Documentation

Studies.GokselKerslake2005

Göksel and Kerslake (2005): Turkish suffixation #

This file checks the account of the form and order of Turkish suffixes in the reference grammar of Göksel and Kerslake against the Turkish Fragment.

The vowel harmony of Chapter 3 is derived by the surface forms of Turkish.Phonology from the exponent forms of Turkish.Morphotactics. The permissible vowel sequences of §3.1 are the surface forms of the two suffix vowels. The last vowel of a disharmonic loan decides (otobüs-ler), an invariant suffix vowel is skipped and triggers what follows (görüyorum, §3.4), and the palatal l of gol fronts its suffix (§3.4). The bracketed segments of Chapter 6 appear where they keep vowels and consonants apart (§6.1.3), and a stem-final a or e, the vowel of the negative included, is raised before -(I)yor (§8.2.3.3).

The suffix order of Chapter 8 is licensing by the templates of the finite verb and the nominal. The grammar's example words are licensed with their stacked voice suffixes, reversed orders are not, and the rule that markers of one position cannot co-occur (§8.2.3) holds because the template does not repeat the position.

Main results #

followers_table: the §3.1 table of permissible vowel sequences.
retriggering, palatal_l: the §3.4 exceptions to harmony, derived rather than listed.
deletable_vowels, deletable_consonants, predicate_buffers: the bracketed segments of §6.1.3 after consonant-final and vowel-final stems.
hiatus_repairs: the two kinds of bracketed segment as elision and insertion at a juncture.
pronominal_n: the final n of a third-person possessive before a case suffix.
imperfective_of_vowel_stems, negative_raised: the vowel-final stems of §8.2.3.3 and the negative of §8.2.2 before -(I)yor.
causative_stems, spelled_stems: the -DIr causatives of §8.2.1.1 and the Fragment's verbs.
finite_verb: §8.2 (7), every slot of the finite verb.
same_position_excluded: §8.2.3 (i), since the template does not repeat position 3.

References #

A. Göksel and C. Kerslake, Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar (2005)

Vowel harmony (Chapter 3) #

def GokselKerslake2005.followers (v : Phonology.Segment) :

List Phonology.Segment

followers v lists the vowels that may follow v in a suffix, the surface forms of A and of I after it.

Equations

GokselKerslake2005.followers v = List.map (fun (x : Phonology.Segment) => (Turkish.Phonology.surface [v, x]).getLastD x) [Turkish.Phonology.A, Turkish.Phonology.I]

Instances For

The permissible vowel sequences are those the grammar tabulates (§3.1).

theorem GokselKerslake2005.iType :

Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.k, Turkish.Phonology.ı, Turkish.Phonology.z] [(Turkish.Nominal.Exponent.possessive (Agreement.Bundle.personNumber Person.second Number.singular)).form] = [Turkish.Phonology.k, Turkish.Phonology.ı, Turkish.Phonology.z, Turkish.Phonology.ı, Turkish.Phonology.n] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.l] [(Turkish.Nominal.Exponent.possessive (Agreement.Bundle.personNumber Person.second Number.singular)).form] = [Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.l, Turkish.Phonology.i, Turkish.Phonology.n] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.k, Turkish.Phonology.o, Turkish.Phonology.l] [(Turkish.Nominal.Exponent.possessive (Agreement.Bundle.personNumber Person.second Number.singular)).form] = [Turkish.Phonology.k, Turkish.Phonology.o, Turkish.Phonology.l, Turkish.Phonology.u, Turkish.Phonology.n] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.g, Turkish.Phonology.ö, Turkish.Phonology.z] [(Turkish.Nominal.Exponent.possessive (Agreement.Bundle.personNumber Person.second Number.singular)).form] = [Turkish.Phonology.g, Turkish.Phonology.ö, Turkish.Phonology.z, Turkish.Phonology.ü, Turkish.Phonology.n]

The second-person possessive -(I)n on kız, el, kol and göz surfaces with each of the four high vowels (§3.2.1).

