoijer, H. (1967). The phonology and morphology of the Navaho language. University of California Press.
Sarvasy, H. (2015). Breaking the clause chains: non-canonical medial clauses in Nungon. Studies in Language, 39(3), 664–696.
Sarvasy, H. S. (2017). A Grammar of Nungon. Brill.
Sarvasy, H. S. & Aikhenvald, A. Y. (2025). Clause Chaining in the Languages of the World. Oxford University Press.
Sassoon, G. W. (2013). A Typology of Multidimensional Adjectives. Journal of Semantics, 30(3), 335–380.
Sassoon, G. W. & Fadlon, J. (2017). The Role of Dimensions in Classification under Predicates Predicts their Status in Degree Constructions. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics, 2(1), 42:1–40.
Satik, D. (2019). Long Distance Agree and Infinitival Overt Subjects.
Sato, Y. (2013). Wh-questions in Colloquial Singapore English: Adaptive traits from vernacular Malay and typological congruence. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages, 28(2), 299–322.
Sato, Y. & Ngui, J. G. (2017). Wh-questions in Singapore English tell us what about questions with declarative syntax?. Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics, 2.
Sauerland, U. (2003). A new semantics for number. Proceedings of SALT 13.
Sauerland, U. (2004). Scalar Implicatures in Complex Sentences. Linguistics and Philosophy, 27(3), 367–391.
Sauerland, U. (2008). Implicated Presuppositions. In Sentence and Context. Mouton de Gruyter.
Sauerland, U. & Alexiadou, A. (2020). Generative grammar: a meaning first approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 571295.
Sauerland, U., Anderssen, J. & Yatsushiro, K. (2005). The plural is semantically unmarked. In Linguistic Evidence: Empirical, Theoretical, and Computational Perspectives, 413–434. Mouton de Gruyter.
Sauerland, U. & Stateva, P. (2007). Scalar vs. Epistemic Vagueness: Evidence from Approximators. Proceedings of SALT 17, 228.
Sauerland, U. & Stateva, P. (2011). Two Types of Vagueness. In Vagueness and Language Use, 121–145. Palgrave Macmillan.
Sauerland, U. & Yatsushiro, K. (2017). Remind-me presuppositions and speech-act decomposition. Linguistic Inquiry, 48(4), 651–678.
Saul, J. (2018). Dogwhistles, political manipulation, and philosophy of language. In New work on speech acts, 360–382. Oxford University Press.
Saul, J. (2019). `Immigration' in the Brexit campaign: Protean dogwhistles and political manipulation. In Media ethics, free speech, and the requirements of democracy, 21–37. Routledge.
Saul, J. M. (2024). Dogwhistles and Figleaves. Oxford University Press.
Schachter, P. & Otanes, F. T. (1972). Tagalog Reference Grammar. University of California Press.
Schank, R. & Abelson, R. (1977). Scripts, Plans, Goals and Understanding. In Readings in Cognitive Science, 190–223. Elsevier.
Scheer, T. (1998). Governing domains are head-final. In Structure and Interpretation: Studies in Phonology, 261–285. Folium.
Scheer, T. (2004). A Lateral Theory of Phonology: What is CVCV and Why Should It Be?. Mouton de Gruyter.
Scheer, T. (2011). Aspects of the Development of Generative Phonology. In The Continuum Companion to Phonology, 397–446. Continuum.
Scheer, T. & Ségéral, P. (2001). La Coda-Miroir. Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris, 96(1), 107–152.
Scheer, T. & Ziková, M. (2010). The Coda Mirror v2. Acta Linguistica Hungarica, 57(4), 411–431.
Scheffler, T. & Malamud, S. A. (2023). “Won't You?” Reverse-Polarity Question Tags in American English as a Window Into the Semantics-Pragmatics Interface. Linguistics and Philosophy, 46(6), 1285–1327.
Schein, B. (1993). Plurals and Events. MIT Press.
Schiffrin, D. (1981). Tense variation in narrative. Language, 57(1), 45–62.
Schlenker, P. (2003). A Plea for Monsters. Linguistics & Philosophy, 26(1), 29–120.
Schlenker, P. (2004). Sequence phenomena and double access readings generalized. In The Syntax of Time, 555–598. MIT Press.
Schlenker, P. (2004). Context of Thought and Context of Utterance: A Note on Free Indirect Discourse and the Historical Present. Mind & Language, 19(3), 279–304.
Schlenker, P. (2007). Anti-Dynamics: Presupposition Projection Without Dynamic Semantics. Journal of Logic, Language and Information, 16(3), 325–356.
Schlenker, P. (2008). Be Articulate: A Pragmatic Theory of Presupposition Projection. Theoretical Linguistics, 34(3), 157–212.
Schlenker, P. (2008). Be Articulate: A Pragmatic Theory of Presupposition Projection. Theoretical Linguistics, 34(3), 157–212.
Schlenker, P. (2008). Presupposition Projection: The New Debate. Proceedings of SALT, 18, 655–693.
Schlenker, P. (2009). Local Contexts. Semantics and Pragmatics, 2, 1–78.
Schlenker, P. (2012). Maximize Presupposition and Gricean reasoning. Natural Language Semantics, 20, 391–429.
Schlenker, P., Lamberton, J. & Lamberton, J. (2026). Traveling Shots in Language: Towards an Analysis of Dynamic Viewpoints in ASL. Linguistic Inquiry.
Schlenker, P. & Lamberton, J. (2024). Iconological Semantics. Linguistics & Philosophy, 47(5), 77–838.
Schlotterbeck, F. & Wang, H. (2023). An incremental RSA model for adjective ordering preferences in referential visual context. Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics, 6, 121–132.
Schulz, K. (2008). Non-deictic Tenses in Conditionals. Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT) 18, 694–710.
Schulz, K. (2011). “If you'd wiggled A, then B would've changed”: Causality and counterfactual conditionals. Synthese, 179(2), 239–251.
Schulz, K. (2014). Fake Tense in Conditional Sentences: A Modal Approach. Natural Language Semantics, 22(2), 117–144.
Schwab, J. (2022). Lexical variation in NPI illusions. Journal of Memory and Language, 124(1), 104317.
Schwartz, L. (1989). Thematic linking in Hausa asymmetric coordination. Studies in African Linguistics, 20(1), 30–62.
Schwarz, B., Buccola, B. & Hamilton, M. (2012). Two types of class B numeral modifiers: A reply to Nouwen 2010. Semantics and Pragmatics, 5(1), 1–25.
Schwarz, F. (2009). Two Types of Definites in Natural Language. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Schwarz, F. (2012). Situation Pronouns in Determiner Phrases. Natural Language Semantics, 20(4), 431–475.
Schwarz, F. (2013). Two Kinds of Definites Cross-linguistically. Language and Linguistics Compass, 7(10), 534–559.
Schwarzchild, R. & Wilkinson, K. (2002). Quantifiers in comparatives. Natural Language Semantics, 10(1), 1–41.
Schwarzer, L. (2026). The law and order of selection-violating coordination: German DP-CP-coordination is not sensitive to linear or temporal order. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics, 11(1), 1–19.
Schwarzschild, R. (1996). Pluralities. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Schwarzschild, R. (1999). GIVENness, AvoidF and Other Constraints on the Placement of Accent. Natural Language Semantics, 7(2), 141–177.
Schwarzschild, R. (2002). Singleton Indefinites. Journal of Semantics, 19(3), 289–314.
Schwarzschild, R. (2005). Measure phrases as modifiers of adjectives. Recherches Linguistiques de Vincennes, 34, 207–228.
Schwarzschild, R. (2006). The role of dimensions in the syntax of noun phrases. Syntax, 9, 67–110.
Schwarzschild, R. (2008). The Semantics of Comparatives and Other Degree Constructions. Language and Linguistics Compass, 2(2), 308–331.
Schäfer, F. (2008). The Syntax of (Anti-)Causatives: External Arguments in Change-of-State Contexts. John Benjamins.
Schäfer, F. (2012). Two types of external argument licensing -- The case of causers. Studia Linguistica, 66, 128–180.
Schäfer, F. (2017). Romance and Greek Medio-Passives and the Typology of Voice. In The Verbal Domain, 129–152. Oxford University Press.
Schäfer, F. (2025). Anticausatives in transitive guise. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 43(1), 421–475.
Schöter, A. (1996). The Computational Application of Bilattice Logic to Natural Reasoning. PhD dissertation, University of Edinburgh.
Schöter, A. (1996). Evidential Bilattice Logic and Lexical Inference. Journal of Logic, Language and Information, 5(1), 65–105.
Schützenberger, M. (1965). On finite monoids having only trivial subgroups. Information and Control, 8(2), 190–194.
Scontras, G. (2014). The Semantics of Measurement. PhD dissertation, Harvard University.
Scontras, G. (2017). A new kind of degree. Linguistics and Philosophy, 40(2), 165–205.
