Landau (2015): A Two-Tiered Theory of Control

In Landau's two-tiered theory of control, obligatory control complements divide by the attitude status of the selecting predicate, non-attitude complements establishing control by predication and attitude complements by the binding of a projected coordinate of the embedded context, a second tier built over the first. Landau's earlier predicate classes carry the split, the four classes selecting untensed complements to the predicative tier and the four selecting tensed ones to the logophoric tier ((4), (5)); the summary table of contrasts (80) shows the two tiers separated on every row, with obligatory control into an inflected complement realized as the OC-NC generalization (70) over the library's clause classes (inflectedComplement_realizes_ocnc); and object control under attitude predicates reads de se with psychological verbs and de te with communicative ones (36). The predicate classes are derived from the English fragment's verb entries rather than stored (derivedLandauClass), and the derivation places the book's exhaustive-control verbs on the predicative tier and its partial-control verbs on the logophoric tier.

Implementation notes

The book was checked against the author's 2014 manuscript, whose numbering agrees with the citations here. The tiers are mapped into the library's neutral vocabulary of control mechanisms, predication sharing a referent and logophoric control composing a binding leg over predication. Table (80) is recorded as the book states it; its three saturation rows, control shift, partial control, and split control, are what Control.IsSaturating denies of a predicative dependency, and its inflected-complement row is the one derived here. Obligatory de se is a property of the logophoric tier alone, not a criterion of obligatory control.

References

• [Lan15]
• [Lan00a], [Lan04a], [Lan13]
• [Pea16], [Hei08], [Kra09b], [Gan19]

The two tiers

inductive Landau2015.Tier : Type

Obligatory control has two tiers. Predicative control, selected by non-attitude predicates, moves PRO to the specifier of Fin and is syntactic predication, which forces exhaustive control. In logophoric control, selected by attitude predicates, the complementizer projects a perspectival coordinate that binds PRO, which admits partial control and forces a reading bound to the attitude holder.

• predicative : Tier
• logophoric : Tier

@[instance_reducible]

instance Landau2015.instDecidableEqTier : DecidableEq Tier

Equations

• Landau2015.instDecidableEqTier x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[instance_reducible]

instance Landau2015.instReprTier : Repr Tier

Equations

• Landau2015.instReprTier = { reprPrec := Landau2015.instReprTier.repr }

def Landau2015.instReprTier.repr : Tier → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• Landau2015.instReprTier.repr Landau2015.Tier.predicative prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Landau2015.Tier.predicative")).group prec✝
• Landau2015.instReprTier.repr Landau2015.Tier.logophoric prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Landau2015.Tier.logophoric")).group prec✝

def Landau2015.Tier.mechanism : Tier → Control.Mechanism

In the neutral vocabulary of control mechanisms, predication shares the referent and logophoric control composes a binding leg over predication.

Equations

• Landau2015.Tier.predicative.mechanism = Control.Mechanism.referent
• Landau2015.Tier.logophoric.mechanism = Control.Mechanism.composite

Predicate classes ((4), (5))

inductive Landau2015.PredicateClass : Type

The control predicate classes of [Lan00a]: four selecting untensed complements (4), four selecting tensed complements (5), [Lan04a]'s correlation. Membership is a property of predicate–complement pairs, not lexemes, and the evaluative class is the of-frame adjectives; [Pea16]'s rival cut is temporal rather than attitudinal.

• implicative : PredicateClass

  dare, manage, remember, avoid, fail, force, … (4a).

• aspectual : PredicateClass

  begin, start, continue, finish, stop (4b).

• modal : PredicateClass

  have, need, may, should, is able, must (4c).

• evaluative : PredicateClass

  rude, silly, smart, kind, bold, crazy (4d).

• factive : PredicateClass

  glad, regret, hate, sorry, … (5a).

• propositional : PredicateClass

  believe, think, say, claim, declare, … (5b).

• desiderative : PredicateClass

  want, hope, agree, decide, intend, promise, choose, … (5c).