theorem GokselKerslake2005.last_vowel_decides :

Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.o, Turkish.Phonology.t, Turkish.Phonology.o, Turkish.Phonology.b, Turkish.Phonology.ü, Turkish.Phonology.s] [Turkish.Nominal.Exponent.plural.form] = [Turkish.Phonology.o, Turkish.Phonology.t, Turkish.Phonology.o, Turkish.Phonology.b, Turkish.Phonology.ü, Turkish.Phonology.s, Turkish.Phonology.l, Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.r]

The last vowel of a stem decides, so the disharmonic loan otobüs takes -ler (Chapter 3).

In üz-ül-dü-nüz 'you became sad' rounding is copied through three suffixes, and the D of -DI is voiced after l (§3.2).

theorem GokselKerslake2005.retriggering :

Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.g, Turkish.Phonology.ö, Turkish.Phonology.r] [Turkish.Verb.Exponent.iyor.form, (Turkish.Verb.Exponent.person Turkish.Verb.PersonGroup.two (Agreement.Bundle.personNumber Person.first Number.singular)).form] = [Turkish.Phonology.g, Turkish.Phonology.ö, Turkish.Phonology.r, Turkish.Phonology.ü, Turkish.Phonology.y, Turkish.Phonology.o, Turkish.Phonology.r, Turkish.Phonology.u, Turkish.Phonology.m] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.b, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.k] [Turkish.Verb.Exponent.miş.form, { bracketed := some Turkish.Phonology.y, segments := [Turkish.Phonology.k, Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.n] }] = [Turkish.Phonology.b, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.k, Turkish.Phonology.m, Turkish.Phonology.ı, Turkish.Phonology.ş, Turkish.Phonology.k, Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.n]

The o of -(I)yor does not harmonize and triggers the person marker in gör-üyor-um, and the converb -(y)ken is invariable in bak-mış-ken (§3.4 (vi)).

The palatal l of gol and hal fronts the suffix in gol-ü and hal-im, while rounding still comes from the vowel (§3.4 (iv)).

The D of -DI is d after a voiced segment and t after a voiceless one, as in kal-dı and düş-tü (§6.1.2).

theorem GokselKerslake2005.deletable_vowels :

Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.p, Turkish.Phonology.u, Turkish.Phonology.l] [(Turkish.Nominal.Exponent.possessive (Agreement.Bundle.personNumber Person.first Number.singular)).form] = [Turkish.Phonology.p, Turkish.Phonology.u, Turkish.Phonology.l, Turkish.Phonology.u, Turkish.Phonology.m] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.v] [(Turkish.Nominal.Exponent.possessive (Agreement.Bundle.personNumber Person.first Number.singular)).form] = [Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.v, Turkish.Phonology.i, Turkish.Phonology.m] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.r, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.b, Turkish.Phonology.a] [(Turkish.Nominal.Exponent.possessive (Agreement.Bundle.personNumber Person.first Number.singular)).form] = [Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.r, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.b, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.m] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.v] [(Turkish.Nominal.Exponent.possessive (Agreement.Bundle.personNumber Person.second Number.plural)).form] = [Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.v, Turkish.Phonology.i, Turkish.Phonology.n, Turkish.Phonology.i, Turkish.Phonology.z] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.r, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.b, Turkish.Phonology.a] [(Turkish.Nominal.Exponent.possessive (Agreement.Bundle.personNumber Person.second Number.plural)).form] = [Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.r, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.b, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.n, Turkish.Phonology.ı, Turkish.Phonology.z] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.v] [(Turkish.Nominal.Exponent.possessive (Agreement.Bundle.personNumber Person.first Number.plural)).form] = [Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.v, Turkish.Phonology.i, Turkish.Phonology.m, Turkish.Phonology.i, Turkish.Phonology.z] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.r, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.b, Turkish.Phonology.a] [(Turkish.Nominal.Exponent.possessive (Agreement.Bundle.personNumber Person.first Number.plural)).form] = [Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.r, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.b, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.m, Turkish.Phonology.ı, Turkish.Phonology.z] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.g, Turkish.Phonology.ö, Turkish.Phonology.r] [Turkish.Verb.Exponent.aorist.form] = [Turkish.Phonology.g, Turkish.Phonology.ö, Turkish.Phonology.r, Turkish.Phonology.ü, Turkish.Phonology.r] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.r, Turkish.Phonology.a] [Turkish.Verb.Exponent.aorist.form] = [Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.r, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.r]

