Spanish Verb Entries for the Causative Alternation

@cite{cuervo-2003} @cite{munoz-perez-2026} @cite{koontz-garboden-2009}

Verbs from Muñoz @cite{munoz-perez-2026} classified by anticausative marking (SE) and event-structural decomposition, extended with causer specification from @cite{koontz-garboden-2009}.

Anticausative Marking Types

• Marked: Anticausative requires SE (quebrar → quebrarse)
• Unmarked: No SE in anticausative (mejorar → mejorar)
• Optional: SE is marginal (hervir → ?hervirse)

Causer Specification (@cite{koontz-garboden-2009} §§3.1–3.2)

The thematic specification of the causing participant determines whether a verb can anticausativize:

• EFFECTOR (underspecified): causative admits agents, instruments, natural forces, events → anticausative available (romper, abrir)
• AGENT (specified): causative requires agentive causer → no anticausative, only reflexive (asesinar, cortar)

inductive Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.AnticausativeMarking : Type

How an anticausative verb is morphologically marked in Spanish.

• marked : AnticausativeMarking
• unmarked : AnticausativeMarking
• optional : AnticausativeMarking

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.instDecidableEqAnticausativeMarking : DecidableEq AnticausativeMarking

Equations

• Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.instDecidableEqAnticausativeMarking x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.instReprAnticausativeMarking : Repr AnticausativeMarking

Equations

• Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.instReprAnticausativeMarking = { reprPrec := Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.instReprAnticausativeMarking.repr }

def Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.instReprAnticausativeMarking.repr : AnticausativeMarking → ℕ → Std.Format

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inductive Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.CauserSpec : Type

Thematic specification of the participant in the causing subevent (@cite{koontz-garboden-2009} §§2.1, 3.1–3.2).

The critical distinction: EFFECTOR (@cite{van-valin-wilkins-1996}) is thematically underspecified — the causer can be an agent, instrument, natural force, or event. AGENT is thematically specified — the causer must be agentive (volitional, sentient).

This determines anticausativizability: reflexivization of an EFFECTOR verb yields an anticausative reading; reflexivization of an AGENT verb yields only a reflexive reading.

• effector : CauserSpec

  Underspecified causer: admits agents, instruments, natural forces, events. Spanish romper, abrir, hundir, ahogar.

• agent : CauserSpec

  Agentive causer required. Spanish asesinar, cortar.

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.instDecidableEqCauserSpec : DecidableEq CauserSpec

Equations

• Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.instDecidableEqCauserSpec x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.instReprCauserSpec.repr : CauserSpec → ℕ → Std.Format

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@[implicit_reducible]

instance Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.instReprCauserSpec : Repr CauserSpec

Equations

• Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.instReprCauserSpec = { reprPrec := Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.instReprCauserSpec.repr }

structure Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.SpanishVerbEntryextends Semantics.Lexical.VerbCore : Type

A Spanish verb with its causative alternation properties.

Extends VerbCore with Spanish-specific fields for anticausative marking and event-structural decomposition.

• form : String
• complementType : ComplementType
• subjectEntailments : Option ArgumentStructure.EntailmentProfile.EntailmentProfile
• objectEntailments : Option ArgumentStructure.EntailmentProfile.EntailmentProfile
• controlType : ControlType
• altComplementType : Option ComplementType
• altControlType : ControlType
• unaccusative : Bool
• voiceType : Option VoiceType
• passivizable : Bool
• implicitObj : Option ImplicitInterp
• implicitGoal : Option ImplicitInterp
• speechActVerb : Bool
• vendlerClass : Option Features.VendlerClass
• degreeAchievementScale : Option Features.DegreeAchievement.DegreeAchievementScale
• verbIncClass : Option Aspect.Incremental.VerbIncClass
• presupType : Option PresupTriggerType
• postsupType : Option PostsupType
• projectionBehavior : Option ProjectionBehavior
• selectsDimension : Option Features.Dimension.Dimension
• cosType : Option Features.ChangeOfState.CoSType
• implicative : Option Features.Implicative
• causative : Option Features.Causative
• causalSource : Option Causation.Psych.CausalSource
• opaqueContext : Bool
• attitude : Option Features.Attitude
• takesQuestionBase : Bool
• complementSig : Option Core.NaturalLogic.EntailmentSig
• senseTag : SenseTag
• levinClass : Option LevinClass
• rootProfile : Option Roots.RootProfile
• anticausativeMarking : AnticausativeMarking

  How the anticausative is marked

• causativeAlternation : Bool

  Participates in causative/anticausative alternation

• verbHead : List Minimalist.VerbHead

  Cuervo's decomposition of the inchoative form

• licensesStylLE : Bool

  Empirical: does this verb license stylistic LE?

• causerSpec : Option CauserSpec

  Thematic specification of the causing participant (@cite{koontz-garboden-2009}). none for non-causative verbs.

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.instReprSpanishVerbEntry : Repr SpanishVerbEntry

Equations

• Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.instReprSpanishVerbEntry = { reprPrec := Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.instReprSpanishVerbEntry.repr }

def Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.instReprSpanishVerbEntry.repr : SpanishVerbEntry → ℕ → Std.Format

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def Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.instBEqSpanishVerbEntry.beq : SpanishVerbEntry → SpanishVerbEntry → Bool

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• Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.instBEqSpanishVerbEntry.beq x✝¹ x✝ = false

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.instBEqSpanishVerbEntry : BEq SpanishVerbEntry

Equations

• Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.instBEqSpanishVerbEntry = { beq := Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.instBEqSpanishVerbEntry.beq }

def Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.abrir : SpanishVerbEntry

abrir "open" — marked anticausative, licenses stylistic LE. EFFECTOR causer: admits agents, instruments, natural forces (@cite{koontz-garboden-2009} exx. 47–49).

