English auxiliaries

This file defines the English auxiliaries as Auxiliary entries: the modals can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might and must, the periphrastic have to and the semi-modals dare, need and ought, each with its force–flavor meanings and register, and the agreeing finite forms of do-support, be and have. The contracted negatives can't, won't and the rest are entries in their own right carrying negative polarity, paired with their bases in contractions; mayn't and amn't are the gaps of Zwicky and Pullum's table. The infinitival marker to is also here, apart from the preposition.

References

• [Kra81b]
• [Pal01]
• [ZP83], Table 1
• [IGST26]

def English.Auxiliaries.agr (person : Option Person := none) (number : Option Number := none) (tense : Option UD.Tense := none) : Morphology.Features

Agreement features of a finite auxiliary. "Past" modals (could, would) carry Past as a morphological feature even where they are semantically non-past.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.agr person number tense = Morphology.Features.of person number none none none none none false (some UD.VerbForm.Fin) tense

def English.Auxiliaries.contract (a : Auxiliary) (form : String) : Auxiliary

The contracted negative of an auxiliary is the same entry with the contracted form and negative polarity.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.contract a form = { form := form, features := Function.update a.features Morphology.Feature.polarity (some UD.Polarity.Neg), modality := a.modality, register := a.register }

Modals

def English.Auxiliaries.can : Auxiliary

can.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def English.Auxiliaries.could : Auxiliary

could.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def English.Auxiliaries.will : Auxiliary

will.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.will = { form := "will", modality := {Modality.ModalForce.necessity} ×ˢ {Modality.ModalFlavor.epistemic, Modality.ModalFlavor.circumstantial} }

def English.Auxiliaries.would : Auxiliary

would.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def English.Auxiliaries.shall : Auxiliary

shall.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.shall = { form := "shall", modality := {Modality.ModalForce.necessity} ×ˢ {Modality.ModalFlavor.deontic}, register := SocialMeaning.Register.formal }

def English.Auxiliaries.should : Auxiliary

should.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def English.Auxiliaries.may : Auxiliary

may.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.may = { form := "may", modality := {Modality.ModalForce.possibility} ×ˢ {Modality.ModalFlavor.epistemic, Modality.ModalFlavor.deontic} }

def English.Auxiliaries.might : Auxiliary

might.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def English.Auxiliaries.must : Auxiliary

must.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Semi-modals and periphrastic modals

def English.Auxiliaries.haveTo : Auxiliary

have to, the periphrastic deontic and circumstantial necessity, an informal variant of must, which inflects unlike the modals, has to, had to, having to.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def English.Auxiliaries.dare : Auxiliary

dare.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.dare = { form := "dare" }

def English.Auxiliaries.need : Auxiliary

need.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.need = { form := "need", modality := {Modality.ModalForce.necessity} ×ˢ {Modality.ModalFlavor.deontic, Modality.ModalFlavor.circumstantial} }

def English.Auxiliaries.ought : Auxiliary

ought.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.ought = { form := "ought", modality := {Modality.ModalForce.weakNecessity} ×ˢ {Modality.ModalFlavor.deontic, Modality.ModalFlavor.epistemic} }

Do-support

def English.Auxiliaries.do_ : Auxiliary

do.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.do_ = { form := "do", features := English.Auxiliaries.agr none (some Number.plural) }

def English.Auxiliaries.does : Auxiliary

does.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.does = { form := "does", features := English.Auxiliaries.agr (some Person.third) (some Number.singular) }

def English.Auxiliaries.did : Auxiliary

did.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.did = { form := "did", features := English.Auxiliaries.agr none none (some UD.Tense.Past) }

Be

def English.Auxiliaries.am : Auxiliary

am.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.am = { form := "am", features := English.Auxiliaries.agr (some Person.first) (some Number.singular) }

def English.Auxiliaries.is_ : Auxiliary

is.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.is_ = { form := "is", features := English.Auxiliaries.agr (some Person.third) (some Number.singular) }

def English.Auxiliaries.are : Auxiliary

are.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.are = { form := "are", features := English.Auxiliaries.agr none (some Number.plural) }

def English.Auxiliaries.was : Auxiliary

was.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.was = { form := "was", features := English.Auxiliaries.agr none (some Number.singular) (some UD.Tense.Past) }

def English.Auxiliaries.were : Auxiliary

were.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.were = { form := "were", features := English.Auxiliaries.agr none (some Number.plural) (some UD.Tense.Past) }

Have

def English.Auxiliaries.have_ : Auxiliary

have.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.have_ = { form := "have", features := English.Auxiliaries.agr none (some Number.plural) }

def English.Auxiliaries.has : Auxiliary

has.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.has = { form := "has", features := English.Auxiliaries.agr (some Person.third) (some Number.singular) }

def English.Auxiliaries.had : Auxiliary

had.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.had = { form := "had", features := English.Auxiliaries.agr none none (some UD.Tense.Past) }

Inventories

def English.Auxiliaries.modals : List Auxiliary

The modal auxiliaries.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def English.Auxiliaries.doForms : List Auxiliary