A bracketed vowel appears after a consonant and is lost after a vowel, as in pul-um, ev-im against araba-m, ev-iniz against araba-nız, ev-imiz against araba-mız, and the aorist gör-ür against ara-r (§6.1.3, §8.1.2).

theorem GokselKerslake2005.deletable_consonants :

Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.m, Turkish.Phonology.i, Turkish.Phonology.n, Turkish.Phonology.e] [Turkish.Nominal.Exponent.dative.form] = [Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.m, Turkish.Phonology.i, Turkish.Phonology.n, Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.y, Turkish.Phonology.e] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.m, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.s, Turkish.Phonology.a] [Turkish.Nominal.Exponent.dative.form] = [Turkish.Phonology.m, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.s, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.y, Turkish.Phonology.a] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.t, Turkish.Phonology.l, Turkish.Phonology.a] [Turkish.Verb.Exponent.acak.form] = [Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.t, Turkish.Phonology.l, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.y, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.c, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.K] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.s, Turkish.Phonology.o, Turkish.Phonology.r] [Turkish.Verb.Exponent.acak.form] = [Turkish.Phonology.s, Turkish.Phonology.o, Turkish.Phonology.r, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.c, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.K] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.s, Turkish.Phonology.u, Turkish.Phonology.n, Turkish.Phonology.a] [Turkish.Nominal.Exponent.genitive.form] = [Turkish.Phonology.s, Turkish.Phonology.u, Turkish.Phonology.n, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.n, Turkish.Phonology.ı, Turkish.Phonology.n] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.m, Turkish.Phonology.i, Turkish.Phonology.n, Turkish.Phonology.e] [Turkish.Nominal.Exponent.genitive.form] = [Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.m, Turkish.Phonology.i, Turkish.Phonology.n, Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.n, Turkish.Phonology.i, Turkish.Phonology.n] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.b, Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.t, Turkish.Phonology.ü, Turkish.Phonology.l] [Turkish.Nominal.Exponent.genitive.form] = [Turkish.Phonology.b, Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.t, Turkish.Phonology.ü, Turkish.Phonology.l, Turkish.Phonology.ü, Turkish.Phonology.n] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.r, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.b, Turkish.Phonology.a] [(Turkish.Nominal.Exponent.possessive (Agreement.Bundle.personNumber Person.third Number.singular)).form] = [Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.r, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.b, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.s, Turkish.Phonology.ı] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.l, Turkish.Phonology.b, Turkish.Phonology.i, Turkish.Phonology.s, Turkish.Phonology.e] [(Turkish.Nominal.Exponent.possessive (Agreement.Bundle.personNumber Person.third Number.singular)).form] = [Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.l, Turkish.Phonology.b, Turkish.Phonology.i, Turkish.Phonology.s, Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.s, Turkish.Phonology.i] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.v] [(Turkish.Nominal.Exponent.possessive (Agreement.Bundle.personNumber Person.third Number.singular)).form] = [Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.v, Turkish.Phonology.i]

A bracketed consonant appears after a vowel and is lost after a consonant. The buffer y does so in Emine-ye, masa-ya and atla-yacak against sor-acak, the n of the genitive in Suna-nın and Emine-nin against Betül-ün, and the s of the possessive in araba-sı and elbise-si against ev-i (§6.1.3, §8.1.2, §8.1.3).

theorem GokselKerslake2005.pronominal_n :

Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.t, Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.p, Turkish.Phonology.e] (Turkish.Nominal.forms [⟨Turkish.Nominal.Slot.possession, Turkish.Nominal.Exponent.possessive (Agreement.Bundle.personNumber Person.third Number.singular)⟩, ⟨Turkish.Nominal.Slot.case, Turkish.Nominal.Exponent.locative⟩]) = [Turkish.Phonology.t, Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.p, Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.s, Turkish.Phonology.i, Turkish.Phonology.n, Turkish.Phonology.d, Turkish.Phonology.e] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.y, Turkish.Phonology.ü, Turkish.Phonology.z] (Turkish.Nominal.forms [⟨Turkish.Nominal.Slot.possession, Turkish.Nominal.Exponent.possessive (Agreement.Bundle.personNumber Person.third Number.singular)⟩, ⟨Turkish.Nominal.Slot.case, Turkish.Nominal.Exponent.dative⟩]) = [Turkish.Phonology.y, Turkish.Phonology.ü, Turkish.Phonology.z, Turkish.Phonology.ü, Turkish.Phonology.n, Turkish.Phonology.e] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.l, Turkish.Phonology.b, Turkish.Phonology.i, Turkish.Phonology.s, Turkish.Phonology.e] (Turkish.Nominal.forms [⟨Turkish.Nominal.Slot.possession, Turkish.Nominal.Exponent.possessive (Agreement.Bundle.personNumber Person.third Number.plural)⟩, ⟨Turkish.Nominal.Slot.case, Turkish.Nominal.Exponent.dative⟩]) = [Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.l, Turkish.Phonology.b, Turkish.Phonology.i, Turkish.Phonology.s, Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.l, Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.r, Turkish.Phonology.i, Turkish.Phonology.n, Turkish.Phonology.e] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.t, Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.p, Turkish.Phonology.e] (Turkish.Nominal.forms [⟨Turkish.Nominal.Slot.possession, Turkish.Nominal.Exponent.possessive (Agreement.Bundle.personNumber Person.third Number.singular)⟩]) = [Turkish.Phonology.t, Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.p, Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.s, Turkish.Phonology.i] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.o, Turkish.Phonology.d, Turkish.Phonology.a] (Turkish.Nominal.forms [⟨Turkish.Nominal.Slot.possession, Turkish.Nominal.Exponent.possessive (Agreement.Bundle.personNumber Person.first Number.singular)⟩, ⟨Turkish.Nominal.Slot.case, Turkish.Nominal.Exponent.locative⟩]) = [Turkish.Phonology.o, Turkish.Phonology.d, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.m, Turkish.Phonology.d, Turkish.Phonology.a]

A third-person possessive takes a final n before a case suffix, as in tepe-si-n-de, yüz-ü-n-e and elbise-leri-n-e, where the n also keeps the buffer y of the dative away. It takes none word-finally, as in tepe-si, and the other possessives take none, as in oda-m-da (§6.2 (iib), §8.1.2).

def GokselKerslake2005.arabaIm :

Phonology.Hiatus.Juncture

The juncture of araba 'car' and the vowel of -(I)m.

Equations

One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Instances For

def GokselKerslake2005.masaA :

Phonology.Hiatus.Juncture

The juncture of masa 'table' and the vowel of -(y)A.

Equations

One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Instances For

theorem GokselKerslake2005.hiatus_repairs :

Turkish.Suffix.attach arabaIm.stem (Turkish.Nominal.Exponent.possessive (Agreement.Bundle.personNumber Person.first Number.singular)).form = arabaIm.elideV2 ∧ Turkish.Suffix.attach masaA.stem Turkish.Nominal.Exponent.dative.form = masaA.epenthesize Turkish.Phonology.y

The two kinds of bracketed segment are the two repairs of hiatus at a juncture. In araba-m the vowel of -(I)m is elided, and in masa-ya the y of -(y)A is inserted (§6.1.3).

theorem GokselKerslake2005.predicate_buffers :

Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.o, Turkish.Phonology.k, Turkish.Phonology.u, Turkish.Phonology.l] [Turkish.Nominal.Exponent.locative.form, (Turkish.Verb.Exponent.person Turkish.Verb.PersonGroup.two (Agreement.Bundle.personNumber Person.first Number.singular)).form] = [Turkish.Phonology.o, Turkish.Phonology.k, Turkish.Phonology.u, Turkish.Phonology.l, Turkish.Phonology.d, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.y, Turkish.Phonology.ı, Turkish.Phonology.m] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.v] [Turkish.Nominal.Exponent.locative.form, Turkish.Verb.Exponent.pastCopula.form, (Turkish.Verb.Exponent.person Turkish.Verb.PersonGroup.one (Agreement.Bundle.personNumber Person.first Number.plural)).form] = [Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.v, Turkish.Phonology.d, Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.y, Turkish.Phonology.d, Turkish.Phonology.i, Turkish.Phonology.k] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.h, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.s, Turkish.Phonology.t, Turkish.Phonology.a] [Turkish.Verb.Exponent.conditionalCopula.form, (Turkish.Verb.Exponent.person Turkish.Verb.PersonGroup.one (Agreement.Bundle.personNumber Person.third Number.plural)).form] = [Turkish.Phonology.h, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.s, Turkish.Phonology.t, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.y, Turkish.Phonology.s, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.l, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.r] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.k, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.t] [Turkish.Verb.Exponent.sa.form, Turkish.Verb.Exponent.pastCopula.form, (Turkish.Verb.Exponent.person Turkish.Verb.PersonGroup.one (Agreement.Bundle.personNumber Person.third Number.plural)).form] = [Turkish.Phonology.k, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.t, Turkish.Phonology.s, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.y, Turkish.Phonology.d, Turkish.Phonology.ı, Turkish.Phonology.l, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.r]

The copular markers and the first-person markers of group 2 take the buffer y after a vowel, as in okul-da-yım, ev-de-ydi-k, hasta-ysa-lar and kat-sa-ydı-lar (§8.4).

theorem GokselKerslake2005.imperfective_of_vowel_stems :

Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.n, Turkish.Phonology.l, Turkish.Phonology.a] [Turkish.Verb.Exponent.iyor.form] = [Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.n, Turkish.Phonology.l, Turkish.Phonology.ı, Turkish.Phonology.y, Turkish.Phonology.o, Turkish.Phonology.r] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.o, Turkish.Phonology.k, Turkish.Phonology.ş, Turkish.Phonology.a] [Turkish.Verb.Exponent.iyor.form] = [Turkish.Phonology.o, Turkish.Phonology.k, Turkish.Phonology.ş, Turkish.Phonology.u, Turkish.Phonology.y, Turkish.Phonology.o, Turkish.Phonology.r] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.b, Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.k, Turkish.Phonology.l, Turkish.Phonology.e] [Turkish.Verb.Exponent.iyor.form] = [Turkish.Phonology.b, Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.k, Turkish.Phonology.l, Turkish.Phonology.i, Turkish.Phonology.y, Turkish.Phonology.o, Turkish.Phonology.r] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.ö, Turkish.Phonology.z, Turkish.Phonology.l, Turkish.Phonology.e] [Turkish.Verb.Exponent.iyor.form] = [Turkish.Phonology.ö, Turkish.Phonology.z, Turkish.Phonology.l, Turkish.Phonology.ü, Turkish.Phonology.y, Turkish.Phonology.o, Turkish.Phonology.r] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.r, Turkish.Phonology.i] [Turkish.Verb.Exponent.iyor.form] = [Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.r, Turkish.Phonology.i, Turkish.Phonology.y, Turkish.Phonology.o, Turkish.Phonology.r] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.k, Turkish.Phonology.u, Turkish.Phonology.r, Turkish.Phonology.u] [Turkish.Verb.Exponent.iyor.form] = [Turkish.Phonology.k, Turkish.Phonology.u, Turkish.Phonology.r, Turkish.Phonology.u, Turkish.Phonology.y, Turkish.Phonology.o, Turkish.Phonology.r]