Scontras, G., Degen, J. & Goodman, N. D. (2017). Subjectivity Predicts Adjective Ordering Preferences. Open Mind: Discoveries in Cognitive Science, 1(1), 53–66.
Scontras, G. & Pearl, L. S. (2021). When Pragmatics Matters More for Truth-Value Judgments: An Investigation of Quantifier Scope Ambiguity. Glossa, 6(1), 110.
Scontras, G. & Tonhauser, J. (2025). Projection without Lexically-Specified Presupposition: A Model for “Know”. Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 29, 1431–1448.
Scott, T. (2021). Two Types of Resumptive Pronouns in Swahili. Linguistic Inquiry, 52(4), 812–833.
Scott, T. (2023). Pronouns and agreement in San Juan Atitán Mam. PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
Searle, J. R. (1969). Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge University Press.
Searle, J. R. (1979). Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts. Cambridge University Press.
Searle, J. R. (1983). Intentionality: An Essay in the Philosophy of Mind. Cambridge University Press.
Sedivy, J. C. (2007). Implicature During Real Time Conversation: A View from Language Processing Research. Philosophy Compass, 2(3), 475–496.
Sedivy, J. C., Tanenhaus, M. K., Chambers, C. G. & Carlson, G. N. (1999). Achieving Incremental Semantic Interpretation through Contextual Representation. Cognition, 71(2), 109–147.
Seeliger, H. & Repp, S. (2018). Biased declarative questions in Swedish and German: Negation meets modal particles (väl and doch wohl). In The Grammatical Realization of Polarity Contrast: Theoretical, Empirical, and Typological Approaches, 249, 129–172. John Benjamins.
Seiter, W. J. (1980). Studies in Niuean Syntax. Garland.
Selkirk, E. (2008). Contrastive focus, givenness, and the unmarked status of "discourse-new". Acta Linguistica Hungarica, 55(3-4), 331–346.
Selkirk, E. O. (1980). The Role of Prosodic Categories in English Word Stress. Linguistic Inquiry, 11(3), 563–605.
Selkirk, E. O. (1982). The Syllable. In The Structure of Phonological Representations (Part II), 337–383. Foris Publications.
Selkirk, E. O. (1984). Phonology and Syntax: The Relation between Sound and Structure. MIT Press.
Selkirk, E. O. (1995). Sentence prosody: Intonation, stress, and phrasing. In The Handbook of Phonological Theory, 550–569. Blackwell.
Selkirk, E. O. (1996). The Prosodic Structure of Function Words. In Signal to Syntax: Bootstrapping from Speech to Grammar in Early Acquisition, 187–214. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Sells, P. (1987). Aspects of Logophoricity. Linguistic Inquiry, 18(3), 445–479.
Sen, R. (2015). Syllable and Segment in Latin. Oxford University Press.
Shahin, K. (2011). Pharyngeals. In The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Phonology, 604–627. Wiley-Blackwell.
Shan, C. (2001). Monads for Natural Language Semantics. Proceedings of the ESSLLI 2001 Student Session, 285–298.
Shan, C. (2005). Linguistic Side Effects. PhD dissertation, Harvard University.
Shan, C. (2010). The character of quotation. Linguistics and Philosophy, 33(5), 417–443.
Shan, C. & Barker, C. (2006). Explaining Crossover and Superiority as Left-to-Right Evaluation. Linguistics and Philosophy, 29(1), 91–134.
Shannon, C. E. (1948). A Mathematical Theory of Communication. Bell System Technical Journal, 27(3), 379–423.
Sharvit, Y. (2003). Embedded tense and universal grammar. Linguistic Inquiry, 34(4), 669–681.
Sharvit, Y. (2014). On the universal principles of tense embedding: The lesson from \em before. Journal of Semantics, 31(2), 263–313.
Sharvit, Y. (2024). Standard and non-standard theories of attitudes. Sinn und Bedeutung 28, 866–875.
Sharvit, Y. (2025). Rooth-Partee Conditionals and the Symmetry of Disjunction. Intercultural Pragmatics, 22(5), 939–979.
Sharvit, Y. & Stateva, P. (2002). Superlative expressions, context, and focus. Linguistics and Philosophy, 25(4), 453–504.
Sharvy, R. (1980). A more general theory of definite descriptions. The Philosophical Review, 89(4), 607–624.
Shen, L. (2004). Aspect agreement and light verbs in Chinese: A comparison with Japanese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 13(2), 141–179.
Shen, Z. & Huang, N. (2026). The role of phases and specificity in definite islands. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 44(22).
Shevelov, G. Y. (1993). Ukrainian. In The Slavonic Languages, 947–998. Routledge.
Shieber, S. M. (1985). Evidence against the Context-Freeness of Natural Language. Linguistics and Philosophy, 8(3), 333–343.
Shieber, S. M. (1986). An Introduction to Unification-Based Approaches to Grammar. CSLI Publications.
Shih, S. S. & Inkelas, S. (2014). Reframing the TBU in an ABC+Q approach to tone. UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report.
Shimoyama, J. (2006). Indeterminate phrase quantification in Japanese. Natural Language Semantics, 14(2), 139–173.
Shimoyama, J. (2011). Japanese Indeterminate Negative Polarity Items and Their Scope. Journal of Semantics, 28(4), 413–450.
Short, D. (1993). Czech. In The Slavonic Languages, 455–532. Routledge.
Short, D. (1993). Slovak. In The Slavonic Languages, 533–592. Routledge.
Sichel, I. (2014). Resumptive Pronouns and Competition. Linguistic Inquiry, 45(4), 655–693.
Sidner, C. L. (1983). Focusing in the Comprehension of Definite Anaphora. In Computational Models of Discourse, 267–330. MIT Press.
Sidner, C. L. (1979). Towards a Computational Theory of Definite Anaphora Comprehension in English Discourse. PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Siegel, M. (1976). Capturing the Adjective. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Siewierska, A. (2004). Person. Cambridge University Press.
Siewierska, A. (2013). Passive Constructions. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Siewierska, A. (2013). Alignment of Verbal Person Marking. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Sigurd, B. (1988). Round numbers. Language in Society, 17(2), 243–252.
Sigurðsson, H. Á. & Holmberg, A. (2008). Icelandic dative intervention: Person and number are separate probes. In Agreement restrictions. Mouton de Gruyter.
Sigurðsson, H. Á., Wood, J. & Sigurðsson, E. F. (2022). Hvor `Each' Reciprocals and Distributives in Icelandic: E-raising + Short Main Verb Movement. Linguistic Inquiry, 53(3), 571–588.
Sikos, L., Venhuizen, N. J., Drenhaus, H. & Crocker, M. W. (2021). Reevaluating Pragmatic Reasoning in Language Games. PLOS ONE, 16(3), e0248388.
Siloni, T. (2008). The Syntax of Reciprocal Verbs: An Overview. In Reciprocals and Reflexives: Theoretical and Typological Explorations, 451–498. Mouton de Gruyter.
Siloni, T. (2012). Reciprocal Verbs and Symmetry. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 30(1), 261–320.
Silverstein, M. (1976). Hierarchy of Features and Ergativity. In Grammatical Categories in Australian Languages, 112–171. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
Silverstein, M. (2003). Indexical Order and the Dialectics of Sociolinguistic Life. Language and Communication, 23(3–4), 193–229.
Simon, I. (1975). Piecewise testable events. Automata Theory and Formal Languages, 33, 214–222.
Simons, M. (2005). Dividing Things Up: The Semantics of Or and the Modal/Or Interaction. Natural Language Semantics, 13(3), 271–316.
Simons, M., Tonhauser, J., Beaver, D. & Roberts, C. (2010). What projects and why. Proceedings of SALT 20, 309–327.
Simpson, A. & Wu, Z. (2002). IP-raising, tone sandhi and the creation of S-final particles: Evidence for cyclic spell-out. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 11(1), 67–99.
Sims, A. (2006). Minding the Gaps: Inflectional Defectiveness in a Paradigmatic Theory. PhD dissertation, Ohio State University.
Singh, R. (2008). On the interpretation of disjunction. Linguistics and Philosophy, 31(2), 245–260.
Singh, R. (2011). Maximize Presupposition! and local contexts. Natural Language Semantics, 19(2), 149–168.
Sio, J. U. (2020). The dual identity of the post-verbal ıtshape can1 in Cantonese: A non-specific resultative particle and a free choice item. Studies in Chinese Linguistics, 41(2), 139–159.
Sio, J. U. & Bond, F. (2025). Inner and outer aspect in Cantonese.
Siptár, P. & Törkenczy, M. (2000). The Phonology of Hungarian. Oxford University Press.
Skowron, A. & Stepaniuk, J. (1996). Tolerance Approximation Spaces. Fundamenta Informaticae, 27(2–3), 245–253.
