Muñoz Pérez (2026) — Stylistic Applicatives in Chilean Spanish

[MP26]

Grammaticality judgments from [MP26] "Stylistic applicatives: A lens into the nature of anticausative SE" (Glossa 11(1)).

Main declarations

• Judgment, CliticPattern, DativeCliticPerson — empirical data types
• spanishFissionRule — instantiation of the generic Morphology.DM.FissionRule with Chilean-Spanish-specific data
• voice_semantically_vacuous — re-export of Minimalist.nonThematic_no_semantics
• three_way_synonymy_from_vacuity, fission_person_restriction, stylLE_requires_inchoative, unmarked_blocks_stylLE — bridge theorems for the empirical properties of stylistic LE the Fission analysis accounts for

Implementation notes

Acceptability follows the project-canonical Features.Acceptability six-level taxonomy. Paper-internal * maps to .unacceptable and the unmarked judgment maps to .ok.

Key data points

1. Three-way synonymy (exx. 7–12): For marked anticausatives with 1SG/2SG dative, three clitic patterns are interchangeable:

   • SE + CL_dat: se me rompió "it broke on me"
   • CL_dat + LE: me le rompió
   • SE + CL_dat + LE: se me le rompió

2. Person restriction (exx. 15–19, cerrar la ventana): Stylistic LE is available only with 1SG (me) and 2SG (te), not 3SG (le), 1PL (nos), 2/3PL (les).

3. Marking restriction (exx. 39–44): Stylistic LE requires SE-marked (or optionally SE-marked) anticausatives. Unmarked anticausatives (mejorar) block it.

4. Negative controls (exx. 13b, 14b): quejarse and impersonal SE reject the me le pattern; the stylistic le is not a free dative.

Data types

inductive MunozPerez2026.CliticPattern : Type

A clitic pattern in an anticausative construction.

• se_cl : CliticPattern

  SE + dative clitic: se me rompió.

• cl_le : CliticPattern

  Dative clitic + LE: me le rompió (stylistic applicative).

• se_cl_le : CliticPattern

  SE + dative clitic + LE: se me le rompió.

@[implicit_reducible]

instance MunozPerez2026.instDecidableEqCliticPattern : DecidableEq CliticPattern

Equations

• MunozPerez2026.instDecidableEqCliticPattern x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[implicit_reducible]

instance MunozPerez2026.instReprCliticPattern : Repr CliticPattern

Equations

• MunozPerez2026.instReprCliticPattern = { reprPrec := MunozPerez2026.instReprCliticPattern.repr }

def MunozPerez2026.instReprCliticPattern.repr : CliticPattern → ℕ → Std.Format

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inductive MunozPerez2026.DativeCliticPerson : Type

Person of the dative clitic.

• first_sg : DativeCliticPerson

  me

• second_sg : DativeCliticPerson

  te

• third_sg : DativeCliticPerson

  le

• first_pl : DativeCliticPerson

  nos

• third_pl : DativeCliticPerson

  les

@[implicit_reducible]

instance MunozPerez2026.instDecidableEqDativeCliticPerson : DecidableEq DativeCliticPerson

Equations

• MunozPerez2026.instDecidableEqDativeCliticPerson x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def MunozPerez2026.instReprDativeCliticPerson.repr : DativeCliticPerson → ℕ → Std.Format

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@[implicit_reducible]

instance MunozPerez2026.instReprDativeCliticPerson : Repr DativeCliticPerson

Equations

• MunozPerez2026.instReprDativeCliticPerson = { reprPrec := MunozPerez2026.instReprDativeCliticPerson.repr }

structure MunozPerez2026.Judgment : Type

A single grammaticality judgment from the paper.

• exNumber : String

  Example number in the paper.

• verb : String

  The verb in citation form.

• pattern : CliticPattern

  The clitic pattern.

• dativePerson : DativeCliticPerson

  Person of the dative clitic.

