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Linglib.Studies.Schwarz2013

Schwarz (2013): Two Kinds of Definites Cross-linguistically #

[Sch13] surveys the weak/strong article contrast beyond the German and Fering baseline of [Sch09b]: languages whose only overt definite article is anaphoric (Akan nó, Mauritian Creole la — weak definites are bare nominals, §4.1), languages with two overt articles (Lakhota kiŋ k'uŋ, Hausa -n ɗîn, §4.2), and Haitian Creole la, whose single article covers both use families and fits neither pattern (§4.3). Each language's cell is derived from its Fragment's Determiners.inventory; the bridging split (§3.2) is the substrate's bridgingPresupType. The Lakhota classification is tentative in the paper itself: fn. 16 concedes [Ing03]'s anaphoric kiŋ, under which the derived cell flips from .bipartite to .generallyMarked — the project fragment encodes the flipped cell, and the divergence is proved below.

References #

The German/Fering baseline (§3.1) #

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theorem Schwarz2013.german_fering_bipartite :
German.Determiners.inventory.markingStrategy = Semantics.Definiteness.DefMarkingStrategy.bipartite ∧ Fering.Determiners.inventory.markingStrategy = Semantics.Definiteness.DefMarkingStrategy.bipartite

German and Fering each split the definite paradigm in two — Fering's A-form vs D-form, German's contracted vs full preposition-article forms (exx. (5)–(7)) — deriving the .bipartite cell.

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theorem Schwarz2013.bridging_split :
Semantics.Definiteness.bridgingPresupType Semantics.Definiteness.BridgingSubtype.partWhole = Semantics.Definiteness.DefPresupType.uniqueness ∧ Semantics.Definiteness.bridgingPresupType Semantics.Definiteness.BridgingSubtype.relational = Semantics.Definiteness.DefPresupType.familiarity

The bridging split (§3.2): part-whole bridging (the fridge … the crisper) takes the weak article, producer/relational bridging (the play … the author) the strong, in both German and Fering.

Languages with exclusively anaphoric articles (§4.1) #

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theorem Schwarz2013.exclusively_anaphoric :
Akan.Determiners.inventory.markingStrategy = Semantics.Definiteness.DefMarkingStrategy.markedAnaphoric ∧ MauritianCreole.Determiners.inventory.markingStrategy = Semantics.Definiteness.DefMarkingStrategy.markedAnaphoric

Akan nó and Mauritian Creole la mark only anaphoric definites; weak definites are bare nominals — the .markedAnaphoric cell.

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theorem Schwarz2013.weak_definites_bare :
(¬Akan.Determiners.inventory.MarksPresup Semantics.Definiteness.DefPresupType.uniqueness ∧ Akan.Determiners.inventory.MarksPresup Semantics.Definiteness.DefPresupType.familiarity) ∧ ¬MauritianCreole.Determiners.inventory.MarksPresup Semantics.Definiteness.DefPresupType.uniqueness ∧ MauritianCreole.Determiners.inventory.MarksPresup Semantics.Definiteness.DefPresupType.familiarity

The §4.1 pattern unpacked via the cell characterization: neither language marks uniqueness overtly, both mark familiarity.

Languages with two articles (§4.2) #

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theorem Schwarz2013.hausa_bipartite :
Hausa.Determiners.inventory.markingStrategy = Semantics.Definiteness.DefMarkingStrategy.bipartite

Hausa splits its two overt articles weak/strong: suffixal -n for uniquely identifiable referents including inferable first mentions, ɗîn for discourse-familiar ones (§4.2.2) — .bipartite, like German and Fering.

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def Schwarz2013.lakhotaWeakStrongConstrual :
Determiner.Inventory

§4.2.1's tentative construal of Lakhota: kiŋ weak-only (globally and situationally unique referents, exx. (30)–(31)), k'uŋ the anaphoric strong article ('the above-mentioned').

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    theorem Schwarz2013.construal_bipartite :
    lakhotaWeakStrongConstrual.markingStrategy = Semantics.Definiteness.DefMarkingStrategy.bipartite

    Under the tentative construal, Lakhota patterns with German and Fering.

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    theorem Schwarz2013.anaphoric_kin_flips_cell :
    lakhotaWeakStrongConstrual.markingStrategy = Semantics.Definiteness.DefMarkingStrategy.bipartite ∧ Lakhota.Determiners.inventory.markingStrategy = Semantics.Definiteness.DefMarkingStrategy.generallyMarked ∧ Lakhota.Determiners.inventory.IsSyncretic

    Fn. 16's caveat, formalized: granting [Ing03]'s anaphoric kiŋ — as the project fragment does — makes kiŋ syncretic, and the derived cell flips to .generallyMarked: the weak/strong parallel "may be even less extensive" indeed.

    Haitian Creole: a different type of contrast (§4.3) #

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    theorem Schwarz2013.haitian_generallyMarked :
    HaitianCreole.Determiners.inventory.markingStrategy = Semantics.Definiteness.DefMarkingStrategy.generallyMarked ∧ HaitianCreole.Determiners.inventory.IsSyncretic

    Haitian Creole la covers uniqueness at every level, anaphora, and both bridging types (exx. (39)–(42)): a syncretic sole article, so the derived cell is .generallyMarked — neither the §4.1 nor the §4.2 pattern.

    Covarying uses (§5.2) #

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    theorem Schwarz2013.covarying_reported :
    (∃ e ∈ German.Determiners.inventory, Semantics.Definiteness.DefiniteUseType.donkey ∈ e.definiteUses) ∧ (∃ e ∈ Fering.Determiners.inventory, Semantics.Definiteness.DefiniteUseType.donkey ∈ e.definiteUses) ∧ (∃ e ∈ MauritianCreole.Determiners.inventory, Semantics.Definiteness.DefiniteUseType.donkey ∈ e.definiteUses) ∧ ∃ e ∈ HaitianCreole.Determiners.inventory, Semantics.Definiteness.DefiniteUseType.donkey ∈ e.definiteUses

    Covarying (donkey) definites are reported for the German and Fering strong articles and for creole la (fn. 20, via [Wes08]), and the corresponding fragments carry the .donkey use.

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    theorem Schwarz2013.covarying_unreported :
    (¬∃ e ∈ Akan.Determiners.inventory, Semantics.Definiteness.DefiniteUseType.donkey ∈ e.definiteUses) ∧ (¬∃ e ∈ Lakhota.Determiners.inventory, Semantics.Definiteness.DefiniteUseType.donkey ∈ e.definiteUses) ∧ ¬∃ e ∈ Hausa.Determiners.inventory, Semantics.Definiteness.DefiniteUseType.donkey ∈ e.definiteUses

    The survey reports no covarying uses for Akan, Lakhota, or Hausa, and the corresponding fragments record none.