Skribnik, E. (2003). Buryat. In The Mongolic Languages. Routledge.
Sloman, A. (1970). `Ought' and `better'. Mind, 79(315), 385–394.
Sloman, S. A., Barbey, A. K. & Hotaling, J. M. (2009). A Causal Model Theory of the Meaning of Cause, Enable, and Prevent. Cognitive Science, 33(1), 21–50.
Smessaert, H. & Demey, L. (2014). Logical Geometries and Information in the Square of Oppositions. Journal of Logic, Language and Information, 23(4), 527–565.
Smith, B. W. & Pater, J. (2020). French Schwa and Gradient Cumulativity. Glossa, 5(1), 24.
Smith, C. S. (1991). The Parameter of Aspect. Springer Netherlands.
Smith, C. S. (1997). The Parameter of Aspect. Springer Netherlands.
Smith, N. J. & Levy, R. (2013). The effect of word predictability on reading time is logarithmic. Cognition, 128(3), 302–319.
Smith, P. W. (2015). Feature Mismatches: Consequences for Syntax, Morphology and Semantics. PhD dissertation, University of Connecticut.
Smith, P. W. (2017). The Syntax of Semantic Agreement in English. Journal of Linguistics, 53, 823–863.
Smith, P. W. (2021). Morphology--Semantics Mismatches and the Nature of Grammatical Features. De Gruyter Mouton.
Smith, P. W., Moskal, B., Xu, T., Kang, J. & Bobaljik, J. D. (2019). Case and number suppletion in pronouns. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 37(3), 1029–1101.
Smith-Stark, T. C. (1974). The Plurality Split. Proceedings of CLS 10, 657–671.
Smolensky, P. & Goldrick, M. (2016). Gradient Symbolic Representations in Grammar: The Case of French Liaison. Manuscript, Johns Hopkins University and Northwestern University. Rutgers Optimality Archive 1286.
Smolensky, P. & Legendre, G. (2006). The Harmonic Mind: From Neural Computation to Optimality-Theoretic Grammar. MIT Press.
Smullyan, R. (1985). To Mock a Mockingbird and Other Logic Puzzles Including an Amazing Adventure in Combinatory Logic. Alfred A. Knopf.
Sneddon, J. N. (1996). Indonesian: A comprehensive grammar. Routledge.
Snider, K. L. (1990). Tonal upstep in Krachi: evidence for a register tier. Language, 66(3), 453–474.
Snider, K. L. (1999). The Geometry and Features of Tone. SIL International and University of Texas at Arlington.
Snider, K. L. (2020). The Geometry and Features of Tone. SIL International.
Snyder, E. (2025). Numbers, kinds, and the identification problem. Philosophia Mathematica.
Snyder, E. (2026). Numbers as kinds: towards an improved explanation of number word polysemy. Linguistics and Philosophy, 49, 57–100.
Soames, S. (1982). How Presuppositions are Inherited: A Solution to the Projection Problem. Linguistic Inquiry, 13(3), 483–545.
Sohn, H. (1994). Korean. Routledge.
Sohn, H. (1999). The Korean Language. Cambridge University Press.
Solstad, T. & Bott, O. (2022). On the Nature of Implicit Causality and Consequentiality: The Case of Psychological Verbs. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 37(10), 1311–1340.
Solstad, T. & Bott, O. (2024). Cataphoric Resolution of Projective Content: The Case of Occasion Verbs. Semantics and Pragmatics, 17(11).
Solt, S. (2015). Q-adjectives and the semantics of quantity. Journal of Semantics, 32(2), 221–273.
Solt, S. (2018). Multidimensionality, Subjectivity and Scales: Experimental Evidence. In The Semantics of Gradability, Vagueness, and Scale Structure, 59–91. Springer.
Solt, S. (2018). Proportional Comparatives and Relative Scales. Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 21, 1123–1140.
Solt, S. & Waldon, B. (2019). Numerals under negation. Glossa, 4(1).
Song, J. J. (1996). Causatives and Causation: A Universal-Typological Perspective. Longman.
Song, J. J. (2013). Periphrastic Causative Constructions. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Song, J. J. (2013). Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Sorace, A. (2000). Gradients in auxiliary selection with intransitive verbs. Language, 76(4-Part1), 859–890.
Spalek, A. A. & McNally, L. (2026). The anatomy of a verb. Languages in Contrast, 26(1), 85–108.
Speas, M. (2004). Evidentiality, logophoricity and the syntactic representation of pragmatic features. Lingua, 114, 255–276.
Speas, P. & Tenny, C. L. (2003). Configurational properties of point of view roles. In Asymmetry in Grammar, 315–344. John Benjamins.
Spector, B. (2006). Aspects de la pragmatique des opérateurs logiques. PhD dissertation, Université Paris VII.
Spector, B. (2007). Scalar Implicatures: Exhaustivity and Gricean Reasoning. In Questions in Dynamic Semantics, 225–249. Brill.
Spector, B. (2013). Bare numerals and scalar implicatures. Language and Linguistics Compass, 7(5), 273–294.
Spector, B. (2014). Scalar implicatures, blindness and common knowledge. In Pragmatics, Semantics and the Case of Scalar Implicatures. Palgrave Macmillan.
Spector, B. (2016). Comparing Exhaustivity Operators. Semantics and Pragmatics, 9(11), 1–33.
Spector, B. (2025). Trivalence and Transparency: A Non-Dynamic Approach to Anaphora. Linguistics and Philosophy.
Spector, B. & Egré, P. (2015). A uniform semantics for embedded interrogatives: An answer, not necessarily the answer. Synthese, 192(6), 1729–1784.
Spector, B. & Sudo, Y. (2017). Presupposed Ignorance and Exhaustification: How Scalar Implicatures and Presuppositions Interact. Linguistics and Philosophy, 40, 473–517.
Sperber, D., Clément, F., Heintz, C., Mascaro, O., Mercier, H., Origgi, G. & Wilson, D. (2010). Epistemic vigilance. Mind & Language, 25(4), 359–393.
Sperber, D. & Wilson, D. (1986). Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Basil Blackwell.
Spinoso-Di Piano, C., Austin, D. E., Piantanida, P. & Cheung, J. C. K. (2025). (RSA)²: A Rhetorical-Strategy-Aware Rational Speech Act Framework for Figurative Language Understanding. Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 20898–20938.
Spohn, W. (1988). Ordinal Conditional Functions: A Dynamic Theory of Epistemic States. In Causation in Decision, Belief Change, and Statistics II, 105–134. Kluwer.
Sportiche, D. (2005). Division of labor between merge and move: Strict locality of selection and apparent reconstruction paradoxes. Proceedings of the Workshop Divisions of Linguistic Labor: The La Bretesche Workshop.
Sprouse, J. (2007). A program for experimental syntax: Finding the relationship between acceptability and grammatical knowledge. PhD dissertation, University of Maryland.
Sprouse, J., Wagers, M. & Phillips, C. (2012). A test of the relation between working-memory capacity and syntactic island effects. Language, 82, 82–123.
Sridhar, S. N. (1990). Kannada. Routledge.
Srivastav, V. (1992). Two Types of Universal Terms in Questions. Proceedings of the 22nd Meeting of the North East Linguistic Society (NELS), 22, 443–457.
Stachowski, M. & Menz, A. (1998). Yakut. In The Turkic Languages, 417–433. Routledge.
Stalnaker, R. (1973). Presuppositions. Journal of Philosophical Logic, 2(4), 447–457.
Stalnaker, R. (1979). Pragmatics: Implicature, Presupposition, and Logical Form. Language, 56(4), 902–905.
Stalnaker, R. (1984). Inquiry. MIT Press.
Stalnaker, R. (2002). Common Ground. Linguistics and Philosophy, 25(5-6), 701–721.
Stalnaker, R. C. (1968). A Theory of Conditionals. In Studies in Logical Theory. Blackwell.
Stalnaker, R. C. (1974). Pragmatic Presuppositions. In Semantics and Philosophy, 197–214. New York University Press.
Stalnaker, R. C. (1975). Indicative conditionals. Philosophia, 5(3), 269–286.
Stalnaker, R. C. (1978). Assertion. In Syntax and Semantics 9: Pragmatics. Academic Press.
Stalnaker, R. C. (1981). A Defense of Conditional Excluded Middle. In Ifs: Conditionals, Belief, Decision, Chance, and Time, 87–104. Springer.
Stanley, J. (2015). How propaganda works. Princeton University Press.
Stanley, J. & Gendler Szabó, Z. (2000). On quantifier domain restriction. Mind & Language, 15(3), 219–261.
Staps, C. & Rooryck, J. (2024). Formalizing Spatial-Causal Polysemy of Agent Prepositions. Semantics and Pragmatics, 17(4), 1–47.
Starke, M. (2009). Nanosyntax: A Short Primer to a New Approach to Language. Nordlyd, 36(1), 1–6.
