Latin Coordination Morphemes

@cite{haspelmath-2007}

Latin has a rich coordination system with both free and bound forms. The J/MU decomposition (@cite{mitrovic-sauerland-2014}, @cite{mitrovic-sauerland-2016}) maps cleanly:

• et — J, free, prepositive: "A et B"
• -que — MU, bound enclitic, postpositive: "A B-que" (= "A and B")
• atque/ac — emphatic J variant (before consonants: ac)
• neque/nec — negative coordination ("neither...nor")

The et...et pattern ("both...and") and neque...neque pattern are bisyndetic uses of J particles.

Connection to Typology.lean: Phenomena.Coordination.Studies.Haspelmath2007.latin encodes the structural patterns (a_co_b, a_b'co, co'a_b'co).

def Fragments.Latin.Coordination.et : Features.Coordination.CoordEntry

et — primary conjunction, J particle. Free, prepositive. "Caesar et Brutus" = "Caesar and Brutus". Also used correlatively: "et A et B" = "both A and B".

Equations

• Fragments.Latin.Coordination.et = { form := "et", gloss := "and", role := Features.Coordination.CoordRole.j, boundness := Features.Coordination.Boundness.free, correlative := true }

def Fragments.Latin.Coordination.que : Features.Coordination.CoordEntry

-que — enclitic conjunction, MU particle. Bound, postpositive. "senatus populusque" = "senate and people". Historically connected to the additive/inclusive particle.

Equations

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def Fragments.Latin.Coordination.atque : Features.Coordination.CoordEntry

atque / ac — emphatic conjunction, J variant. ac before consonants, atque before vowels. "atque" < *ad-que (lit. "and to that").

Equations

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def Fragments.Latin.Coordination.neque : Features.Coordination.CoordEntry

neque / nec — negative coordination. "neque A neque B" = "neither A nor B". Morphologically ne + -que (negation + MU enclitic).

Equations

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def Fragments.Latin.Coordination.aut : Features.Coordination.CoordEntry

aut — exclusive/strong disjunction. "aut A aut B" = "either A or B (but not both)".

Equations

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def Fragments.Latin.Coordination.vel : Features.Coordination.CoordEntry

vel — inclusive/weak disjunction. "vel A vel B" = "A or B (or both)".

Equations

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def Fragments.Latin.Coordination.sed : Features.Coordination.CoordEntry

sed — adversative conjunction. "non A sed B" = "not A but B".

Equations

• Fragments.Latin.Coordination.sed = { form := "sed", gloss := "but", role := Features.Coordination.CoordRole.advers, boundness := Features.Coordination.Boundness.free }

def Fragments.Latin.Coordination.allEntries : List Features.Coordination.CoordEntry

Equations

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theorem Fragments.Latin.Coordination.one_bound_morpheme : (List.filter (fun (x : Features.Coordination.CoordEntry) => x.boundness == Features.Coordination.Boundness.bound) allEntries).length = 1

Latin has exactly one bound morpheme: -que.

theorem Fragments.Latin.Coordination.bound_is_mu : ((List.filter (fun (x : Features.Coordination.CoordEntry) => x.boundness == Features.Coordination.Boundness.bound) allEntries).all fun (x : Features.Coordination.CoordEntry) => x.role == Features.Coordination.CoordRole.mu) = true

The bound morpheme is the MU particle -que.

theorem Fragments.Latin.Coordination.correlative_entries : (List.filter (fun (x : Features.Coordination.CoordEntry) => x.correlative) allEntries).length = 4

Latin has correlative uses of J, disjunction, and negative coordination.