• acceptability : Features.Acceptability

  Acceptability per Features.Acceptability.

def MunozPerez2026.instReprJudgment.repr : Judgment → ℕ → Std.Format

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@[implicit_reducible]

instance MunozPerez2026.instReprJudgment : Repr Judgment

Equations

• MunozPerez2026.instReprJudgment = { reprPrec := MunozPerez2026.instReprJudgment.repr }

def MunozPerez2026.instBEqJudgment.beq : Judgment → Judgment → Bool

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• MunozPerez2026.instBEqJudgment.beq x✝¹ x✝ = false

@[implicit_reducible]

instance MunozPerez2026.instBEqJudgment : BEq Judgment

Equations

• MunozPerez2026.instBEqJudgment = { beq := MunozPerez2026.instBEqJudgment.beq }

Three-way synonymy data (exx. 7–12)

def MunozPerez2026.romper_se_me : Judgment

romper "break" with 1SG dative: all three patterns OK.

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def MunozPerez2026.romper_me_le : Judgment

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def MunozPerez2026.romper_se_me_le : Judgment

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def MunozPerez2026.hundir_se_me : Judgment

hundir "sink" with 1SG dative.

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def MunozPerez2026.hundir_me_le : Judgment

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def MunozPerez2026.caer_se_me : Judgment

caer "fall" with 1SG dative.

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def MunozPerez2026.caer_me_le : Judgment

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def MunozPerez2026.caer_se_me_le : Judgment

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def MunozPerez2026.morir_se_me : Judgment

morir "die" with 1SG dative.

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def MunozPerez2026.morir_me_le : Judgment

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def MunozPerez2026.morir_se_me_le : Judgment

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Negative controls (exx. 13b, 14b)

Crucially, the me le pattern is NOT freely available — it is rejected with the inherently reflexive verb quejarse "complain" (ex. 13b) and with impersonal SE plus an argumental dative (ex. 14b). These witnesses keep the dataset honest: stylistic LE depends on the marked-anticausative structure, not on phonological adjacency.

def MunozPerez2026.quejarse_me_le : Judgment

quejarse "complain" rejects the me le pattern (ex. 13b).

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def MunozPerez2026.impersonal_me_le : Judgment

Impersonal SE + argumental dative rejects the me le pattern (ex. 14b).

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def MunozPerez2026.negativeControls : List Judgment

Negative-control judgments.

Equations

• MunozPerez2026.negativeControls = [MunozPerez2026.quejarse_me_le, MunozPerez2026.impersonal_me_le]

Person restriction data (exx. 15–19, cerrar la ventana)

def MunozPerez2026.person_1sg : Judgment

1SG: stylistic LE is OK (ex. 15b Me le cerró la ventana).

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def MunozPerez2026.person_2sg : Judgment

2SG: stylistic LE is OK (ex. 16b Te le cerró la ventana).

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def MunozPerez2026.person_3sg : Judgment

3SG: stylistic LE is BLOCKED (ex. 17b Le le cerró la ventana).

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def MunozPerez2026.person_1pl : Judgment

1PL: stylistic LE is BLOCKED (ex. 18b Nos le cerró la ventana).

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def MunozPerez2026.person_3pl : Judgment

2/3PL: stylistic LE is BLOCKED (ex. 19b Les le cerró la ventana).

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def MunozPerez2026.personRestrictionData : List Judgment

Person restriction data collected.

Equations

• MunozPerez2026.personRestrictionData = [MunozPerez2026.person_1sg, MunozPerez2026.person_2sg, MunozPerez2026.person_3sg, MunozPerez2026.person_1pl, MunozPerez2026.person_3pl]

Marking restriction data (exx. 39–44)

def MunozPerez2026.quebrar_le : Judgment

quebrar (marked SE) licenses stylistic LE (ex. 39b Me le quebró el florero).

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def MunozPerez2026.mejorar_le : Judgment

mejorar (unmarked) does NOT license stylistic LE (ex. 40b *Me le mejoró el sueldo).

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def MunozPerez2026.hervir_le : Judgment

hervir (optional SE) DOES license stylistic LE (ex. 44a Me le hirvió el agua).