Staroverov, P. (2014). Splitting Theory and Consonant Epenthesis. PhD dissertation, Rutgers University.
Stassen, L. (1985). Comparison and Universal Grammar. Basil Blackwell.
Stassen, L. (2000). AND-languages and WITH-languages. Linguistic Typology, 4(1), 1–54.
Stassen, L. (2009). Predicative Possession. Oxford University Press.
Stassen, L. (2013). Comparative Constructions. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Stassen, L. (2013). Chapters in The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Staňková, A. (2023). The Expression of Speaker's Bias in Czech Polar Questions. MA thesis, Charles University, Prague.
Staňková, A. (2026). A Three-Way Distinction of Negation Interpretation in Czech.
Staňková, A. & Šimík, R. (2025). Negation in Czech Polar Questions. Journal of Slavic Linguistics, 33(FASL 32 extra issue), 1–16.
Steedman, M. (2000). The Syntactic Process. MIT Press.
Steinert-Threlkeld, S. (2020). An explanation of the veridical uniformity universal. Journal of Semantics, 37, 129–144.
Steinert-Threlkeld, S., Imel, N. & Guo, Q. (2023). A semantic universal for modality. Semantics and Pragmatics, 16, 1–20.
Steriade, D. (1995). Underspecification and Markedness. In The Handbook of Phonological Theory. Blackwell.
Steriade, D. (1997). Lexical Conservatism. In Linguistics in the Morning Calm: Selected Papers from SICOL 1997, 157–179. Hanshin.
Steriade, D. (2000). Paradigm Uniformity and the Phonetics--Phonology Boundary. In Papers in Laboratory Phonology V: Acquisition and the Lexicon, 313–334. Cambridge University Press.
Sternefeld, W. (1998). Reciprocity and Cumulative Predication. Natural Language Semantics, 6(3), 303–337.
Stiebels, B. (2006). Agent Focus in Mayan languages. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 24, 501–570.
Stojkovic, J. (2026). Same Form, Different Grammars: The Slavic [ov]\textasciitilde[u] Alternation. In Advances in Formal Slavic Linguistics 2023. Language Science Press.
Stojnic, U. (2024). Metasemantics, context, and felicitous underspecification. Philosophical Studies, 181(11), 3191–3201.
Stojnic, U., Stone, M. & Lepore, E. (2017). Discourse and logical form: Pronouns, attention and coherence. Linguistics and Philosophy, 40(5), 519–547.
Stolcke, A. (1995). An Efficient Probabilistic Context-Free Parsing Algorithm that Computes Prefix Probabilities. Computational Linguistics, 21(2), 165–201.
Stolz, T. & Veselinova, L. (2013). Ordinal Numerals. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Stone, G. (1993). Sorbian (Upper and Lower). In The Slavonic Languages, 593–685. Routledge.
Stone, G. (1993). Cassubian. In The Slavonic Languages, 759–794. Routledge.
Stone, M. (1997). The Anaphoric Parallel between Modality and Tense. Technical Report IRCS 97–6, University of Pennsylvania.
Stone, M. (1999). Reference to Possible Worlds.
Storme, B. (2026). A Method to Evaluate Systemic Constraints in Probabilistic Grammars. Linguistic Inquiry, 57(1), 216–228.
Storment, J. D. (2025). Projecting (Your) Voice: A Theory of Inversion and Defective Circumvention. PhD dissertation, Stony Brook University.
Storment, J. D. (2026). Quotative inversion as smuggling: Evidence from Setswana and English. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory.
Straubing, H. (1985). Finite semigroup varieties of the form V * D. Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra, 36, 53–94.
Strawson, P. F. (1950). On Referring. Mind, 59(235), 320–344.
Strawson, P. F. (1952). Introduction to Logical Theory. Methuen.
Street, C. S. & Mollinjin, G. P. (1981). The Phonology of Murinbata. In Australian Phonologies: Collected Papers, 183–244. Summer Institute of Linguistics, Australian Aborigines Branch.
Strube, M. (1998). Never Look Back: An Alternative to Centering. COLING-ACL '98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1251–1257.
Strube, M. & Hahn, U. (1999). Functional Centering: Grounding Referential Coherence in Information Structure. Computational Linguistics, 25(3), 309–344.
Stump, G. T. (2001). Inflectional Morphology: A Theory of Paradigm Structure. Cambridge University Press.
Sudo, Y. (2013). Biased polar questions in English and Japanese. In Beyond Expressives: Explorations in Use-conditional Meaning, 275–296. Brill.
Sudo, Y. (2016). The Semantic Role of Classifiers in Japanese. The Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication, 11, 1–15.
Sudo, Y. & Spathas, G. (2020). Gender and interpretation in Greek: Comments on Merchant (2014). Glossa: a journal of general linguistics, 5(1), 129.
Sugar, A. (2019). Verb-linking and events in syntax: The case of Uyghur -(i)p constructions. PhD dissertation, University of Washington.
Sulemana, A. (2021). Non-Finite Complementation: A Case Study of Bùlì. PhD dissertation, MIT.
Sumbatova, N. (2021). Dargwa. In The Oxford Handbook of Languages of the Caucasus, 146–200. Oxford University Press.
Sumers, T. R., Ho, M. K., Griffiths, T. L. & Hawkins, R. D. (2024). Reconciling Truthfulness and Relevance as Epistemic and Decision-Theoretic Utility. Psychological Review, 131(1), 194.
Suomi, K., Toivanen, J. & Ylitalo, R. (2008). Finnish sound structure: phonetics, phonology, phonotactics and prosody. Oulu University Press.
Sutton, P. (2024). Types and Type Theories in Natural Language Analysis. Annual Review of Linguistics, 10(1), 107–126.
Sutton, P. R. & Filip, H. (2021). The Count/Mass Distinction for Granular Nouns. In Countability in Natural Language, 252–291. Cambridge University Press.
Svenonius, P. (2004). Slavic Prefixes Inside and Outside VP. Nordlyd, 32(2).
Svenonius, P. (2010). Spatial P in English. In Mapping Spatial PPs: The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, 6. Oxford University Press.
Swanson, E. (2010). Structurally Defined Alternatives and Lexicalizations of XOR. Linguistics and Philosophy, 33(1), 31–36.
Sy, M. (2005). Ultra long-distance ATR agreement in Wolof. Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (Special session on languages of West Africa), 31, 95–106.
Sybesma, R. (2017). Aspect, inner. In Encyclopedia of Chinese language and linguistics, 1, 186–193. Brill.
Sylak-Glassman, J., Kirov, C., Yarowsky, D. & Que, R. (2015). A Language-Independent Feature Schema for Inflectional Morphology. Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers), 674–680.
Szabolcsi, A. (1986). Comparative Superlatives. In MIT Working Papers in Linguistics, 8.
Szabolcsi, A. (1997). Quantifiers in Pair-List Readings. In Ways of Scope Taking, 311–347. Kluwer.
Szabolcsi, A. (2009). Overt Nominative Subjects in Infinitival Complements Cross-Linguistically: Data, Diagnostics, and Preliminary Analyses. NYU Working Papers in Linguistics, 2.
Szabolcsi, A. (2015). What Do Quantifier Particles Do?. Linguistics and Philosophy, 38(2), 159–204.
Szymanik, J. (2016). Quantifiers and Cognition: Logical and Computational Perspectives. Springer.
Sánchez, L. (2010). The Morphology and Syntax of Topic and Focus: Minimalist Inquiries in the Quechua Periphery. John Benjamins.
Tada, H. (1993). A/A-bar partition in derivation. PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Tahar, C. (2021). Craindre (fear) and expletive negation in diachrony. In Romance Languages and Linguistic Theory 2018, 287–302. John Benjamins.
Takahashi, S. & Hulsey, S. (2009). Wholesale Late Merger: Beyond the A/A-bar Distinction. Linguistic Inquiry, 40(3), 387–426.
Talmy, L. (1988). Force dynamics in language and cognition. Cognitive Science, 12(1), 49–100.
Talmy, L. (2000). Toward a Cognitive Semantics, Volume 1: Concept Structuring Systems. The MIT Press.
Taraldsen, K. T., Taraldsen Medová, L. & Langa, D. (2018). Class prefixes as specifiers in Southern Bantu. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 36, 1339–1394.
Tay, W. (2024). Resultative Expressions in Mandarin Chinese. PhD dissertation, University College London.
Tellings, J. (2014). Only and focus in Imbabura Quichua. Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 40, 523–544.
ten Wolde, E. (2023). The English Binominal Noun Phrase: A Cognitive-Functional Approach. Cambridge University Press.
Tenenbaum, J. B. & Griffiths, T. L. (2001). Generalization, similarity, and Bayesian inference. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24(4), 629–640.
Tenny, C. (1992). The aspectual interface hypothesis. In Lexical Matters. CSLI.
