Haspelmath (2007): Coordination — structural typology

[Has07] [Sta00] [Noo92] [Sch89] [Row69] [Sri90] [Den95] [Bey92] [Kor97]

Martin Haspelmath. "Coordination." In Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Vol. II, ed. T. Shopen, 2007.

Cross-linguistic typology of coordination — restricted here to conjunctive coordination. The chapter as a whole covers four semantic types (conjunction, disjunction, adversative, causal) plus emphatic and emphatic-negative variants; the formalisation below engages only conjunction (§1 Types and positions of coordinators, §5.1 Diachronic sources). Disjunction (§4), adversative, causal, ellipsis (§6), and subordination diagnostics (§7) are out of scope.

The companion file Studies/MitrovicSauerland2016.lean consumes the language sample below to formalise the J-μ predictions; the iso and patterns data sets are shared.

Main declarations

• allLanguages — 19-language sample (Haspelmath structural exemplars + M&S focus languages).
• msLanguages — M&S-focused sub-sample of 7 languages; consumed by MitrovicSauerland2016.lean.
• coAB_unattested — Haspelmath's structural generalisation that the monosyndetic pattern co-A B (prepositive on first coordinand only) is typologically absent (cf. [Sta00], n=260).
• comitative_source_monosyndetic, focus_particle_source_bisyndetic — the two diachronic-source / syndesis correlations Haspelmath proposes in §5.1.

Implementation notes

• Records use the ConjunctionSystem struct from Typology/Coordination.lean. All morphemes reference Fragment entries except for Slovenian (in) and Martuthunira (-thurti), which remain inline since the project has no Fragments/{Slovenian,Martuthunira}/ directory and creating one for a single morpheme is overkill.
• Pattern data follow the cited primary sources, not the M&S analyses layered on top — e.g., Turkish de is monosyndetic postpositive per [Has07] (23), not bisyndetic.

M&S focus languages

def Haspelmath2007.english : Syntax.Coordination.ConjunctionSystem

English only has J ("and"). "Both...and" is sometimes analyzed as J-MU, but "both" is not productively used as an additive particle ("John both slept") and English lacks MU-only conjunction ("John both Mary both slept").

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def Haspelmath2007.german : Syntax.Coordination.ConjunctionSystem

German uses "und" (J, free word), like English "and". J-only strategy.

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def Haspelmath2007.japanese : Syntax.Coordination.ConjunctionSystem

Japanese conjunction uses "to" (J) and "mo" (MU). "to" derives from the comitative marker. "mo" is also the additive particle.

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def Haspelmath2007.hungarian : Syntax.Coordination.ConjunctionSystem

Hungarian: "és" (J, free, prepositive), "is" (MU, free, postpositive). "is" is also the additive focus particle ("also"). One of the languages in the M&S 2016 sample exhibiting triadic exponency (all three of two μ heads + J head) — see [MS16] (28).

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def Haspelmath2007.georgian : Syntax.Coordination.ConjunctionSystem

Georgian: "da" (J, free), "-c" (MU, bound clitic). "-c" is also the additive/focus particle. Classified as exhibiting all three M&S strategies per [Mit21]; [MS16] itself uses SE Macedonian, Hungarian, and Avar as the triadic-exponency languages — Georgian's inclusion here is from the later literature.

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def Haspelmath2007.latin : Syntax.Coordination.ConjunctionSystem

Latin: "et" (J, free, prepositive) and "-que" (MU, bound enclitic, postpositive). "-que" is the classic bound MU particle. Three patterns: A et B, A B-que, et A B-que.

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def Haspelmath2007.korean : Syntax.Coordination.ConjunctionSystem

Korean: "-(i)rang" (J, bound, postpositive) and "-to" (MU, bound, additive). Not discussed in [Has07]; classification follows [Mit21].

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def Haspelmath2007.slovenian : Syntax.Coordination.ConjunctionSystem

Slovenian: "in" (J, free, prepositive). Primarily J-only.

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Haspelmath 2007 structural exemplars

def Haspelmath2007.lango : Syntax.Coordination.ConjunctionSystem

Lango (Nilotic, Uganda): "kèdè" is a comitative marker that also serves as coordinator. Classic AND-language with comitative source giving monosyndetic A co-B ([Noo92]:163, [Has07] (20)).