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Data verification

theorem MunozPerez2026.three_way_all_grammatical : (romper_se_me.acceptability == Features.Acceptability.ok && romper_me_le.acceptability == Features.Acceptability.ok && romper_se_me_le.acceptability == Features.Acceptability.ok) = true

All three-way synonymy patterns are grammatical for 1SG.

theorem MunozPerez2026.person_restriction_data : (List.filter (fun (x : Judgment) => x.acceptability == Features.Acceptability.ok) personRestrictionData).length = 2

Person restriction: exactly 1SG and 2SG are grammatical.

theorem MunozPerez2026.person_restriction_blocked : (List.filter (fun (x : Judgment) => x.acceptability == Features.Acceptability.unacceptable) personRestrictionData).length = 3

Person restriction: exactly 3SG, 1PL, 3PL are ungrammatical.

theorem MunozPerez2026.cerrar_anchors_person_paradigm : (personRestrictionData.all fun (x : Judgment) => x.verb == "cerrar") = true

The person paradigm uses cerrar (ex. 15), not caer (ex. 9).

theorem MunozPerez2026.marking_restriction : (quebrar_le.acceptability == Features.Acceptability.ok && hervir_le.acceptability == Features.Acceptability.ok && mejorar_le.acceptability == Features.Acceptability.unacceptable) = true

Marking restriction: marked/optional → OK, unmarked → blocked.

theorem MunozPerez2026.negative_controls_unacceptable : (negativeControls.all fun (x : Judgment) => x.acceptability == Features.Acceptability.unacceptable) = true

Negative controls are present and uniformly unacceptable. Drift sentry: if the me le pattern were ever miscoded as .ok, this fails.

Spanish Fission instantiation

structure MunozPerez2026.FissionOutput : Type

The Spanish-specific realization output of Fission: two clitic positions. Cl₁ surfaces person features (me/te), Cl₂ is invariably le.

• cl1Form : String

  Cl₁: bears person features.

• cl2Form : String

  Cl₂: bears case features.

@[implicit_reducible]

instance MunozPerez2026.instReprFissionOutput : Repr FissionOutput

Equations

• MunozPerez2026.instReprFissionOutput = { reprPrec := MunozPerez2026.instReprFissionOutput.repr }

def MunozPerez2026.instReprFissionOutput.repr : FissionOutput → ℕ → Std.Format

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@[implicit_reducible]

instance MunozPerez2026.instDecidableEqFissionOutput : DecidableEq FissionOutput

Equations

• MunozPerez2026.instDecidableEqFissionOutput = MunozPerez2026.instDecidableEqFissionOutput.decEq

def MunozPerez2026.instDecidableEqFissionOutput.decEq (x✝ x✝¹ : FissionOutput) : Decidable (x✝ = x✝¹)

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def MunozPerez2026.spanishFissionRule : Morphology.DM.FissionRule Person.Category (List Minimalist.VerbHead) FissionOutput

The stylistic applicative Fission rule for Chilean Spanish ([MP26] rule 55).

Instantiates the generic Morphology.DM.FissionRule with Spanish-specific data:

• Context: inchoative verbal-head sequence (vGO ⌒ vBE)
• Bundle: [+PART, +SING] person (1SG or 2SG)
• Realization: Cl₁ = me/te (from [±AUTHOR]), Cl₂ = le (invariable)

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def MunozPerez2026.AnticausativePF (out : FissionOutput) : Prop

[MP26]'s PF condition (rule 58): the non-thematic VoiceP projection must be overtly marked on the verb by a reflexive clitic. se is the directly-merged reflexive; me/te count because they are DAT-REFL syncretic (the paper's table 59) and syncretic elements are indistinguishable for PF purposes. (1PL nos is also syncretic but is filtered upstream: Fission requires [+SING], so nos le is never generated.)

Equations

• MunozPerez2026.AnticausativePF out = (out.cl1Form = "me" ∨ out.cl1Form = "te" ∨ out.cl1Form = "se")

@[implicit_reducible]

instance MunozPerez2026.instDecidablePredFissionOutputAnticausativePF : DecidablePred AnticausativePF

Equations

• MunozPerez2026.instDecidablePredFissionOutputAnticausativePF out = MunozPerez2026.instDecidablePredFissionOutputAnticausativePF._aux_1 out

def MunozPerez2026.applySpanishFission (p : Person.Category) (heads : List Minimalist.VerbHead) : Option FissionOutput

Apply the Spanish stylistic applicative Fission rule.