• interrogative : PredicateClass

  wonder, ask, inquire, guess, know (5d).

@[instance_reducible]

instance Landau2015.instDecidableEqPredicateClass : DecidableEq PredicateClass

Equations

• Landau2015.instDecidableEqPredicateClass x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[instance_reducible]

instance Landau2015.instReprPredicateClass : Repr PredicateClass

Equations

• Landau2015.instReprPredicateClass = { reprPrec := Landau2015.instReprPredicateClass.repr }

def Landau2015.instReprPredicateClass.repr : PredicateClass → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Landau2015.PredicateClass.tier : PredicateClass → Tier

A class selects a tier by tense, untensed complements being predicative and tensed ones logophoric.

Equations

• Landau2015.PredicateClass.implicative.tier = Landau2015.Tier.predicative
• Landau2015.PredicateClass.aspectual.tier = Landau2015.Tier.predicative
• Landau2015.PredicateClass.modal.tier = Landau2015.Tier.predicative
• Landau2015.PredicateClass.evaluative.tier = Landau2015.Tier.predicative
• Landau2015.PredicateClass.factive.tier = Landau2015.Tier.logophoric
• Landau2015.PredicateClass.propositional.tier = Landau2015.Tier.logophoric
• Landau2015.PredicateClass.desiderative.tier = Landau2015.Tier.logophoric
• Landau2015.PredicateClass.interrogative.tier = Landau2015.Tier.logophoric

The empirical contrasts (table (80))

inductive Landau2015.Table80Row : Type

The six contrasts of table (80).

• inflectedComplement : Table80Row

  Obligatory control into an inflected complement, the OC-NC generalization (70).

• nonhumanPRO : Table80Row

  A non-human PRO ((81)): the logophoric binder is the author or addressee coordinate, defined only for humans.

• implicitControl : Table80Row

  An implicit controller ((90), (93)) is out under predication, which needs a syntactically represented argument, so exhaustive-control verbs resist impersonal passives (98).

• controlShift : Table80Row

  Control shift (§4.3) is out under predication, which is bi-unique (Control.IsSaturating.eq_of_controllers), so no other argument can saturate the predicate.

• partialControl : Table80Row

  Partial control (§5) is out under a saturating dependency, which is exhaustive (Control.IsSaturating.not_isPartial).

• splitControl : Table80Row

  Split control (§5) is out under a saturating dependency, which has a unique controller (Control.IsSaturating.not_isSplit).

@[instance_reducible]

instance Landau2015.instDecidableEqTable80Row : DecidableEq Table80Row

Equations

• Landau2015.instDecidableEqTable80Row x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Landau2015.instReprTable80Row.repr : Table80Row → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[instance_reducible]

instance Landau2015.instReprTable80Row : Repr Table80Row

Equations

• Landau2015.instReprTable80Row = { reprPrec := Landau2015.instReprTable80Row.repr }

def Landau2015.availableUnderPredicative : Table80Row → Bool

The predicative column of table (80).

Equations

• Landau2015.availableUnderPredicative Landau2015.Table80Row.inflectedComplement = true
• Landau2015.availableUnderPredicative Landau2015.Table80Row.nonhumanPRO = true
• Landau2015.availableUnderPredicative x✝ = false

def Landau2015.availableUnderLogophoric : Table80Row → Bool

The logophoric column of table (80).

Equations

• Landau2015.availableUnderLogophoric Landau2015.Table80Row.inflectedComplement = false
• Landau2015.availableUnderLogophoric Landau2015.Table80Row.nonhumanPRO = false
• Landau2015.availableUnderLogophoric x✝ = true

theorem Landau2015.table80_complementary (r : Table80Row) : availableUnderLogophoric r = !availableUnderPredicative r

Table (80) separates the tiers on every row.

theorem Landau2015.inflectedComplement_realizes_ocnc : availableUnderPredicative Table80Row.inflectedComplement = decide (Control.ClauseClass.cSubjunctive.HasOC true) ∧ availableUnderLogophoric Table80Row.inflectedComplement = decide (Control.ClauseClass.fSubjunctive.HasOC true)

The inflected-complement row is the OC-NC generalization (70) over the clause classes: agreement leaves obligatory control in an untensed complement, the predicative tier, and destroys it in a tensed one, the logophoric tier, since predication is not contingent on feature matching while variable binding is ([Hei08], [Kra09b]); its empirical scope is contested ([Gan19]).