Tenny, C. L. (1994). Aspectual Roles and the Syntax-Semantics Interface. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Tentori, K., Crupi, V. & Russo, S. (2013). On the determinants of the conjunction fallacy: Probability versus inductive confirmation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142(1), 235–255.
Tesnière, L. (1959). Éléments de syntaxe structurale. Klincksieck.
Tessler, M. H. & Franke, M. (2019). Not Unreasonable: Why Two Negatives Don't Make a Positive. PsyArXiv.
Tessler, M. H. & Goodman, N. D. (2019). The Language of Generalization. Psychological Review, 126(3), 395–436.
Tessler, M. H. & Goodman, N. D. (2022). Warm (for Winter): Inferring Comparison Classes in Communication. Cognitive Science, 46(3), e13095.
Tessler, M. H., Tenenbaum, J. B. & Goodman, N. D. (2022). Logic, Probability, and Pragmatics in Syllogistic Reasoning. Topics in Cognitive Science, 14, 574–601.
Tham, S. W. (2025). Multidimensionality and the Scalar Components of Physical Disturbance Predicates. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics, 10(1), 1–30.
Theiler, N. (2021). Denn as a highlighting-sensitive particle. Linguistics and Philosophy, 44(2), 323–362.
Theiler, N., Roelofsen, F. & Aloni, M. (2018). A uniform semantics for declarative and interrogative complements. Journal of Semantics, 35(3), 409–466.
Theiler, N., Roelofsen, F. & Aloni, M. (2019). Picky predicates: Why believe doesn't like interrogative complements, and other puzzles. Natural Language Semantics, 27(2), 95–134.
Theophanopoulou-Kontou, D. (2000). Topika Epirimata Kai “Ptosi” Stin Eliniki: Diaxroniki Proseggisi. Glossologia, 11-12, 1–40.
Thomas, W. & Deo, A. (2020). The Interaction of just with Modified Scalar Predicates. Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 24, 354–372.
Thomas, W. C. (2026). A Probabilistic, Question-Based Approach to Additivity. Semantics and Pragmatics, 19(1).
Thomason, R. H. (1984). Combinations of tense and modality. Handbook of Philosophical Logic, 2, 135–165.
Thráinsson, H. (2007). The Syntax of Icelandic. Cambridge University Press.
Thue, A. (1906). Über unendliche Zeichenreihen. Norske Videnskabers Selskabs Skrifter, I. Mathematisk-Naturvidenskabelig Klasse, 7.
Thurston, W. R. (1966). Amara}: an Austronesian language of northwestern {New Britain. In Studies in languages of New Britain and New Ireland, 197–248. Australian National University.
Thurstone, L. L. (1927). A law of comparative judgment. Psychological Review, 34(4), 273–286.
Tieu, L., Bill, C., Romoli, J. & Crain, S. (2020). Testing theories of plural meanings. Cognition, 205, 104307.
Tieu, L., Križ, M. & Chemla, E. (2019). Children's acquisition of homogeneity in plural definite descriptions. Frontiers in Psychology.
Tieu, L., Romoli, J., Zhou, P. & Crain, S. (2016). Children's knowledge of free choice inferences and scalar implicatures. Journal of Semantics, 33(2), 269–298.
Timberlake, A. (1993). Russian. In The Slavonic Languages, 827–886. Routledge.
Todd, S., Pierrehumbert, J. B. & Hay, J. (2019). Word frequency effects in sound change as a consequence of perceptual asymmetries: An exemplar-based model. Cognition, 185, 1–20.
Tonhauser, J., Beaver, D., Roberts, C. & Simons, M. (2013). Toward a Taxonomy of Projective Content. Language, 89(1), 66–109.
Tonhauser, J., Beaver, D. I. & Degen, J. (2018). How Projective Is Projective Content? Gradience in Projectivity and At-Issueness. Journal of Semantics, 35(3), 495–542.
Tonhauser, J. & Matthewson, L. (2016). Empirical evidence in research on meaning. Unpublished manuscript, The Ohio State University and University of British Columbia.
Toosarvandani, M. (2009). Ellipsis in Farsi complex predicates. Syntax, 12(1), 60–92.
Toosarvandani, M. (2023). The Interpretation and Grammatical Representation of Animacy. Language, 99(4), 760–808.
Tournadre, N. (2008). Arguments Against the Concept of “Conjunct”/“Disjunct” in Tibetan. In Festschrift für Roland Bielmeier zu seinem 65. Geburtstag, 281–308.
Tovena, L. M. (1996). Studies on polarity sensitivity. PhD dissertation, University of Edinburgh.
Traugott, E. C. (2010). (Inter)subjectivity and (Inter)subjectification: A Reassessment. In Subjectification, Intersubjectification and Grammaticalization, 29–71. De Gruyter Mouton.
Traugott, E. C. & Dasher, R. B. (2002). Regularity in Semantic Change. Cambridge University Press.
Travis, L. d. (2010). Inner aspect: The articulation of VP. Springer.
Trinh, T. (2011). Nominal reference in two classifier languages. Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 15, 629–644.
Trinh, T. & Haida, A. (2015). Constraining the Derivation of Alternatives. Natural Language Semantics, 25(4), 249–270.
Trips, C. & Kornfilt, J. (2015). Typological Aspects of Phrasal Compounds in English, German, Turkish and Turkic. STUF – Language Typology and Universals, 68(3), 281–321.
Truckenbrodt, H. (1999). On the Relation between Syntactic Phrases and Phonological Phrases. Linguistic Inquiry, 30(2), 219–255.
Tsai, C. (2015). Toward a Theory of Mandarin Quantification. PhD dissertation, Harvard University.
Tsai, W. D. (2008). Tense anchoring in Chinese. Lingua, 118(5), 675–686.
Tsiakmakis, E. (2025). On the non-homogeneity of expletive negation in Greek and beyond. Linguistics.
Tsilia, A. & Zhao, Z. (2026). Tense and perspective: A solution to the ⌈then⌉-present puzzle. Linguistics and Philosophy.
Tsompanidou, K. (2023). Gaps and Overabundance in Modern Greek. Paper presented at the 56th annual meeting of the Societas Linguistica Europaea, Athens, 29 August–1 September 2023.
Tsujimura, N. (2014). An Introduction to Japanese Linguistics. Wiley-Blackwell.
Tsvilodub, P., Mulligan, K., Snider, T., Hawkins, R. D. & Franke, M. (2026). Act or Clarify? Modeling Sensitivity to Uncertainty and Cost in Communication.
Turco, G., Braun, B. & Dimroth, C. (2014). When Contrasting Polarity, the Dutch Use Particles, Germans Intonation. Journal of Pragmatics, 62, 94–106.
Tuters, M. & Hagen, S. (2020). (((They))) rule: Memetic antagonism and nebulous othering on 4chan. New Media & Society, 22(12), 2218–2237.
Tversky, A. (1969). Intransitivity of Preferences. Psychological Review, 76(1), 31–48.
Tversky, A. & Kahneman, D. (1983). Extensional Versus Intuitive Reasoning: The Conjunction Fallacy in Probability Judgment. Psychological Review, 90(4), 293–315.
Tyler, A. & Evans, V. (2003). The Semantics of English Prepositions: Spatial Scenes, Embodied Meaning and Cognition. Cambridge University Press.
Tzitzilis, C. & Papanastasiou, G. (2024). Koine}, Koines and the Koineization of Modern {Greek. Institute of Modern Greek Studies, Manolis Triandaphyllidis Foundation.
Türk, U. & Hirsch, A. (2026). Constraining Alternatives in Turkish Polar Questions. U. Penn Working Papers in Linguistics, 32(1).
Uchihara, H. & Mendoza Ruiz, J. (2021). Minimality, Maximality and Perfect Prosodic Word in Alcozauca Mixtec. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 40, 599–649.
Uegaki, W. (2019). The Semantics of Question-Embedding Predicates. Language and Linguistics Compass, 13(1), e12308.
Uegaki, W. (2022). Question-orientedness and the Semantics of Clausal Complementation. Springer.
Uegaki, W. & Roelofsen, F. (2018). Do modals take propositions or sets of propositions? Evidence from Japanese daroo. Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory 28, 809–829.
Uegaki, W. & Sudo, Y. (2019). The hope-wh puzzle. Natural Language Semantics, 27(4), 323–356.
Uhmann, S. (1991). Fokusphonologie. Niemeyer.
Umbach, C. (2004). On the Notion of Contrast in Information Structure and Discourse Structure. Journal of Semantics, 21(2), 155–175.
Ura, H. (1994). Varieties of raising and the feature-based bare phrase structure theory. In MIT Occasional Papers in Linguistics, 7. MITWPL.
Uyeno, T. (1971). A Study of Japanese Modality: A Performative Analysis of Sentence Particles. PhD dissertation, University of Michigan.