Before -(I)yor a stem-final a or e becomes high and harmonizes, as in anlıyor, okşuyor, bekliyor and özlüyor, and a stem-final high vowel stands, as in eriyor and kuruyor (§8.2.3.3).

theorem GokselKerslake2005.negative_raised :

Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.n, Turkish.Phonology.l, Turkish.Phonology.a] [Turkish.Verb.Exponent.negative.form, Turkish.Verb.Exponent.iyor.form] = [Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.n, Turkish.Phonology.l, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.m, Turkish.Phonology.ı, Turkish.Phonology.y, Turkish.Phonology.o, Turkish.Phonology.r] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.g, Turkish.Phonology.ö, Turkish.Phonology.r] [Turkish.Verb.Exponent.negative.form, Turkish.Verb.Exponent.iyor.form] = [Turkish.Phonology.g, Turkish.Phonology.ö, Turkish.Phonology.r, Turkish.Phonology.m, Turkish.Phonology.ü, Turkish.Phonology.y, Turkish.Phonology.o, Turkish.Phonology.r] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.s, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.k, Turkish.Phonology.l, Turkish.Phonology.a] [Turkish.Verb.Exponent.negative.form, Turkish.Verb.Exponent.iyor.form] = [Turkish.Phonology.s, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.k, Turkish.Phonology.l, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.m, Turkish.Phonology.ı, Turkish.Phonology.y, Turkish.Phonology.o, Turkish.Phonology.r] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.s, Turkish.Phonology.ö, Turkish.Phonology.y, Turkish.Phonology.l, Turkish.Phonology.e] [Turkish.Verb.Exponent.negative.form, Turkish.Verb.Exponent.iyor.form] = [Turkish.Phonology.s, Turkish.Phonology.ö, Turkish.Phonology.y, Turkish.Phonology.l, Turkish.Phonology.e, Turkish.Phonology.m, Turkish.Phonology.i, Turkish.Phonology.y, Turkish.Phonology.o, Turkish.Phonology.r]

The vowel of the negative is a stem-final vowel before -(I)yor like any other, as in anla-mı-yor, gör-mü-yor, sakla-mı-yor and söyle-mi-yor (§8.2.2, §8.2.3.3).

theorem GokselKerslake2005.nominal_predicate :

Ev-ler-imiz-de-ymiş-ler 'apparently they are at our homes' is the nominal string, the evidential copula, whose buffer y appears after the locative's vowel, and a group-2 person marker (§8.1 (2)).

theorem GokselKerslake2005.causative_stems :

Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.y, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.p] [Turkish.Verb.Exponent.causative.form] = [Turkish.Phonology.y, Turkish.Phonology.a, Turkish.Phonology.p, Turkish.Phonology.t, Turkish.Phonology.ı, Turkish.Phonology.r] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.k, Turkish.Phonology.o, Turkish.Phonology.y] [Turkish.Verb.Exponent.causative.form] = [Turkish.Phonology.k, Turkish.Phonology.o, Turkish.Phonology.y, Turkish.Phonology.d, Turkish.Phonology.u, Turkish.Phonology.r] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.ö, Turkish.Phonology.l] [Turkish.Verb.Exponent.causative.form] = [Turkish.Phonology.ö, Turkish.Phonology.l, Turkish.Phonology.d, Turkish.Phonology.ü, Turkish.Phonology.r] ∧ Turkish.realize [Turkish.Phonology.d, Turkish.Phonology.o, Turkish.Phonology.l] [Turkish.Verb.Exponent.causative.form] = [Turkish.Phonology.d, Turkish.Phonology.o, Turkish.Phonology.l, Turkish.Phonology.d, Turkish.Phonology.u, Turkish.Phonology.r]

The causative -DIr on yap-, koy-, öl- and dol- gives the stems yaptır-, koydur-, öldür- and doldur- (§8.2.1.1).

theorem GokselKerslake2005.spelled_stems (v : Turkish.Verb) :

v ∈ Turkish.verbs → Turkish.Phonology.ofString? v.form = some (v.inflect [])

The spelled stem of every verb of the Fragment writes the surface form of its root and voice suffixes, the causatives öldür- and yaptır- among them.