Readings of PRO under attitude predicates (table (36))

inductive Landau2015.DeSeReading : Type

Logophoric PRO is bound to the author coordinate of the embedded context (de se) or to its addressee coordinate (de te).

• deSe : DeSeReading
• deTe : DeSeReading

@[instance_reducible]

instance Landau2015.instDecidableEqDeSeReading : DecidableEq DeSeReading

Equations

• Landau2015.instDecidableEqDeSeReading x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Landau2015.instReprDeSeReading.repr : DeSeReading → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[instance_reducible]

instance Landau2015.instReprDeSeReading : Repr DeSeReading

Equations

• Landau2015.instReprDeSeReading = { reprPrec := Landau2015.instReprDeSeReading.repr }

inductive Landau2015.ObjectControlSubclass : Type

The object control verbs by the coordinate they project (36).

• psychological : ObjectControlSubclass

  convince, persuade, dissuade, tempt.

• communicative : ObjectControlSubclass

  tell, ask, urge, recommend.

@[instance_reducible]

instance Landau2015.instDecidableEqObjectControlSubclass : DecidableEq ObjectControlSubclass

Equations

• Landau2015.instDecidableEqObjectControlSubclass x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Landau2015.instReprObjectControlSubclass.repr : ObjectControlSubclass → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[instance_reducible]

instance Landau2015.instReprObjectControlSubclass : Repr ObjectControlSubclass

Equations

• Landau2015.instReprObjectControlSubclass = { reprPrec := Landau2015.instReprObjectControlSubclass.repr }

def Landau2015.objectControlReading : ObjectControlSubclass → DeSeReading

Psychological verbs bind the author coordinate and communicative verbs the addressee coordinate (36).

Equations

• Landau2015.objectControlReading Landau2015.ObjectControlSubclass.psychological = Landau2015.DeSeReading.deSe
• Landau2015.objectControlReading Landau2015.ObjectControlSubclass.communicative = Landau2015.DeSeReading.deTe

Predicate classes from the fragment

def Landau2015.derivedLandauClass (v : Verb) : Option PredicateClass

The predicate class of a fragment verb is read off its semantic fields. A change-of-state type gives the aspectual class, an implication signature the implicative class, a factive presupposition the factive class, question embedding without an attitude the interrogative class, and a doxastic or preferential attitude the propositional or desiderative class; none where the fields decide nothing, as for try.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Landau2015.derivedControlTier (v : Verb) : Option Tier

A fragment control verb is on the tier of its class, or else logophoric exactly when it selects an attitude complement; a verb without control has no tier.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Landau2015.exhaustiveControlVerbs : List Verb

The fragment's exhaustive-control verbs: aspectual and implicative.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Landau2015.partialControlVerbs : List Verb

The fragment's partial-control verbs: desiderative, factive, propositional, and interrogative.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

theorem Landau2015.exhaustiveControlVerbs_predicative (v : Verb) : v ∈ exhaustiveControlVerbs → Option.map (fun (x : PredicateClass) => x.tier) (derivedLandauClass v) = some Tier.predicative

The exhaustive-control verbs derive a class on the predicative tier.

theorem Landau2015.partialControlVerbs_logophoric (v : Verb) : v ∈ partialControlVerbs → Option.map (fun (x : PredicateClass) => x.tier) (derivedLandauClass v) = some Tier.logophoric

The partial-control verbs derive a class on the logophoric tier.

theorem Landau2015.try_unclassifiable : derivedLandauClass English.Verbs.try_.toVerb = none

try carries none of the deciding fields: trying entails no success and reports no attitude.