English implicative and control verbs

This file defines the English implicative verbs manage, fail, try, remember, forget and neglect, the control verbs persuade and promise, the raising verb seem, and the prerequisite implicatives dare, bother, hesitate, venture, condescend and happen, with the entailment each carries from its complement.

References

• [Bru21]
• [Kar71a]
• [Lan15]
• [SB24]

Implicative / Control

def English.Verbs.manage : Verb

"manage" — a positive implicative; "managed to VP" entails "VP", and on the traditional analysis the agentive subject controls the complement.

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def English.Verbs.fail : Verb

"fail" — a negative implicative; "failed to VP" entails "not VP".

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def English.Verbs.try_ : Verb

"try" — subject control, no entailment

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def English.Verbs.persuade : Verb

"persuade" — object control, "persuade X to VP" with X the agent of VP. A psychological attitude verb whose object comes to form an intention; it projects the AUTHOR coordinate, so control is obligatorily de se ([Lan15] table (36)).

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def English.Verbs.promise : Verb

"promise" — subject control across an object, "promise X to VP". A desiderative attitude verb whose subject commits to a future action; [Lan15] (5c) classifies it as desiderative, hence logophoric control. Its direct object may be implicit in the double object frame only, a definite (Promise me!; [Bru21]).

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def English.Verbs.remember : Verb

"remember" — implicative with infinitival ("remember to call")

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def English.Verbs.forget : Verb

"forget" with an infinitive, [Kar71a]'s negative implicative: forgot to lock the door entails did not lock the door. The factive sense that takes a finite clause, a gerund or a question is forget_rog; [Wil25] takes the two senses to be one verb whose plain infinitive carries a covert modal.

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def English.Verbs.neglect : Verb

"neglect" — negative implicative, listed with forget and fail among [Kar71a]'s negative implicatives: neglecting to lock the door entails not locking it.

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Raising

def English.Verbs.seem : Verb

"seem" — raising verb (no theta role for subject, unaccusative)

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Prerequisite implicatives

Implicatives whose complement is entailed through a prerequisite the verb names, [Nad23b]'s causal analysis of manage, dare and their kin; the occasion verbs of [SB24] (thank, criticize, congratulate) presuppose an occasioning eventuality in a parallel way the authors draw and then set apart.

def English.Verbs.dare : Verb

"dare" — a positive implicative whose prerequisite presupposition is courage. "Ana dared to enter the cave" entails "Ana entered the cave" and presupposes that a daring action was required for the complement to be realized ([Nad23b] §5.2, ex. 3–4, 26).

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def English.Verbs.bother : Verb

"bother" — a positive implicative whose prerequisite presupposition is engagement. "He bothered to answer" entails "He answered" and presupposes that apathy had to be overcome ([Nad23b] §2, ex. 10, 28).

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def English.Verbs.hesitate : Verb

"hesitate" — polarity-reversing one-way implicative. "Amira hesitated to drink a beer" ↛ "Amira did not drink a beer." "Amira did not hesitate to drink a beer" → "Amira drank a beer." The paper does not explicitly name the prerequisite for hesitate; it is treated as a polarity-reversing analog of dare ([Nad23b] §6.4, ex. 45–47).

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def English.Verbs.venture : Verb

"venture" — positive implicative, among [Kar71a]'s implicative predicates: venturing to speak entails speaking.

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def English.Verbs.condescend : Verb

"condescend" — positive implicative, among [Kar71a]'s implicative predicates: condescending to help entails helping.

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def English.Verbs.happen : Verb

"happen" — raising verb, positive implicative, among [Kar71a]'s implicative predicates: happening to see Mary entails seeing her. Raising: "It happened to rain" — no theta role for matrix subject.

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