Vallduví, E. & Vilkuna, M. (1998). On rheme and kontrast. In The Limits of Syntax, 29, 79–106. Academic Press.
van Benthem, J. (1984). Questions About Quantifiers. Journal of Symbolic Logic, 49(2).
van Benthem, J. (1986). Essays in Logical Semantics. D. Reidel Publishing Company.
van de Pol, I., Lodder, P., van Maanen, L., Steinert-Threlkeld, S. & Szymanik, J. (2023). Quantifiers Satisfying Semantic Universals Have Shorter Minimal Description Length. Cognition, 232, 105150.
van den Berg, M. H. (1996). Some Aspects of the Internal Structure of Discourse: the Dynamics of Nominal Anaphora. PhD dissertation, University of Amsterdam.
van der Auwera, J. & Ammann, A. (2013). Chapters in The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
van der Auwera, J. & Lejeune, L. (2013). The Morphological Imperative. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
van der Auwera, J. & Van Alsenoy, L. (2016). On the typology of negative concord. Studies in Language, 40(3), 473–512.
van der Hoek, W. (1996). Qualitative Modalities. International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems, 4(1), 45–59.
van der Sandt, R. A. (1992). Presupposition Projection as Anaphora Resolution. Journal of Semantics, 9(4), 333–377.
van der Wouden, T. (1997). Negative Contexts: Collocation, Polarity and Multiple Negation. Routledge.
van Fraassen, B. C. (1966). Singular Terms, Truth-Value Gaps, and Free Logic. The Journal of Philosophy, 63(17), 481–495.
van Fraassen, B. C. (1969). Facts and tautological entailments. Journal of Philosophy, 66(15), 477–487.
van Riemsdijk, H. (1998). Categorial Feature Magnetism: The Endocentricity and Distribution of Projections. The Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics, 2(1), 1–48.
van Rooij, R. (2003). Questioning to Resolve Decision Problems. Linguistics and Philosophy, 26(6), 727–763.
van Rooij, R. (2011). Implicit versus Explicit Comparatives. In Vagueness and Language Use. Palgrave Macmillan.
van Rooij, R. & Schulz, K. (2004). Exhaustive interpretation of complex sentences. Journal of Logic, Language and Information, 13(4), 491–519.
van Rooy, R. (2003). Negative Polarity Items in Questions: Strength as Relevance. Journal of Semantics, 20(3), 239–273.
van Schijndel, M. & Linzen, T. (2021). Single-stage prediction models do not explain the magnitude of syntactic disambiguation difficulty. Cognitive Science, 45(6), e12988.
van Tiel, B., Franke, M. & Sauerland, U. (2021). Probabilistic Pragmatics Explains Gradience and Focality in Natural Language Quantification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(9), e2005453118.
Van Tiel, B., Van Miltenburg, E., Zevakhina, N. & Geurts, B. (2016). Scalar diversity. Journal of Semantics, 33(1), 137–175.
Van Urk, C. (2018). Pronoun Copying in Dinka Bor and the Copy Theory of Movement. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 36(2), 631–677.
van Urk, C. (2024). Constraining predicate fronting. Linguistic Inquiry, 55(2), 327–373.
van Urk, C. & Richards, N. (2015). Two components of long-distance extraction: Successive cyclicity in Dinka. Linguistic Inquiry, 46(1), 113–155.
Van Valin, R. D. & Wilkins, D. P. (1996). The Case for “Effector”: Case Roles, Agents, and Agency Revisited. In Grammatical Constructions, 289–322.
Vander Klok, J. (2013). Pure Possibility and Pure Necessity Modals in Paciran Javanese. Oceanic Linguistics, 52(2), 341–374.
Veltman, F. (1996). Defaults in Update Semantics. Journal of Philosophical Logic, 25(3), 221–261.
Veltman, F. (2018). Notes on Imperatives (Compilation 2018). Unpublished compilation of slides from various talks, University of Amsterdam.
Vendler, Z. (1957). Verbs and Times. The Philosophical Review, 66(2), 143–160.
Veselinova, L. N. (2013). Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Vijay-Shanker, K. & Weir, D. J. (1994). The Equivalence of Four Extensions of Context-Free Grammars. Mathematical Systems Theory, 27(6), 511–546.
Vikner, C. & Jensen, P. A. (2002). A Semantic Analysis of the English Genitive: Interaction of Lexical and Formal Semantics. Studia Linguistica, 56(2), 191–226.
Vikner, S. (1995). Verb Movement and Expletive Subjects in the Germanic Languages. Oxford University Press.
Villalba, X. (2009). Definite adjective nominalizations in Spanish. Proceedings of the IV Nereus International Workshop "Definiteness and DP Structure in Romance Languages", 139–153.
Villalta, E. (2008). Mood and Gradability: An Investigation of the Subjunctive Mood in Spanish. Linguistics & Philosophy, 31(4), 467–522.
Von Fintel, K. (1993). Exceptive constructions. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 11(1), 123–148.
von Fintel, K. (1994). Restrictions on Quantifier Domains. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts Amherst.
von Fintel, K. (1997). Bare Plurals, Bare Conditionals, and Only. Journal of Semantics, 14(1), 1–56.
von Fintel, K. (1999). NPI Licensing, Strawson Entailment, and Context Dependency. Journal of Semantics, 16(2), 97–148.
von Fintel, K. (1999). The presupposition of subjunctive conditionals. In The Interpretive Tract, 29–44. MITWPL.
von Fintel, K. (2000). Counterfactuals in a dynamic context. In Ken Hale: A life in language, 123–152. MIT Press.
von Fintel, K. (2001). Conditional Strengthening: A Case Study in Implicature. Manuscript, MIT.
von Fintel, K. (2012). The best we can (expect to) get? Challenges to the classic semantics for deontic modals. Paper presented at the Central APA, February 17, 2012.
von Fintel, K., Fox, D. & Iatridou, S. (2014). Definiteness as Maximal Informativeness. In The Art and Craft of Semantics: A Festschrift for Irene Heim. MITWPL.
von Fintel, K. & Gillies, A. S. (2010). Must…Stay…Strong!. Natural Language Semantics, 18, 351–383.
von Fintel, K. & Gillies, A. S. (2021). Still going strong. Natural Language Semantics, 29(1), 91–113.
von Fintel, K. & Heim, I. (2011). Intensional Semantics. Lecture notes, MIT.
von Fintel, K. & Iatridou, S. (2005). What to do if you want to go to Harlem: Anankastic conditionals and related matters. Unpublished manuscript, MIT. Draft for Rutgers Semantics Workshop, September 2005.
von Fintel, K. & Iatridou, S. (2008). How to Say Ought in Foreign: The Composition of Weak Necessity Modals. In Time and Modality, 115–141. Springer.
von Fintel, K. & Iatridou, S. (2017). A Modest Proposal for the Meaning of Imperatives. In Modality across Syntactic Categories. Oxford University Press.
von Fintel, K. & Iatridou, S. (2019). Since since. In The Semantics of Plurals, Focus, Degrees, and Times, 305–333. Springer.
von Fintel, K. & Iatridou, S. (2023). Prolegomena to a theory of X-marking. Linguistics and Philosophy, 46(6), 1467–1510.
von Heusinger, K. (2008). Verbal Semantics and the Diachronic Development of DOM in Spanish. Probus, 20(1), 1–31.
von Kutschera, F. (1997). T × W completeness. Journal of Philosophical Logic, 26, 241–250.
von Stechow, A. (1984). Comparing semantic theories of comparison. Journal of Semantics, 3(1-2), 1–77.
von Stechow, A. (1996). The different readings of ıtshape wieder `again': A structural account. Journal of Semantics, 13(2), 87–138.
von Stechow, A. (2009). Tenses in Compositional Semantics. In The Expression of Time, 129–166. Mouton de Gruyter.
von Stechow, A., Krasikova, S. & Penka, D. (2005). Anankastic conditionals.
von Stechow, A., Krasikova, S. & Penka, D. (2006). Anankastic conditionals again. In A Festschrift for Kjell Johan S\aeb\o: In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the celebration of his 50th birthday, 151–171. Forfatterne.
von Wright, G. H. (1963). Norm and Action. Routledge.
Vu, M. H. & Lohiniva, K. (2020). In situ wh-hell: The view from Hungarian. NELS 49: Proceedings of the Forty-Ninth Annual Meeting of the North East Linguistic Society, 275–284.
Vázquez Álvarez, J. J. (2011). A Grammar of Chol, a Mayan Language. PhD dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin.
Väänänen, J. (2007). Dependence Logic: A New Approach to Independence Friendly Logic. Cambridge University Press.
Väänänen, J. (2008). Modal Dependence Logic. In New Perspectives on Games and Interaction, 4, 237–254. Amsterdam University Press.
W\kagiel, M. (2021). Subatomic Quantification. Language Science Press.
Waag, C. (2013). The Tone System of Baka. PhD dissertation, University of Oregon.
