Coordination: morphosyntactic typology #
[Has07] [Sta00] [MS16] [DH13a] [DH13b]
Per-language typological substrate for coordination across three frameworks:
- [Has07] structural typology: syndesis (asyndetic / monosyndetic / bisyndetic), coordinator position, structural patterns, and diachronic source (comitative vs additive focus particle).
- [Sta00] AND/WITH typology: derived from WALS Ch 63 (lexical identity of "and" and "with").
- WALS Ch 56/63/64: conjunction-quantifier relation, NP conjunction, nominal-vs-verbal conjunction.
Mirrors the Linglib/Typology/{Possession,Negation,Question,Comparison}.lean
substrate-extension pattern. Fragment-importable; cross-linguistic theorems
live in Studies/Haspelmath2007.lean (structural typology + 19-language
sample), Studies/MitrovicSauerland2016.lean (J/MU framework + M&S
generalisations), and Studies/Stassen2000.lean (AND/WITH typology + 15-
language WALS sample).
Main declarations #
Syndesis,CoordinatorPosition,CoordPattern,DiachronicSource— Haspelmath structural enums.AndWithStatus— Stassen 2000 binary classification.ConjQuantRelation,ConjComitativeRelation,NomVerbalConjRelation— WALS Ch 56/63/64 aliases.SourcedEntry,ConjunctionSystem— per-language structs.CoordinationProfile— WALS profile bundle.ConjunctionSystem.hasStrategy,muIsAdditive,hasSource,hasMonosyndetic,hasBisyndetic,muBoundness—Prop-valued decidable predicates.
Implementation notes #
- Helper predicates are
Propwith explicitDecidableinstances rather thanBool-returning, so consumers can writesys.hasStrategy sdirectly in theorem statements without= trueboilerplate while retainingdecide-checkability over finite samples. DiachronicSourcecollapses Heine's full grammaticalization-source taxonomy to two main pathways relevant for coordination (comitative, focus particle); other pathways are conflated under.other.AndWithStatusis [Sta00]'s binary classification; some authors (e.g. Mauri 2008) argue for a finer multi-way split.
Cross-linguistic conjunction strategy. [MS14] decompose DP conjunction into three semantic pieces: J (set intersection), MU (subset), and a type-shifter; languages vary in which pieces are overtly realized.
- jOnly : ConjunctionStrategy
Only J particle overt (e.g., English "and", Hungarian "es", Georgian "da").
- muOnly : ConjunctionStrategy
Only MU particles overt (e.g., Japanese "mo...mo", Hungarian "is...is", Georgian "-c...-c").
- jMu : ConjunctionStrategy
Both J and MU overt (e.g., Hungarian "is es...is", Georgian "-c da...-c").
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- Syntax.Coordination.instDecidableEqConjunctionStrategy x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯
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Number of overt functional morphemes per strategy. Under [MS16] the underlying structure always has 3 pieces (J + MU1 + MU2); what varies is how many are pronounced.
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Under [MS16] there are always 3 semantic pieces.
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[MS16] + Transparency Principle: more overt morphemes -> easier to acquire (closer to a 1-to-1 form-meaning mapping).
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Haspelmath 2007 structural enums #
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- Syntax.Coordination.instDecidableEqSyndesis x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯
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- Syntax.Coordination.instBEqSyndesis.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)
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Coordinator position relative to its coordinand ([Has07] §1.2).
[Has07] notes that co-A B (prepositive on first coordinand only) is unattested (cf. [Sta00], n=260).
- prepositive : CoordinatorPosition
co precedes coordinand: "and A" / English "both X".
- postpositive : CoordinatorPosition
co follows coordinand: "A-and" / Latin "X-que".
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- Syntax.Coordination.instDecidableEqCoordinatorPosition x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯
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- Syntax.Coordination.instBEqCoordinatorPosition.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)
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Structural pattern for binary coordination ([Has07] (17)).
Monosyndetic: 3 attested patterns (of 4 logically possible). The fourth
monosyndetic pattern co-A B (prepositive on first coordinand only) is
unattested per [Sta00], n=260; the absence is encoded as a
theorem rather than by omission (see Studies/Haspelmath2007.lean).
Bisyndetic: 4 attested patterns.