Equations

• MunozPerez2026.applySpanishFission p heads = MunozPerez2026.spanishFissionRule.apply p heads

Person restriction (paper §3.1)

theorem MunozPerez2026.fission_person_restriction : Spanish.PersonFeatures.IsFissionApplicable Person.Category.s1 ∧ Spanish.PersonFeatures.IsFissionApplicable Person.Category.s2 ∧ ¬Spanish.PersonFeatures.IsFissionApplicable Person.Category.s3 ∧ ¬Spanish.PersonFeatures.IsFissionApplicable Person.Category.minIncl ∧ ¬Spanish.PersonFeatures.IsFissionApplicable Person.Category.augIncl ∧ ¬Spanish.PersonFeatures.IsFissionApplicable Person.Category.excl ∧ ¬Spanish.PersonFeatures.IsFissionApplicable Person.Category.secondGrp ∧ ¬Spanish.PersonFeatures.IsFissionApplicable Person.Category.thirdGrp

Fission applies only to 1SG and 2SG. DERIVED from [+PARTICIPANT, +SINGULAR] feature condition.

theorem MunozPerez2026.person_restriction_matches_data : Spanish.PersonFeatures.IsFissionApplicable Person.Category.s1 ∧ person_1sg.acceptability = Features.Acceptability.ok ∧ Spanish.PersonFeatures.IsFissionApplicable Person.Category.s2 ∧ person_2sg.acceptability = Features.Acceptability.ok ∧ ¬Spanish.PersonFeatures.IsFissionApplicable Person.Category.s3 ∧ person_3sg.acceptability = Features.Acceptability.unacceptable

The person restriction matches the empirical data: Fission applies ↔ stylistic LE is grammatical.

Inchoative requirement (the context of rule 55)

theorem MunozPerez2026.stylLE_requires_inchoative : (applySpanishFission Person.Category.s1 [Minimalist.VerbHead.vCAUSE, Minimalist.VerbHead.vGO, Minimalist.VerbHead.vBE]).isSome = true ∧ (applySpanishFission Person.Category.s1 [Minimalist.VerbHead.vDO]).isSome = false ∧ (applySpanishFission Person.Category.s1 [Minimalist.VerbHead.vDO, Minimalist.VerbHead.vCAUSE, Minimalist.VerbHead.vGO, Minimalist.VerbHead.vBE]).isSome = false

Stylistic LE requires inchoative context (vGO ∧ vBE). DERIVED from Fission's structural context condition.

theorem MunozPerez2026.stylLE_verbs_inchoative : ((List.filter (fun (x : Spanish.Predicates.SpanishVerbEntry) => x.licensesStylLE) Spanish.Predicates.munozVerbs).all fun (v : Spanish.Predicates.SpanishVerbEntry) => Minimalist.isInchoative v.verbHead) = true

Every Muñoz-Pérez verb that licenses stylistic LE has inchoative structure. DERIVED from the verb fragment.

Marking restriction

theorem MunozPerez2026.unmarked_blocks_stylLE : Spanish.Predicates.mejorar.anticausativeMarking = Spanish.Predicates.AnticausativeMarking.unmarked ∧ Spanish.Predicates.mejorar.licensesStylLE = false

Unmarked anticausatives block stylistic LE. DERIVED from the verb fragment: mejorar is unmarked and blocks LE.

theorem MunozPerez2026.marked_licenses_stylLE : Spanish.Predicates.quebrar.anticausativeMarking = Spanish.Predicates.AnticausativeMarking.marked ∧ Spanish.Predicates.quebrar.licensesStylLE = true

Marked anticausatives license stylistic LE.

theorem MunozPerez2026.optional_licenses_stylLE : Spanish.Predicates.hervir.anticausativeMarking = Spanish.Predicates.AnticausativeMarking.optional ∧ Spanish.Predicates.hervir.licensesStylLE = true

Optional SE-marking also licenses stylistic LE.

theorem MunozPerez2026.blocking_verbs_all_unmarked : ((List.filter (fun (x : Spanish.Predicates.SpanishVerbEntry) => !x.licensesStylLE) Spanish.Predicates.munozVerbs).all fun (v : Spanish.Predicates.SpanishVerbEntry) => v.anticausativeMarking == Spanish.Predicates.AnticausativeMarking.unmarked) = true

All Muñoz-Pérez verbs blocking stylistic LE are unmarked. DERIVED from the fragment data.

