X-marking

import Linglib.Semantics.Modality.XMarking · namespace Modality.XMarking

Von Fintel and Iatridou call the morphology a language uses to mark non-live possibilities X-marking, and its absence O-marking. X-marking is dedicated morphology or borrowed from the past, the imperfective, the future or the subjunctive, the past being the exclusion feature of Iatridou.

Main definitions

Modality.XMarking.MarkingStrategy: X-marking and O-marking.
Modality.XMarking.XMarkingExponent: a language's X-marking and the morphology it borrows.

References

von Fintel & Iatridou 2023, Prolegomena to a theory of X-marking
Iatridou 2000, The Grammatical Ingredients of Counterfactuality formalized
Schlenker 2004a, Context of Thought and Context of Utterance: A Note on Free Indirect Discourse and the Historical Present formalized
Mizuno 2024, Strategies for Anderson Conditionals: Their Implications for the Typology of O-Marking and X-Marking formalized

X-marking / O-marking typology ([vFI23])

The strategies by which a language distinguishes live from non-live possibilities, the typological labels of von Fintel & Iatridou 2023.

inductive MarkingStrategy L29–39

Type

xMarking : MarkingStrategy
X-marking is counterfactual morphology, which expands the domain beyond the live possibilities, as in the English Anderson conditional (1a) of Mizuno 2024.
oMarking : MarkingStrategy
O-marking is the absence of X-marking. In the Japanese Anderson conditional (4a) of Mizuno 2024 the non-past shifts the time of evaluation back, as the historical present does (Schlenker 2004a).

Derives DecidableEq, Repr.

Used by MarkingStrategy.other, MarkingStrategy.other_other

Used in Mizuno2024

L41–46

L48–50

X-marking exponents ([vFI23] §2, "The form")

L54–70

A language's X-marking exponent is a citation form with the morphology it borrows, which may be several pieces, as the Greek past and imperfective are. A fragment records it as xMarking in Fragments/{Language}/Conditionals.lean.

structure XMarkingExponent L72–80

Type