Docs / Studies / Studies.Beslin2026
Bešlin, M. (2026). Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 44, 50
The antecedent of a TP ellipsis in K'iche' can contain an antipassive where the elided verb must be active transitive. Bešlin analyses the antipassive as the active without an internal argument and concludes that identity on ellipsis must be nondistinctness, the absence of a feature clash. An analysis here gives each surface voice of each language a structure. The paper's predicts the judgments, while no analysis does under identity, on any domain, and none does uniformly across languages, one label covering different structures. With the stranded prepositions of Anand, Hardt and McCloskey the judgments fix the domain, which reaches Voice and stops below T. Nondistinctness rules out nothing exactly when every feature is privative.
The selection of the [v:TV] of (57b), S:V in the Table 3 of Burukina & Polinsky 2025. The paper reads it as a value, where the K'iche' [D] is the same difference in selection read privatively.
Used by Verb.SelectsObject, instDecidableSelectsObject, kaqchikelTransitive, kaqchikelAgentFocus, kaqchikelPassive, selection_le_of_predicts
The selection of the [v:ITV] of (57a), S:V,N.
Used by kaqchikelAntipassive
A verbal structure. A head it lacks has the empty bundle.
The Voice head, ⊥ if the structure projects none.
The event structure of v, where the structure records it.
The selection of v, read as a value.
The selectional [D] of v.
Derives DecidableEq.
Used by Verb.SelectsObject, instDecidableSelectsObject, kicheAntipassive, kicheTransitive, kicheAgentFocus, passiveD, kaqchikelAntipassive, kaqchikelTransitive, kaqchikelAgentFocus, kaqchikelPassive, activeD, activeImplicit, inchoative, causative, seReflexive, Analysis, Analysis.verb, structures, not_predicts_uniform, raneroAntipassive, uniform
The v of the structure selects an internal argument: [D] in K'iche' (43b), [v:TV] in Kaqchikel (57b). It is read only for a remnant in the role P; the [D] of (72b) selects an external argument.
Built from ,
Used by instDecidableSelectsObject, Clause.Licit
Built from , ,
Active Voice with the [ERG] that licenses ergative case on the external argument.
The definition is too large to print here; read it in the source.
Used by kicheTransitive, kaqchikelTransitive
The K'iche' antipassive (43a): active Voice, and a v without [D].
Built from
The K'iche' active transitive (43b): active Voice with [ERG], and a v with [D].
Built from ,
A passive, which the paper does not draw, with the v of the K'iche' or English transitive.
Built from
The Kaqchikel antipassive (57a), a small vP with [v:ITV].
Built from ,
The Kaqchikel active transitive (57b), which prints Voice[ERG] alone: given the ACT of (56b) and the [D] of (43), and [v:TV].
Built from , ,
Kaqchikel agent focus: no Voice (Ranero 2021), and a v that can only be [v:TV] or unspecified
(selection_le_of_predicts).
Built from ,
A Kaqchikel passive, which the paper does not draw, with the v of the transitive.
Built from ,
An active transitive of English, Italian or BCS.
Built from
ate in (46), on the assumption p. 18 grants conditionally, that it has no internal argument.
Built from
The inchoative of (72a), v[BECOME], as a LittleV event structure: change over a state.
Built from
The causative of (72b), v[CAUS] with [D], as an activity over a state; the two differ at the
higher head (LittleV.Causative.not_inchoative).
Built from
A se-reflexive of Italian or BCS, on VoiceREFL.
Built from
The voice of an inherently intransitive verb, a small vP in (58)–(61).
The voice of ate in (46).
A form of an example: a surface voice of a language, that of a radical verb in the Mayan languages, and the roots in situ beside the verb and in an adjunct of VoiceP. Having no root differs from having one, the second clause of (49d), and a movement tail leaves them unspecified, so a tail matches anything.
The language.
The surface voice.
The roots in situ beside the verb.
The roots in situ in an adjunct of VoiceP.
Derives DecidableEq.
Used by Analysis.verb, Analysis.content, Clause, activeTo, activeTail, activeHigh, formsOf, kAP, kTV, Analysis.content_of_notMem, relatedOn_compat_of_ne
The root of the preposition of (47), (48) and Anand et al. 2025. The paper does not say that to is a root, but (49d) needs it to be for (48b): an extra functional head is no clash.
Used by activeTo, activeHigh
An analysis gives each surface voice of each language a structure.
Built from
Used by Analysis.verb, Analysis.content, paper, Clause.Licit, instDecidablePredClauseLicitNondistinct, Predicts, not_predicts_eq, Analysis.content_of_notMem, relatedOn_compat_of_ne, voice_clash_of_predicts, antipassive_voice_of_predicts, selection_le_of_predicts, ranero, table, withoutErg
The feature bundle of a site, one part per kind of head: a Voice head, the features of a v, and the roots.
