Documentation

Linglib.Syntax.Coordination

Coordination: morphosyntactic typology #

[Has07] [Sta00] [MS16] [DH13a] [DH13b]

Per-language typological substrate for coordination across three frameworks:

  1. [Has07] structural typology: syndesis (asyndetic / monosyndetic / bisyndetic), coordinator position, structural patterns, and diachronic source (comitative vs additive focus particle).
  2. [Sta00] AND/WITH typology: derived from WALS Ch 63 (lexical identity of "and" and "with").
  3. WALS Ch 56/63/64: conjunction-quantifier relation, NP conjunction, nominal-vs-verbal conjunction.

Mirrors the Linglib/Typology/{Possession,Negation,Question,Comparison}.lean substrate-extension pattern. Fragment-importable; cross-linguistic theorems live in Studies/Haspelmath2007.lean (structural typology + 19-language sample), Studies/MitrovicSauerland2016.lean (J/MU framework + M&S generalisations), and Studies/Stassen2000.lean (AND/WITH typology + 15- language WALS sample).

Main declarations #

Implementation notes #

[MS14] conjunction strategy #

Cross-linguistic conjunction strategy. [MS14] decompose DP conjunction into three semantic pieces: J (set intersection), MU (subset), and a type-shifter; languages vary in which pieces are overtly realized.

  • jOnly : ConjunctionStrategy

    Only J particle overt (e.g., English "and", Hungarian "es", Georgian "da").

  • muOnly : ConjunctionStrategy

    Only MU particles overt (e.g., Japanese "mo...mo", Hungarian "is...is", Georgian "-c...-c").

  • jMu : ConjunctionStrategy

    Both J and MU overt (e.g., Hungarian "is es...is", Georgian "-c da...-c").

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      Number of overt functional morphemes per strategy. Under [MS16] the underlying structure always has 3 pieces (J + MU1 + MU2); what varies is how many are pronounced.

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        [MS16] + Transparency Principle: more overt morphemes -> easier to acquire (closer to a 1-to-1 form-meaning mapping).

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          Haspelmath 2007 structural enums #

          Syndesis: presence and number of overt coordinators ([Has07] §1).

          • asyndetic : Syndesis

            A B (juxtaposition, no overt linker).

          • monosyndetic : Syndesis

            A co-B (single coordinator).

          • bisyndetic : Syndesis

            co-A co-B (two coordinators, one per coordinand).

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              Coordinator position relative to its coordinand ([Has07] §1.2).

              [Has07] notes that co-A B (prepositive on first coordinand only) is unattested (cf. [Sta00], n=260).

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                  Structural pattern for binary coordination ([Has07] (17)).

                  Monosyndetic: 3 attested patterns (of 4 logically possible). The fourth monosyndetic pattern co-A B (prepositive on first coordinand only) is unattested per [Sta00], n=260; the absence is encoded as a theorem rather than by omission (see Studies/Haspelmath2007.lean).

                  Bisyndetic: 4 attested patterns.

                  • a_co_b : CoordPattern

                    A co-B: medial prepositive (English "A and B").

                  • a'co_b : CoordPattern

                    A-co B: medial postpositive on 1st (Tibetan "A-daŋ B").

                  • a_b'co : CoordPattern

                    A B-co: final postpositive (Latin "senatus populus-que").

                  • co'a_b : CoordPattern

                    co-A B: prepositive on first coordinand only — typologically unattested for conjunction ([Sta00], n=260).

                  • co'a_co'b : CoordPattern

                    co-A co-B: prepositive bisyndetic (Yoruba "àtí A àtí B").

                  • a'co_b'co : CoordPattern

                    A-co B-co: postpositive bisyndetic (Martuthunira "A-thurti B-thurti").

                  • a'co_co'b : CoordPattern

                    A-co co-B: mixed bisyndetic (Homeric Greek "A-te kaì B").

                  • co'a_b'co : CoordPattern

                    co-A B-co: mixed bisyndetic (Latin "et A B-que").