The order of suffixes (Chapter 8) #

theorem GokselKerslake2005.nominal :

Turkish.Nominal.Licensed [⟨Turkish.Nominal.Slot.number, Turkish.Nominal.Exponent.plural⟩, ⟨Turkish.Nominal.Slot.possession, Turkish.Nominal.Exponent.possessive (Agreement.Bundle.personNumber Person.second Number.singular)⟩, ⟨Turkish.Nominal.Slot.case, Turkish.Nominal.Exponent.dative⟩]

çocuk-lar-ın-a 'to your children' has the order number, possession, case (§8.1 (1)).

Döğ-üş-tür-t-ül-me-yebil-iyor-muş-sunuz-dur fills every slot of the finite verb, the voice slot with four stacked suffixes (§8.2 (7)).

theorem GokselKerslake2005.tam_positions :

Turkish.Verb.Licensed [⟨Turkish.Verb.Slot.possibility, Turkish.Verb.Exponent.possibility⟩, ⟨Turkish.Verb.Slot.negation, Turkish.Verb.Exponent.negative⟩, ⟨Turkish.Verb.Slot.tam, Turkish.Verb.Exponent.miş⟩, ⟨Turkish.Verb.Slot.generalizing, Turkish.Verb.Exponent.dir⟩] ∧ Turkish.Verb.Licensed [⟨Turkish.Verb.Slot.auxiliary, Turkish.Verb.Exponent.abil⟩, ⟨Turkish.Verb.Slot.tam, Turkish.Verb.Exponent.acak⟩, ⟨Turkish.Verb.Slot.copula, Turkish.Verb.Exponent.evidentialCopula⟩] ∧ Turkish.Verb.Licensed [⟨Turkish.Verb.Slot.tam, Turkish.Verb.Exponent.di⟩, ⟨Turkish.Verb.Slot.copula, Turkish.Verb.Exponent.pastCopula⟩, ⟨Turkish.Verb.Slot.person, Turkish.Verb.Exponent.person Turkish.Verb.PersonGroup.one (Agreement.Bundle.personNumber Person.second Number.singular)⟩]

Bitir-e-me-miş-tir, Oku-yabil-ecek-miş and git-ti-ydi-n fill positions 1-3-5, 2-3-4, and 3-4 with a group-1 person marker (§8.2.3 (11), (12), §8.2.3.3).

theorem GokselKerslake2005.reversed_orders :

¬Turkish.Verb.Licensed [⟨Turkish.Verb.Slot.negation, Turkish.Verb.Exponent.negative⟩, ⟨Turkish.Verb.Slot.voice, Turkish.Verb.Exponent.causative⟩] ∧ ¬Turkish.Verb.Licensed [⟨Turkish.Verb.Slot.tam, Turkish.Verb.Exponent.di⟩, ⟨Turkish.Verb.Slot.negation, Turkish.Verb.Exponent.negative⟩] ∧ ¬Turkish.Verb.Licensed [⟨Turkish.Verb.Slot.copula, Turkish.Verb.Exponent.pastCopula⟩, ⟨Turkish.Verb.Slot.tam, Turkish.Verb.Exponent.di⟩]

The negative follows voice and precedes the tense/aspect/modality marker (§8.2.2), and the copular markers follow that marker (§8.2.3), so the reversed orders are unlicensed.

theorem GokselKerslake2005.same_position_excluded (m₁ m₂ : Turkish.Verb.Exponent Turkish.Verb.Slot.tam) :

¬Turkish.Verb.Licensed [⟨Turkish.Verb.Slot.tam, m₁⟩, ⟨Turkish.Verb.Slot.tam, m₂⟩]

Markers of position 3 cannot co-occur, since the template does not repeat the position (§8.2.3 (i)).