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def Haspelmath2007.hausa : Syntax.Coordination.ConjunctionSystem

Hausa (Chadic, Nigeria): "da" means both "with" (comitative) and "and" (conjunction) ([Sch89]:32,36; [Has07] (12)).

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def Haspelmath2007.yoruba : Syntax.Coordination.ConjunctionSystem

Yoruba (Kwa, Nigeria): "àtí" in "àtí A àtí B" — canonical prepositive bisyndetic coordination ([Row69]:201ff, [Has07] (25)).

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def Haspelmath2007.kannada : Syntax.Coordination.ConjunctionSystem

Kannada (Dravidian): postpositive "-u" on each coordinand gives A-co B-co ([Sri90]:106, [Has07] (5)). "-u" is also the Dravidian additive/focus particle.

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def Haspelmath2007.martuthunira : Syntax.Coordination.ConjunctionSystem

Martuthunira (Pama-Nyungan, W. Australia): "-thurti" on each coordinand gives A-co B-co ([Den95]:98, [Has07] (26)).

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def Haspelmath2007.classicalTibetan : Syntax.Coordination.ConjunctionSystem

Classical Tibetan: "-daŋ" is postpositive on first coordinand, giving A-co B. Derives from comitative source ([Bey92]:240, [Has07] (21)).

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def Haspelmath2007.hindiUrdu : Syntax.Coordination.ConjunctionSystem

Hindi-Urdu: "aur" (J, free, prepositive) and "bhii" (MU, free, additive). Pattern: A aur B (monosyndetic), A bhii B bhii (bisyndetic postpositive).

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def Haspelmath2007.turkish : Syntax.Coordination.ConjunctionSystem

Turkish: "ve" (J, free, prepositive) and "de" (MU, bound enclitic, postpositive on first word of second coordinand). Per [Has07] (23) citing [Kor97]:120, de is monosyndetic postpositive (A B-co); de…de bisyndetic also exists as a marked emphatic variant.

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def Haspelmath2007.irish : Syntax.Coordination.ConjunctionSystem

Irish: "agus" (J, free, prepositive). Pattern: A agus B (monosyndetic medial).

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def Haspelmath2007.persian : Syntax.Coordination.ConjunctionSystem

Persian: "va" (J, free, prepositive) and "ham" (MU, free, additive).

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def Haspelmath2007.finnish : Syntax.Coordination.ConjunctionSystem

Finnish: "ja" (J, free, prepositive) and "-kin" (MU, bound, additive). koira-kin kissa-kin 'dog-too cat-too' = 'both the dog and the cat'.

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Sample bundles

def Haspelmath2007.allLanguages : List Syntax.Coordination.ConjunctionSystem

All 19 ConjunctionSystem profiles.

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def Haspelmath2007.msLanguages : List Syntax.Coordination.ConjunctionSystem

M&S focus languages — the sub-sample consumed by Studies/MitrovicSauerland2016.lean.

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Structural / diachronic generalisations

theorem Haspelmath2007.coAB_unattested : (allLanguages.all fun (sys : Syntax.Coordination.ConjunctionSystem) => !sys.patterns.contains Syntax.Coordination.CoordPattern.co'a_b) = true

[Has07]'s key structural generalisation: the monosyndetic pattern co-A B (prepositive on first coordinand only) is unattested for conjunction, per [Sta00]'s 260-language sample. Verified over the 19-language sample via List.contains, which uses the BEq instance to sidestep ∈'s LawfulBEq requirement.

theorem Haspelmath2007.comitative_source_monosyndetic (sys : Syntax.Coordination.ConjunctionSystem) : sys ∈ allLanguages → sys.hasSource Syntax.Coordination.DiachronicSource.comitative → sys.hasMonosyndetic

Every language with a known comitative-sourced morpheme has at least one monosyndetic structural pattern. Confirms: comitative "with" → monosyndetic A co-B / A-co B. Languages: Lango, Hausa, Japanese, Classical Tibetan.

theorem Haspelmath2007.focus_particle_source_bisyndetic (sys : Syntax.Coordination.ConjunctionSystem) : sys ∈ allLanguages → sys.hasSource Syntax.Coordination.DiachronicSource.focusParticle → sys.hasBisyndetic

Every language with a known focus-particle-sourced morpheme has at least one bisyndetic structural pattern. Confirms: additive focus particle "also" → bisyndetic A-co B-co. Languages: Japanese, Hungarian, Georgian, Latin, Korean, Kannada.