SE-optionality (the PF condition, rule 58)

theorem MunozPerez2026.se_optional_1sg : ∃ (out : FissionOutput), applySpanishFission Person.Category.s1 [Minimalist.VerbHead.vCAUSE, Minimalist.VerbHead.vGO, Minimalist.VerbHead.vBE] = some out ∧ AnticausativePF out

When Fission applies, the output clitic satisfies the PF marking condition (syncretic with reflexive), making SE optional.

theorem MunozPerez2026.se_optional_2sg : ∃ (out : FissionOutput), applySpanishFission Person.Category.s2 [Minimalist.VerbHead.vCAUSE, Minimalist.VerbHead.vGO, Minimalist.VerbHead.vBE] = some out ∧ AnticausativePF out

theorem MunozPerez2026.syncretism_aligns_with_fission : Spanish.Clitics.datReflSyncretic UD.Person.first UD.Number.Sing = true ∧ Spanish.Clitics.datReflSyncretic UD.Person.second UD.Number.Sing = true ∧ Spanish.Clitics.datReflSyncretic UD.Person.third UD.Number.Sing = false

The DAT-REFL syncretism that enables SE-optionality is present for exactly the persons where Fission applies.

Three-way synonymy

theorem MunozPerez2026.voice_semantically_vacuous : ¬Minimalist.voiceAnticausative.HasSemantics

Re-export of Minimalist.nonThematic_no_semantics in the Muñoz-Pérez frame. SE is purely a PF marker — its presence or absence is phonological, not semantic.

theorem MunozPerez2026.three_way_synonymy_from_vacuity : romper_se_me.acceptability = Features.Acceptability.ok ∧ romper_me_le.acceptability = Features.Acceptability.ok ∧ romper_se_me_le.acceptability = Features.Acceptability.ok ∧ ¬Minimalist.voiceAnticausative.HasSemantics

The empirical three-way synonymy is consistent with Voice vacuity: the three .ok judgments co-hold with the proof that Voice has no semantics (the judgments are data, not derived).

Fission verification

theorem MunozPerez2026.fission_1sg_inchoative : applySpanishFission Person.Category.s1 [Minimalist.VerbHead.vCAUSE, Minimalist.VerbHead.vGO, Minimalist.VerbHead.vBE] = some { cl1Form := "me", cl2Form := "le" }

Fission applies to 1SG in inchoative context.

theorem MunozPerez2026.fission_2sg_inchoative : applySpanishFission Person.Category.s2 [Minimalist.VerbHead.vCAUSE, Minimalist.VerbHead.vGO, Minimalist.VerbHead.vBE] = some { cl1Form := "te", cl2Form := "le" }

Fission applies to 2SG in inchoative context.

theorem MunozPerez2026.fission_blocked_3sg : applySpanishFission Person.Category.s3 [Minimalist.VerbHead.vCAUSE, Minimalist.VerbHead.vGO, Minimalist.VerbHead.vBE] = none

Fission does NOT apply to 3SG (not [+PART]).

theorem MunozPerez2026.fission_blocked_activity : applySpanishFission Person.Category.s1 [Minimalist.VerbHead.vDO] = none

Fission does NOT apply in non-inchoative context (activity).

theorem MunozPerez2026.fission_blocked_causative : applySpanishFission Person.Category.s1 [Minimalist.VerbHead.vDO, Minimalist.VerbHead.vCAUSE, Minimalist.VerbHead.vGO, Minimalist.VerbHead.vBE] = none

Fission does NOT apply in causative context (has vDO).