- a_co_b : CoordPattern
A co-B: medial prepositive (English "A and B").
- a'co_b : CoordPattern
A-co B: medial postpositive on 1st (Tibetan "A-daŋ B").
- a_b'co : CoordPattern
A B-co: final postpositive (Latin "senatus populus-que").
- co'a_b : CoordPattern
co-A B: prepositive on first coordinand only — typologically unattested for conjunction ([Sta00], n=260).
- co'a_co'b : CoordPattern
co-A co-B: prepositive bisyndetic (Yoruba "àtí A àtí B").
- a'co_b'co : CoordPattern
A-co B-co: postpositive bisyndetic (Martuthunira "A-thurti B-thurti").
- a'co_co'b : CoordPattern
A-co co-B: mixed bisyndetic (Homeric Greek "A-te kaì B").
- co'a_b'co : CoordPattern
co-A B-co: mixed bisyndetic (Latin "et A B-que").
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- Syntax.Coordination.instDecidableEqCoordPattern x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯
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- Syntax.Coordination.instBEqCoordPattern.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)
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Classify a pattern's syndesis.
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- Syntax.Coordination.CoordPattern.a_co_b.syndesis = Syntax.Coordination.Syndesis.monosyndetic
- Syntax.Coordination.CoordPattern.a'co_b.syndesis = Syntax.Coordination.Syndesis.monosyndetic
- Syntax.Coordination.CoordPattern.a_b'co.syndesis = Syntax.Coordination.Syndesis.monosyndetic
- Syntax.Coordination.CoordPattern.co'a_b.syndesis = Syntax.Coordination.Syndesis.monosyndetic
- Syntax.Coordination.CoordPattern.co'a_co'b.syndesis = Syntax.Coordination.Syndesis.bisyndetic
- Syntax.Coordination.CoordPattern.a'co_b'co.syndesis = Syntax.Coordination.Syndesis.bisyndetic
- Syntax.Coordination.CoordPattern.a'co_co'b.syndesis = Syntax.Coordination.Syndesis.bisyndetic
- Syntax.Coordination.CoordPattern.co'a_b'co.syndesis = Syntax.Coordination.Syndesis.bisyndetic
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Diachronic source of conjunction constructions ([Has07] §5.1).
- comitative : DiachronicSource
"with" → coordinator (gives A co-B or A-co B).
- focusParticle : DiachronicSource
"also/too" → coordinator (gives A-co B-co).
- other : DiachronicSource
Other or unknown source.
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- Syntax.Coordination.instDecidableEqDiachronicSource x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯
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- Syntax.Coordination.instBEqDiachronicSource.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)
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Haspelmath's link between diachronic source and structural syndesis.
Returns the syndesis pattern expected from the source pathway; none
for .other since we make no prediction there.
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Stassen 2000 AND/WITH classification #
[Sta00] AND/WITH classification of languages. AND-languages have structurally distinct coordinate and comitative strategies. WITH-languages use comitative encoding as the only strategy for NP conjunction (lexical identity of "and" and "with").
- andLang : AndWithStatus
Coordinate and comitative are structurally distinct.
- withLang : AndWithStatus
Comitative marker = coordinator.
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- Syntax.Coordination.instDecidableEqAndWithStatus x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯
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- Syntax.Coordination.instBEqAndWithStatus.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)
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WALS aliases (Chs 56/63/64) #
WALS Ch 56: conjunction-quantifier relation.
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WALS Ch 63: noun-phrase conjunction (and-vs-with).
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WALS Ch 64: nominal-vs-verbal conjunction.
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Derive AND/WITH status from the conjunction-comitative relation ([Sta00]'s diagnostic).
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- Syntax.Coordination.ConjComitativeRelation.toAndWithStatus Data.WALS.F63A.NounPhraseConjunction.andDifferentFromWith = Syntax.Coordination.AndWithStatus.andLang
- Syntax.Coordination.ConjComitativeRelation.toAndWithStatus Data.WALS.F63A.NounPhraseConjunction.andIdenticalToWith = Syntax.Coordination.AndWithStatus.withLang
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Per-language structs #
A coordination entry annotated with its diachronic source.
Wraps Coordinator (from Semantics/Coordination/Defs) with typological
metadata. For languages with Fragment files, entry references the
Fragment entry directly — no data duplication.