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                      Diachronic source of conjunction constructions ([Has07] §5.1).

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                          Haspelmath's link between diachronic source and structural syndesis. Returns the syndesis pattern expected from the source pathway; none for .other since we make no prediction there.

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                            Stassen 2000 AND/WITH classification #

                            [Sta00] AND/WITH classification of languages. AND-languages have structurally distinct coordinate and comitative strategies. WITH-languages use comitative encoding as the only strategy for NP conjunction (lexical identity of "and" and "with").

                            • andLang : AndWithStatus

                              Coordinate and comitative are structurally distinct.

                            • withLang : AndWithStatus

                              Comitative marker = coordinator.

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                                WALS aliases (Chs 56/63/64) #

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                                WALS Ch 56: conjunction-quantifier relation.

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                                  WALS Ch 63: noun-phrase conjunction (and-vs-with).

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                                    WALS Ch 64: nominal-vs-verbal conjunction.

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                                      Per-language structs #

                                      A coordination entry annotated with its diachronic source. Wraps Coordinator (from Semantics/Coordination/Defs) with typological metadata. For languages with Fragment files, entry references the Fragment entry directly — no data duplication.

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                                          A language's conjunction system (M&S framework).

                                          • language : String

                                            Language name.

                                          • morphemes : List SourcedEntry

                                            Available conjunction morphemes (sourced entries).

                                          • strategies : List ConjunctionStrategy

                                            Which conjunction strategies are available (M&S classification).

                                          • patterns : List CoordPattern

                                            Structural patterns attested ([Has07] classification).

                                          • iso : String

                                            ISO 639-3 code.

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                                              A language's coordination typology profile across WALS Chs 56, 63, 64.

                                              • language : String

                                                Language name.

                                              • iso : String

                                                ISO 639-3 code.

                                              • family : String

                                                Language family.

                                              • conjQuant : Option ConjQuantRelation

                                                Ch 56: conjunction-vs-universal-quantifier.

                                              • conjComitative : Option ConjComitativeRelation

                                                Ch 63: "and" vs "with".

                                              • nomVerbalConj : Option NomVerbalConjRelation

                                                Ch 64: NP-vs-VP conjunction.

                                              • walsNotes : String

                                                Free-form provenance notes.

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                                                  Derive AND/WITH status for a coordination profile from its Ch 63 value.

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                                                    Helper predicates #

                                                    The five ConjunctionSystem.has* predicates and muIsAdditive are Prop-valued for clean theorem statements (no = true boilerplate). Each has an explicit Decidable instance so concrete checks over finite language samples close by decide.

                                                    Does a language make a given conjunction strategy available?

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                                                      Does a language have a MU morpheme that also serves as the additive ("also/too") particle? Existential: at least one MU morpheme in the language's inventory has alsoAdditive = true.

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                                                        Does the language attest a morpheme with the given diachronic source?

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                                                          Does a language attest at least one monosyndetic pattern?

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                                                            Does a language attest at least one bisyndetic pattern?

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                                                              The boundness of a language's MU particle, if it has one.

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                                                                Coordinate-structure symmetry #

                                                                Structural symmetry of a coordinate phrase (&P): whether one conjunct is structurally more prominent (c-commands the other) or the structure is flat / multidominant. The three groups of analyses for selection-violating coordination ([Sch26]) disagree on this parameter:

                                                                • Bottom-up accounts assume asymmetric: the first conjunct c-commands the second, so only it must satisfy the selector's c-selectional requirements.
                                                                • Linear/temporal-closeness accounts are compatible with either; their predictions derive from linear/temporal order, not structure.
                                                                • Symmetric accounts ([NPTvdK22], [Prz24]) posit flat or multidominance structures with no structural prominence.
                                                                • symmetric : CoordSymmetry

                                                                  Flat or multidominance: no conjunct is structurally more prominent.

                                                                • asymmetric : CoordSymmetry

                                                                  Binary &P: the first conjunct c-commands the second.

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