The forms of do-support.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.doForms = [English.Auxiliaries.do_, English.Auxiliaries.does, English.Auxiliaries.did]

def English.Auxiliaries.beForms : List Auxiliary

The finite forms of be.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.beForms = [English.Auxiliaries.am, English.Auxiliaries.is_, English.Auxiliaries.are, English.Auxiliaries.was, English.Auxiliaries.were]

def English.Auxiliaries.haveForms : List Auxiliary

The finite forms of have.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.haveForms = [English.Auxiliaries.have_, English.Auxiliaries.has, English.Auxiliaries.had]

def English.Auxiliaries.allAuxiliaries : List Auxiliary

The auxiliaries.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.allAuxiliaries = English.Auxiliaries.modals ++ English.Auxiliaries.doForms ++ English.Auxiliaries.beForms ++ English.Auxiliaries.haveForms

Contracted negatives

The -n't forms ([ZP83] Table 1). mayn't and amn't are paradigm gaps and have no entry.

def English.Auxiliaries.cant : Auxiliary

can't.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.cant = English.Auxiliaries.contract English.Auxiliaries.can "can't"

def English.Auxiliaries.couldnt : Auxiliary

couldn't.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.couldnt = English.Auxiliaries.contract English.Auxiliaries.could "couldn't"

def English.Auxiliaries.wont : Auxiliary

won't.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.wont = English.Auxiliaries.contract English.Auxiliaries.will "won't"

def English.Auxiliaries.wouldnt : Auxiliary

wouldn't.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.wouldnt = English.Auxiliaries.contract English.Auxiliaries.would "wouldn't"

def English.Auxiliaries.shant : Auxiliary

shan't.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.shant = English.Auxiliaries.contract English.Auxiliaries.shall "shan't"

def English.Auxiliaries.shouldnt : Auxiliary

shouldn't.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.shouldnt = English.Auxiliaries.contract English.Auxiliaries.should "shouldn't"

def English.Auxiliaries.mightnt : Auxiliary

mightn't.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.mightnt = English.Auxiliaries.contract English.Auxiliaries.might "mightn't"

def English.Auxiliaries.mustnt : Auxiliary

mustn't.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.mustnt = English.Auxiliaries.contract English.Auxiliaries.must "mustn't"

def English.Auxiliaries.darent : Auxiliary

daren't.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.darent = English.Auxiliaries.contract English.Auxiliaries.dare "daren't"

def English.Auxiliaries.neednt : Auxiliary

needn't.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.neednt = English.Auxiliaries.contract English.Auxiliaries.need "needn't"

def English.Auxiliaries.oughtnt : Auxiliary

oughtn't.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.oughtnt = English.Auxiliaries.contract English.Auxiliaries.ought "oughtn't"

def English.Auxiliaries.dont : Auxiliary

don't.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.dont = English.Auxiliaries.contract English.Auxiliaries.do_ "don't"

def English.Auxiliaries.doesnt : Auxiliary

doesn't.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.doesnt = English.Auxiliaries.contract English.Auxiliaries.does "doesn't"

def English.Auxiliaries.didnt : Auxiliary

didn't.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.didnt = English.Auxiliaries.contract English.Auxiliaries.did "didn't"

def English.Auxiliaries.isnt : Auxiliary

isn't.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.isnt = English.Auxiliaries.contract English.Auxiliaries.is_ "isn't"

def English.Auxiliaries.arent : Auxiliary

aren't.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.arent = English.Auxiliaries.contract English.Auxiliaries.are "aren't"

def English.Auxiliaries.wasnt : Auxiliary

wasn't.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.wasnt = English.Auxiliaries.contract English.Auxiliaries.was "wasn't"

def English.Auxiliaries.werent : Auxiliary

weren't.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.werent = English.Auxiliaries.contract English.Auxiliaries.were "weren't"

def English.Auxiliaries.havent : Auxiliary

haven't.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.havent = English.Auxiliaries.contract English.Auxiliaries.have_ "haven't"

def English.Auxiliaries.hasnt : Auxiliary

hasn't.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.hasnt = English.Auxiliaries.contract English.Auxiliaries.has "hasn't"

def English.Auxiliaries.hadnt : Auxiliary

hadn't.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.hadnt = English.Auxiliaries.contract English.Auxiliaries.had "hadn't"

def English.Auxiliaries.contractions : List (Auxiliary × Auxiliary)

Each auxiliary paired with its contracted negative.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def English.Auxiliaries.negatives : List Auxiliary

The contracted negatives.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.negatives = List.map (fun (x : Auxiliary × Auxiliary) => x.2) English.Auxiliaries.contractions

def English.Auxiliaries.negative (a : Auxiliary) : Option Auxiliary

The contracted negative of an auxiliary, if it has one.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.negative a = Option.map (fun (x : Auxiliary × Auxiliary) => x.2) (List.find? (fun (x : Auxiliary × Auxiliary) => x.1 == a) English.Auxiliaries.contractions)

The infinitival marker

def English.Auxiliaries.toInf : Morphology.Word

The infinitival marker to, UD PART, distinct from the preposition English.Adpositions.to_: John managed to sleep.

Equations

• English.Auxiliaries.toInf = Morphology.Word.mk' "to" UD.UPOS.PART