- entry : Coordinator
The coordination morpheme entry.
- source : Option DiachronicSource
Likely diachronic source, if known.
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A language's conjunction system (M&S framework).
- language : String
Language name.
- morphemes : List SourcedEntry
Available conjunction morphemes (sourced entries).
- strategies : List ConjunctionStrategy
Which conjunction strategies are available (M&S classification).
- patterns : List CoordPattern
Structural patterns attested ([Has07] classification).
- iso : String
ISO 639-3 code.
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A language's coordination typology profile across WALS Chs 56, 63, 64.
- language : String
Language name.
- iso : String
ISO 639-3 code.
- family : String
Language family.
- conjQuant : Option ConjQuantRelation
Ch 56: conjunction-vs-universal-quantifier.
- conjComitative : Option ConjComitativeRelation
Ch 63: "and" vs "with".
- nomVerbalConj : Option NomVerbalConjRelation
Ch 64: NP-vs-VP conjunction.
- walsNotes : String
Free-form provenance notes.
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Derive AND/WITH status for a coordination profile from its Ch 63 value.
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- p.andWithStatus = Option.map (fun (x : Syntax.Coordination.ConjComitativeRelation) => x.toAndWithStatus) p.conjComitative
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Helper predicates #
The five ConjunctionSystem.has* predicates and muIsAdditive are
Prop-valued for clean theorem statements (no = true boilerplate).
Each has an explicit Decidable instance so concrete checks over finite
language samples close by decide.
Does a language make a given conjunction strategy available?
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- sys.hasStrategy s = (s ∈ sys.strategies)
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- Syntax.Coordination.instDecidableHasStrategy sys s = id inferInstance
Does a language have a MU morpheme that also serves as the additive
("also/too") particle? Existential: at least one MU morpheme in the
language's inventory has alsoAdditive = true.
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- sys.muIsAdditive = ∃ (m : Syntax.Coordination.SourcedEntry), m ∈ sys.morphemes ∧ m.entry.role = Coordinator.Role.mu ∧ m.entry.alsoAdditive = true
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- Syntax.Coordination.instDecidableMuIsAdditive sys = id inferInstance
Does the language attest a morpheme with the given diachronic source?
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- sys.hasSource s = ∃ (m : Syntax.Coordination.SourcedEntry), m ∈ sys.morphemes ∧ m.source = some s
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- Syntax.Coordination.instDecidableHasSource sys s = id inferInstance
Does a language attest at least one monosyndetic pattern?
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- sys.hasMonosyndetic = ∃ (p : Syntax.Coordination.CoordPattern), p ∈ sys.patterns ∧ p.syndesis = Syntax.Coordination.Syndesis.monosyndetic
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- Syntax.Coordination.instDecidableHasMonosyndetic sys = id inferInstance
Does a language attest at least one bisyndetic pattern?
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- sys.hasBisyndetic = ∃ (p : Syntax.Coordination.CoordPattern), p ∈ sys.patterns ∧ p.syndesis = Syntax.Coordination.Syndesis.bisyndetic
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- Syntax.Coordination.instDecidableHasBisyndetic sys = id inferInstance
The boundness of a language's MU particle, if it has one.
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Coordinate-structure symmetry #
Structural symmetry of a coordinate phrase (&P): whether one conjunct is
structurally more prominent (c-commands the other) or the structure is flat /
multidominant. The three groups of analyses for selection-violating coordination
([Sch26]) disagree on this parameter:
- Bottom-up accounts assume
asymmetric: the first conjunct c-commands the second, so only it must satisfy the selector's c-selectional requirements. - Linear/temporal-closeness accounts are compatible with either; their predictions derive from linear/temporal order, not structure.
- Symmetric accounts ([NPTvdK22], [Prz24]) posit flat or multidominance structures with no structural prominence.
- symmetric : CoordSymmetry
Flat or multidominance: no conjunct is structurally more prominent.
- asymmetric : CoordSymmetry
Binary
&P: the first conjunct c-commands the second.
Instances For
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- Syntax.Coordination.instDecidableEqCoordSymmetry x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯
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- Syntax.Coordination.instBEqCoordSymmetry.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)