Wade, T. (2020). A Comprehensive Russian Grammar. Wiley-Blackwell.
Waldon, B., Condoravdi, C., Levin, B. & Degen, J. (2023). On the Context Dependence of Artifact Noun Interpretation. Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 27, 674–692.
Waldon, B. & Degen, J. (2021). Modeling Cross-Linguistic Production of Referring Expressions. Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics, 4.
Walker, M. A. (1996). Inferring acceptance and rejection in dialog by default rules of inference. Language and Speech, 39(2-3), 265–304.
Walker, R. (2010). Nonmyopic Harmony and the Nature of Derivations. Linguistic Inquiry, 41(1), 169–179.
Walker, R. (2016). Surface correspondence and discrete harmony triggers. Proceedings of the 2014 Annual Meeting on Phonology.
Walker, R. & Rose, S. (2015). Guttural Semi-Transparency. Handout, Annual Meeting on Phonology (AMP) 2015.
Wang, C. & Sun, K. (2026). Detaching Mandarin Classifiers from Nouns: A Mereological Solution. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 44, 18.
Wang, R. (2023). Honorifics without [HON]. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 41(4), 1287–1347.
Wang, Y. (2025). Presupposition, Competition, and Coherence: A Unified Approach to Partial Resolution and De Re Presupposition. PhD dissertation, Michigan State University.
Wang, Y. (2025). Revisit de re Presuppositions. Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America, 10, 5915.
Wang, Y. & Davidson, K. (2026). Presupposition Filtering in Disjunction: The Role of Exclusive Interpretation. Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 30.
Warstadt, A. (2022). Presupposition Triggering Reflects Pragmatic Reasoning about Utterance Utility. Proceedings of the Amsterdam Colloquium, 451–458.
Watanabe, A. (2004). The Genesis of Negative Concord: Syntax and Morphology of Negative Doubling. Linguistic Inquiry, 35(4), 559–612.
Watkins, L. J. (1984). A Grammar of Kiowa. University of Nebraska Press.
Wechsler, S. & Zlatic, L. (2000). A Theory of Agreement and Its Application to Serbo-Croatian. Language, 76(4), 799–832.
Wehbe, J. & Flor, E. (2022). Focus-sensitivity and homogeneity in attitude predicates. Proceedings of NELS 52.
Weicker, M. & Schulz, P. (2024). Children and Adults Privilege Linguistic over Visual Information when Creating Comparison Classes for Prenominal Gradable Adjectives. Glossa, 9(1).
Weir, D. J. & Joshi, A. K. (1988). Combinatory Categorial Grammars: Generative Power and Relationship to Linear Context-Free Rewriting Systems. Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 278–285.
Wellwood, A. (2015). On the Semantics of Comparison Across Categories. Linguistics and Philosophy, 38(1), 67–101.
Wellwood, A., Hacquard, V. & Pancheva, R. (2012). Measuring and comparing individuals and events. Journal of Semantics, 29, 207–228.
Werner, T. (2006). Future and non-future modal sentences. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 24(3), 187–243.
West, C. & Zimmerman, D. H. (1987). Doing Gender. Gender and Society, 1(2), 125–151.
Westerbeek, H., Koolen, R. & Maes, A. (2015). Stored Object Knowledge and the Production of Referring Expressions: The Case of Color Typicality. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 935.
Westergaard, M. (2009). The Acquisition of Word Order: Micro-Cues, Information Structure, and Economy. John Benjamins.
White, A. S. (2014). Factive-Implicatives and Modalized Complements. Proceedings of NELS 44, 267–278.
White, A. S. (2021). On believing and hoping whether. Semantics and Pragmatics, 21.
Widrow, B. & Hoff, M. (1960). Adaptive switching circuits. 1960 WESCON Convention Record, Part IV.
Wiklund, A., Bentzen, K., Hróarsdóttir, \. & Hrafnbjargarson, G. H. (2009). On the distribution and illocution of V2 in Scandinavian that-clauses. Lingua, 119.
Wilder, C. (2008). Shared Constituents and Linearization. In Topics in Ellipsis, 229–258. Cambridge University Press.
Wilder, C. (2013). English `emphatic do'. Lingua, 128, 142–171.
Willer-Gold, J. (2023). Locus and timing of gender resolution: Probes, goals and predictions. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics, 8(1), 1–45.
Williams, E. (1991). Reciprocal Scope. Linguistic Inquiry, 22(1), 159–173.
Williams, E. (2003). Representation Theory. MIT Press.
Williams, W. (2026). The Presuppositions of forget. Proceedings of SALT 35, 35.
Williamson, T. (1994). Vagueness. Routledge.
Wilson, C. (2003). Analyzing Unbounded Spreading with Constraints: Marks, Targets, and Derivations. Unpublished manuscript, University of California Los Angeles.
Wilson, C. (2006). Unbounded Spreading is Myopic. Talk presented at the Workshop on Current Perspectives on Phonology, Phonology Fest, Indiana University.
Wiltschko, M. (2008). The syntax of non-inflectional plural marking. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 26(3), 639–694.
Wiltschko, M. (2014). The Universal Structure of Categories: Towards a Formal Typology. Cambridge University Press.
Wiltschko, M. (2021). The Grammar of Interactional Language. Cambridge University Press.
Winckel, E., Abeillé, A., Hemforth, B. & Gibson, E. (2025). Discourse-based constraints on long-distance dependencies generalize across constructions in English and French. Cognition, 254, 105950.
Winter, Y. (1997). Choice Functions and the Scopal Semantics of Indefinites. In Linguistics and Philosophy, 20, 399–467.
Winter, Y. (2001). Plural Predication and the Strongest Meaning Hypothesis. Journal of Semantics, 18(4), 333–365.
Winter, Y. (2005). Cross-categorial restrictions on measure phrase modification. Linguistics and Philosophy, 28(2), 233–267.
Winter, Y. (2018). Symmetric Predicates and the Semantics of Reciprocal Alternations. Semantics and Pragmatics, 11(1), 1–52.
Witten, K. (2023). The definition and typological model of a dogwhistle. Manuscrito, 46(3).
Wolf, M. (2007). For an autosegmental theory of mutation. University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers in Linguistics, 32, 315–404.
Wolf, M. A. (2008). Optimal Interleaving: Serial Phonology-Morphology Interaction in a Constraint-Based Model. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
Wolfe, J. M. & Horowitz, T. S. (2017). Five factors that guide attention in visual search. Nature Human Behaviour, 1(3), 0058.
Wolff, P. (2003). Direct causation in the linguistic coding and individuation of causal events. Cognition, 88(1), 1–48.
Wolfsdorf, D. C. (2019). On Goodness. Oxford University Press.
Wolfson, N. (1979). The Conversational Historical Present Alternation. Language, 55(1).
Wong, S. (2018). Yueyu ciwei “ding” de yufa tedian [Linguistic properties of suffix ıtshape ding in Cantonese]. Zhongguo Yuwen Tongxun [Current Research in Chinese Linguistics], 97(1), 41–56.
Wood, J. (2015). Icelandic Morphosyntax and Argument Structure. Springer.
Wood, J. (2023). Icelandic Nominalizations and Allosemy. Oxford University Press.
Wood, J. & Marantz, A. (2017). The interpretation of external arguments. The verbal domain, 255–278.
Woodin, G., Winter, B., Littlemore, J., Perlman, M. & Grieve, J. (2023). Large-Scale Patterns of Number Use in Spoken and Written English. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory, 20(1), 123–152.
Woolford, E. (1997). Four-way case systems: Ergative, nominative, objective and accusative. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 15(1), 181–227.
Woolford, E. (2006). Lexical case, inherent case, and argument structure. Linguistic Inquiry, 37(1), 111–130.
Wright, C. (1976). Language-Mastery and the Sorites Paradox. In Truth and Meaning. Oxford University Press.
Wu, S., Cotterell, R. & O'Donnell, T. (2019). Morphological Irregularity Correlates with Frequency. Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 5117–5126.
Wurmbrand, S. & Lohninger, M. (2023). An implicational universal in complementation---theoretical insights and empirical progress. In Propositional arguments in cross-linguistic research: Theoretical and empirical issues, 183–229. Narr Francke Attempto.
Wurmbrand, S. (2001). Infinitives: Restructuring and Clause Structure. Mouton de Gruyter.
Wurmbrand, S. (2014). Tense and Aspect in English Infinitives. Linguistic Inquiry, 45(3), 403–447.
Wurmbrand, S. & Shimamura, K. (2017). The features of the voice domain: Actives, passives, and restructuring. In The verbal domain, 179–204. Oxford University Press.
Wynn, K. (1992). Children's acquisition of the number words and the counting system. Cognitive Psychology, 24(2), 220–251.
Xiang, Y. (2022). Relativized Exhaustivity: Mention-Some and Uniqueness. Natural Language Semantics, 30(3), 311–362.
