Japanese Conditional Markers

[CWL25] [Miz24]

Conditional morphemes in Japanese and their HC/PC restrictions.

Markers

• -ra / -tara: HC-only. Cannot mark premise conditionals.
• nara: Can mark both HC and PC. PC reading available when antecedent echoes prior discourse ([CWL25], ex. 15).
• -(e)ba: Can mark both HC and PC — premise use in Anderson conditionals ([Miz24], ex. 4a), hypothetical use in FLVs ([Miz24], ex. 9a).

def Japanese.Conditionals.ra : Semantics.Conditionals.ConditionalMarker

Japanese -ra / -tara: HC-only conditional marker.

Cannot mark premise conditionals. LNCs with -ra are degraded ([CWL25], ex. 16).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Japanese.Conditionals.nara : Semantics.Conditionals.ConditionalMarker

Japanese nara: HC and PC conditional marker.

Can mark premise conditionals. LNCs with nara are acceptable ([CWL25], ex. 15).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Japanese.Conditionals.eba : Semantics.Conditionals.ConditionalMarker

Japanese -(e)ba ([Miz24], fn 8): attaches to sentence radicals; premise use in Andersons (ex. 4a), hypothetical in FLVs (ex. 9a). The Anderson vs counterfactual contrast is carried by the consequent's tense, not the marker.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Japanese.Conditionals.xMarking : Option Semantics.Modality.Exclusion.XMarkingExponent

Japanese X-marking: Fake Past -ta ([Ogi14], [MK19]; [Miz24] ex. 3).

Equations

• Japanese.Conditionals.xMarking = some { form := "-ta", components := [Semantics.Modality.Exclusion.XMarkingHost.past] }