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def Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.romper : SpanishVerbEntry

romper "break" — marked anticausative, licenses stylistic LE. EFFECTOR causer: agents, instruments, natural forces, events (@cite{koontz-garboden-2009} exx. 13–17).

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def Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.hundir : SpanishVerbEntry

hundir "sink" — marked anticausative, licenses stylistic LE. EFFECTOR causer (@cite{koontz-garboden-2009} ex. 46).

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def Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.caer : SpanishVerbEntry

caer "fall" — marked anticausative, licenses stylistic LE. (exx. 11–12, unaccusative)

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def Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.morir : SpanishVerbEntry

morir "die" — marked anticausative, licenses stylistic LE. (exx. 13–14)

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def Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.quebrar : SpanishVerbEntry

quebrar "crack" — marked anticausative, licenses stylistic LE. (ex. 39a)

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def Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.hervir : SpanishVerbEntry

hervir "boil" — optional SE marking, but still licenses stylistic LE. (ex. 40)

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def Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.olvidar : SpanishVerbEntry

olvidar "forget" — marked anticausative, licenses stylistic LE. (exx. 15–16, psych verb)

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def Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.ocurrir : SpanishVerbEntry

ocurrir "occur" — marked anticausative, licenses stylistic LE. (exx. 17–18)

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def Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.mejorar : SpanishVerbEntry

mejorar "improve" — UNMARKED anticausative, does NOT license stylistic LE. (ex. 39b)

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def Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.rasgar : SpanishVerbEntry

rasgar "tear (gash-like)" — Levin 45.1 equivalent; marked anticausative. Unlike English tear, rasgar requires flimsy/insubstantial patients and implies unidirectional (linear, gash-like) separation. Incompatible with careful controlled action. @cite{spalek-mcnally-2026} (§3.2).

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def Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.asesinar : SpanishVerbEntry

asesinar "assassinate" — AGENT causer required. No anticausative. Reflexivization yields reflexive reading only (El senador se asesinó = 'The senator killed himself'). @cite{koontz-garboden-2009} exx. 24–29.

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def Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.cortar : SpanishVerbEntry

cortar "cut" — AGENT causer required. No anticausative. @cite{koontz-garboden-2009} ex. 26.

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def Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.ahogar : SpanishVerbEntry

ahogar "drown" — EFFECTOR causer, but animate theme undergoers are typical. Alternates: ahogarse is a derived inchoative. @cite{koontz-garboden-2009} exx. 50–52.

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def Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.empeorar : SpanishVerbEntry

empeorar "worsen" — internally caused COS verb. No CAUSE in LSR. Rejects por sí solo. @cite{koontz-garboden-2009} ex. 65a.

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def Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.crecer : SpanishVerbEntry

crecer "grow" — internally caused COS verb. No CAUSE in LSR. Rejects por sí solo. @cite{koontz-garboden-2009} ex. 65c.

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def Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.munozVerbs : List SpanishVerbEntry

Verbs from @cite{munoz-perez-2026} — tested for stylistic LE.

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def Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.kgVerbs : List SpanishVerbEntry

Verbs from @cite{koontz-garboden-2009} — causer specification data, not tested for stylistic LE.

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def Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.allVerbs : List SpanishVerbEntry

All verb entries in the fragment.

Equations

• Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.allVerbs = Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.munozVerbs ++ Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.kgVerbs

theorem Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.abrir_licenses_stylLE : abrir.licensesStylLE = true

theorem Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.romper_licenses_stylLE : romper.licensesStylLE = true

theorem Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.hundir_licenses_stylLE : hundir.licensesStylLE = true

theorem Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.caer_licenses_stylLE : caer.licensesStylLE = true

theorem Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.morir_licenses_stylLE : morir.licensesStylLE = true

theorem Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.quebrar_licenses_stylLE : quebrar.licensesStylLE = true

theorem Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.hervir_licenses_stylLE : hervir.licensesStylLE = true

theorem Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.olvidar_licenses_stylLE : olvidar.licensesStylLE = true

theorem Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.ocurrir_licenses_stylLE : ocurrir.licensesStylLE = true

theorem Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.mejorar_blocks_stylLE : mejorar.licensesStylLE = false

theorem Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.effector_verbs_alternate : ((List.filter (fun (v : SpanishVerbEntry) => v.causerSpec == some CauserSpec.effector) allVerbs).all fun (x : SpanishVerbEntry) => x.causativeAlternation) = true

EFFECTOR verbs anticausativize; AGENT verbs do not. @cite{koontz-garboden-2009} §§3.1–3.2.

theorem Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.agent_verbs_dont_alternate : ((List.filter (fun (v : SpanishVerbEntry) => v.causerSpec == some CauserSpec.agent) allVerbs).all fun (x : SpanishVerbEntry) => !x.causativeAlternation) = true

theorem Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.stylLE_verbs_are_inchoative : ((List.filter (fun (x : SpanishVerbEntry) => x.licensesStylLE) munozVerbs).all fun (v : SpanishVerbEntry) => Minimalist.isInchoative v.verbHead) = true

All Muñoz-Pérez verbs that license stylistic LE are inchoative.

theorem Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.blocking_verb_is_unmarked : ((List.filter (fun (x : SpanishVerbEntry) => !x.licensesStylLE) munozVerbs).all fun (v : SpanishVerbEntry) => v.anticausativeMarking == AnticausativeMarking.unmarked) = true

The only Muñoz-Pérez verb that blocks stylistic LE is unmarked.