Xu, A., Kemp, C., Frermann, L. & Xu, Y. (2024). Word reuse and combination support efficient communication of emerging concepts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 121(46), e2406971121.
Xu, B. (2012). Nandao-Questions as a Special Kind of Rhetorical Questions. Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT) 22, 508–526.
Xu, B. (2017). Question Bias and Biased Question Words in Mandarin, German and Bangla. PhD dissertation, Rutgers University.
Xu, T. (2012). ıtshape You again: How is its ambiguity derived?. In Logic, language and meaning: 18th Amsterdam Colloquium, revised selected papers, 470–479. Springer.
Xu, Y. (1997). Contextual tonal variations in Mandarin. Journal of Phonetics, 25(1), 61–83.
Yagi, Y. (2025). Conflicting presuppositions in disjunction. Semantics and Pragmatics, 18(7), 7.
Yalcin, S. (2007). Epistemic Modals. Mind, 116(464), 983–1026.
Yalcin, S. (2010). Probability Operators. Philosophy Compass, 5(11), 916–937.
Yalcin, S. (2018). Belief as Question-Sensitive. In Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. Wiley.
Yan, J. (2023). Monotonicity in Intensional Contexts: Weakening and Pragmatic Effects under Modals and Attitudes. PhD dissertation, University of Amsterdam and Tsinghua University.
Yang, C. (2016). The Price of Linguistic Productivity: How Children Learn to Break the Rules of Language. MIT Press.
Ying, L., Zhi-Xuan, T., Wong, L., Mansinghka, V. & Tenenbaum, J. B. (2025). Understanding Epistemic Language with a Language-Augmented Bayesian Theory of Mind. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 13, 613–637.
Yip, K. (2025). Inner aspect in Cantonese. FLaP FIRST, 1, 15–36.
Yip, M. (1980). The Tonal Phonology of Chinese. PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Yip, M. (1988). Template morphology and the direction of association. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 6(4), 551–577.
Yip, M., Maling, J. & Jackendoff, R. (1987). Case in Tiers. Language, 63(2), 217–250.
Yliniemi, J. (2024). Iconicity of grammatical tonal polarity and reduplication in Nigerian Pidgin. Journal of Linguistics, 61(3), 1–26.
Yolyan, T. (2025). A logical characterization of weak determinism as simultaneous application. Journal of Logic, Language and Information, 34, 89–153.
Yolyan, T. & Comer, J. (2026). Phonological processes as modal transductions. Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics (SCiL) 2026, 549–559.
Yoon, E. J., Tessler, M. H., Goodman, N. D. & Frank, M. C. (2020). Polite Speech Emerges From Competing Social Goals. Open Mind, 4, 71–87.
Zabbal, Y. (2005). The Syntax of Numeral Expressions. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
Zaenen, A., Maling, J. & Thráinsson, H. (1985). Case and Grammatical Functions: The Icelandic Passive. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 3(4), 441–483.
Zamparelli, R. (1995). Layers in the Determiner Phrase. PhD dissertation, University of Rochester.
Zani, E., Ciardelli, I. & Sanfelici, E. (2026). Simplification of disjunctive antecedents: Insights from acquisition. Semantics and Pragmatics, 19(3).
Zanuttini, R. (1997). Negation and Clausal Structure: A Comparative Study of Romance Languages. Oxford University Press.
Zaslavsky, N., Hu, J. & Levy, R. P. (2021). A Rate--Distortion View of Human Pragmatic Reasoning?. Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics, 347–348.
Zaslavsky, N., Kemp, C., Regier, T. & Tishby, N. (2018). Efficient compression in color naming and its evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(31), 7937–7942.
Zaslavsky, N., Kemp, C., Tishby, N. & Regier, T. (2019). Color naming reflects both perceptual structure and communicative need. Topics in Cognitive Science, 11(1), 207–219.
Zavala Maldonado, R. (2017). Alignment patterns. In The Mayan Languages, 226–258. Routledge.
Zeevat, H. (1992). Presupposition and Accommodation in Update Semantics. Journal of Semantics, 9(4), 379–412.
Zegarac, V. & Clark, B. (1999). Phatic interpretations and phatic communication. Journal of Linguistics, 35(2), 321–346.
Zeijlstra, H. (2004). Sentential Negation and Negative Concord. PhD dissertation, University of Amsterdam.
Zeijlstra, H. (2007). Modal Concord. Proceedings of SALT 17, 317–332.
Zeijlstra, H. (2012). There Is Only One Way to Agree. The Linguistic Review, 29(3), 491–539.
Zeijlstra, H. (2020). Labeling, selection, and feature checking. In Agree to agree: Agreement in the minimalist programme, 137–174. Language Science Press.
Zhang, A. & Kwon, N. (2022). The interpretational preferences of null and overt pronouns in Chinese. Journal of Linguistics, 58(3), 649–676.
Zhang, N. N. (2010). Coordination in Syntax. Cambridge University Press.
Zhao, Z. (2025). Cross-Linguistic and Cross-Domain Temporal Expressions. PhD dissertation, New York University.
Zheng, A. (2025). nandao-Qs: When Surprise Sparks Inquiry. Proceedings of WCCFL 43.
Zimmermann, E. (2017). Morphological Length and Prosodically Defective Morphemes. Oxford University Press.
Zimmermann, E. (2022). Non-segmental morphology. In The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Morphology. Wiley-Blackwell.
Zimmermann, E. (2024). Morphemes in Phonology. Draft, October 2024. To appear in Paul de Lacy and Adam Jardine (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zimmermann, M. (2008). Quantification in Hausa. In Quantification: A Cross-Linguistic Perspective, 415–475. Emerald.
Zimmermann, M. (2014). Universal and Existential Quantification in Chadic and Beyond. Presentation at ACAL 45, Kansas University.
Zimmermann, M. (2026). African Lambdas I: Formal Semantics of African Languages---The Nominal Domain. Language and Linguistics Compass, 20, e70025.
Zimmermann, T. E. (2000). Free Choice Disjunction and Epistemic Possibility. Natural Language Semantics, 8(4), 255–290.
Zombolou, K. (2011). Attrition in Greek Diaspora. In Language Contact and Language Shift: Grammatical and Sociolinguistic Perspectives, 1–33. Lincom Europa.
Zu, V. (2018). Discourse Participants and the Structural Representation of the Context. PhD dissertation, New York University.
Zuraw, K. (2010). A Model of Lexical Variation and the Grammar with Application to Tagalog Nasal Substitution. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 28, 417–472.
Zuraw, K. & Hayes, B. (2017). Intersecting Constraint Families: An Argument for Harmonic Grammar. Language, 93, 497–546.
Zuraw, K. R. (2000). Patterned Exceptions in Phonology. PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
Zwarts, F. (1998). Three Types of Polarity. Plurality and Quantification, 177–238.
Zwarts, J. (2005). Prepositional aspect and the algebra of paths. Linguistics and Philosophy, 28(6), 739–779.
Zwarts, J. & Winter, Y. (2000). Vector space semantics: a model-theoretic analysis of locative prepositions. Journal of Logic, Language and Information, 9(2), 169–211.
Zweig, E. (2009). Number-neutral bare plurals and the multiplicity implicature. Linguistics and Philosophy, 32.
Zwicky, A. M. (1977). On Clitics. Indiana University Linguistics Club.
Zwicky, A. M. (1985). How to Describe Inflection. Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 372–386.
Zwicky, A. M. (1985). Clitics and Particles. Language, 61(2), 283–305.
Zwicky, A. M. & Pullum, G. K. (1983). Cliticization vs. Inflection: English N'T. Language, 59(3), 502–513.
É. Kiss, K. (1998). Identificational focus versus information focus. Language, 74(2), 245–273.
É. Kiss, K. (2002). The Syntax of Hungarian. Cambridge University Press.
É. Kiss, K. (2023). From Relative Proadverb to Declarative Complementizer: The Evolution of the Hungarian hogy `that'. The Linguistic Review, 40(1), 107–130.
Égré, P., Spector, B., Mortier, A. & Verheyen, S. (2023). On the Optimality of Vagueness: “Around”, “Between” and the Gricean Maxims. Linguistics and Philosophy, 46(5), 1075–1130.
Öhl, P. (2018). Veridicality and sets of alternative worlds: On embedded interrogatives and the complementizers that and if. In The Grammatical Realization of Polarity Contrast: Theoretical, Empirical, and Typological Approaches, 249, 109–127. John Benjamins.
Özyıldız, D., Qing, C., Roelofsen, F., Uegaki, W. & Romero, M. (2025). Operationalizing focus-sensitivity in a cross-linguistic context. Natural Language Semantics, 34, 47–83.
Šimík, R. (2024). Polar Question Semantics and Bias: Lessons from Slavic/Czech. In Topics in the Semantics of Slavic Languages. Language Science Press.