theorem MunozPerez2026.cl1_1sg_is_me : Option.map (fun (x : FissionOutput) => x.cl1Form) (applySpanishFission Person.Category.s1 [Minimalist.VerbHead.vCAUSE, Minimalist.VerbHead.vGO, Minimalist.VerbHead.vBE]) = some "me"

1SG Cl₁ is "me" (reflects [+AUTHOR]).

theorem MunozPerez2026.cl1_2sg_is_te : Option.map (fun (x : FissionOutput) => x.cl1Form) (applySpanishFission Person.Category.s2 [Minimalist.VerbHead.vCAUSE, Minimalist.VerbHead.vGO, Minimalist.VerbHead.vBE]) = some "te"

2SG Cl₁ is "te" (reflects [-AUTHOR]).

theorem MunozPerez2026.cl2_invariable : Option.map (fun (x : FissionOutput) => x.cl2Form) (applySpanishFission Person.Category.s1 [Minimalist.VerbHead.vCAUSE, Minimalist.VerbHead.vGO, Minimalist.VerbHead.vBE]) = some "le" ∧ Option.map (fun (x : FissionOutput) => x.cl2Form) (applySpanishFission Person.Category.s2 [Minimalist.VerbHead.vCAUSE, Minimalist.VerbHead.vGO, Minimalist.VerbHead.vBE]) = some "le"

Cl₂ is always invariable "le".

Refutation of [KG09]

K-G's reflexivization analysis predicts that every alternating verb has SE in its anticausative form (cumulation of A and P spelled out as SE). The verb-level predicate KoontzGarboden2009.kgPredictsSEMarked formalises this chain. mejorar "improve" alternates while remaining unmarked, falsifying the prediction. The paper's footnote 7 notes that [KG09]'s own implementation restricts reflexivization to SE-marked anticausatives, so the mejorar argument bites most directly against the null-reflexive extension ([Chi04]).

theorem MunozPerez2026.refutes_koontzgarboden : ¬KoontzGarboden2009.kgPredictsSEMarked Spanish.Predicates.mejorar

Refutation of [KG09]: mejorar alternates but is unmarked (no SE), against K-G's prediction that reflexivization requires SE-spell-out. Closes the bridge from K-G's reflexivization.involvesCumulation = true to a falsifying Spanish verb.

Cross-framework comparisons

The paper draws a second comparative argument — narrower than [MSK25]'s two-flavor Voice — that is not yet stated as a Lean theorem.

Todo

• MSK comparison as a real bridge theorem. Analogously, MartinSchaeferKastner2025.seVoiceOptions : List VoiceFlavor is a list literal [.nonThematic, .reflexive]. A subset claim against any hand-written Muñoz list of flavors is decided by decide over list literals — no real Voice-flavor mechanism is engaged. A genuine comparison requires deriving each paper's predicted flavor set from its analytical commitments (Voice-flavor licensing rules in MSK; Fission + Voice-vacuity in MunozPerez), then proving inclusion of the derived sets.

• vGO ⌒ vBE adjacency in isInchoative (Phase D — substrate). Muñoz Pérez's Fission rule has the explicit context /vGO __ vBE, but Syntax/Minimalist/VerbalDecomposition.lean's isInchoative checks only set-membership (heads.contains .vGO), not adjacency. Deferred because the refactor touches 8 downstream consumer files. A focused session should add an applPos field (or similar adjacency witness) to the decomposition and audit each consumer site.

• Derive licensesStylLE from structure (Phase D — Fragments/Spanish/Predicates.lean). The Fragment currently stipulates licensesStylLE : Bool per verb; per CLAUDE.md's "derive, don't stipulate" rule it should be computed from existing structural fields, plausibly isInchoative v.verbHead && v.anticausativeMarking ∈ [.marked, .optional]. Deferred pending Phase D's isInchoative refactor (the derivation needs adjacency-aware inchoativity to be empirically tight).

• Newman 2024 Feature Failure (Phase D — Minimalist substrate). Paper rule 60 grounds why the stylistic le's unchecked features do not crash the derivation. The Minimalist substrate currently has no Derivation or crashes predicates to formalise Feature Failure against; deferred pending those primitives.