Used by instDecidableEqBundle, Analysis.content, SIC, instDecidableNondistinct, relatedOn, not_predicts_paper_of_equivalence
Built from
The structure an analysis gives a form.
Built from , ,
Used by Analysis.content, Clause.Licit, kiche_alternation_survives
The bundle an analysis gives each site of a form.
Built from , , ,
Used by Clause.Licit, Analysis.content_of_notMem, relatedOn_compat_of_ne, kicheAntipassive_le, kiche_alternation_survives, d_alternant_overgenerates
The structures the paper gives the voices of each language.
The definition is too large to print here; read it in the source.
Built from
Used by paper
The paper's analysis.
Built from ,
Used by rows_predicted, predicts_on_iff, T_notMem_of_lowerSet, not_predicts_paper_of_equivalence, ranero, kicheAntipassive_le, kiche_alternation_survives
A Syntactic Identity Condition on the bundles of the antecedent and the elided clause.
Built from
Used by nondistinct, relatedOn, Clause.Licit, Predicts, not_predicts_uniform, antipassive_voice_of_predicts
Nondistinctness, on the argument domain, which leaves out T and polarity.
Built from
Used by instDecidableNondistinct, instDecidablePredClauseLicitNondistinct, rows_predicted, voice_clash_of_predicts, selection_le_of_predicts, ranero_mispredicts_iff, table_mispredicts_iff, uniform_mispredicts_iff, predicts_withoutErg, kiche_alternation_survives, d_alternant_overgenerates
The definition is too large to print here; read it in the source.
Built from ,
The grid of (49): the two clauses stand in R at the sites of D inside the deletion domain.
(49a) is Eq on the verbal spine, (49b) and (49c) are Eq on an argument structure and an eventive
core, and (49d) as printed is Compat on everything.
Built from ,
Used by not_predicts_eq, relatedOn_compat_of_ne, predicts_on_iff, T_notMem_of_lowerSet, not_predicts_paper_of_equivalence
An example: an ellipsis with its antecedent, elided form and the role of its remnant, if a core one, or a causative with the form its vCAUS merges on.
Derives DecidableEq.
Built from
Used by Clause.Licit, Row
The example is licit under a condition and an analysis: an ellipsis meets the condition and a remnant in the role P has a source in the site, and vCAUS merges on a vP, not a VoiceP (p. 26), as its selection requires.
Built from , , , , ,
Used by instDecidablePredClauseLicitNondistinct, Predicts, ranero_mispredicts_iff, table_mispredicts_iff, uniform_mispredicts_iff
The definition is too large to print here; read it in the source.
Built from , ,
An example of the paper with its judgment.
Built from
Used by Row.ofDatum, Row.ofStranded, rows, ranero_mispredicts_iff, table_mispredicts_iff, uniform_mispredicts_iff
The English active with a preposition in situ.
Built from ,
The English active with a preposition in a movement tail.
Built from
The English active with a preposition in situ in an adjunct of VoiceP.
Built from ,
The forms of a row, by the name its features give them.
The definition is too large to print here; read it in the source.
Built from
Read a row. In the order causThenBase the antipassive is formed on a causative, whose vCAUS
merges on an intransitive.
The definition is too large to print here; read it in the source.
Built from
Used by rows
Read a row of Anand et al. 2025: a preposition without a counterpart in the antecedent, in situ in the argument domain if it marks an argument and in an adjunct of VoiceP if not.
The definition is too large to print here; read it in the source.
Built from
Used by rows
The paper's examples and the stranded prepositions of Anand et al. 2025.
Built from , ,
Used by length_rows, Predicts, ranero_mispredicts_iff, table_mispredicts_iff, uniform_mispredicts_iff
Built from
A condition and an analysis predict the judgments.
Built from , , ,
Used by rows_predicted, not_predicts_eq, not_predicts_uniform, predicts_on_iff, T_notMem_of_lowerSet, not_predicts_paper_of_equivalence, voice_clash_of_predicts, antipassive_voice_of_predicts, selection_le_of_predicts, predicts_withoutErg
Nondistinctness on the argument domain, with the paper's analysis, predicts the judgments: the K'iche' mismatch, its absence in Kaqchikel, the English voice and transitivity alternations, the stranded prepositions and the reflexives of Italian and BCS.
Built from , ,
The K'iche' antipassive and active as forms.
Built from
Used by kicheAntipassive_le, kiche_alternation_survives, d_alternant_overgenerates
The K'iche' active.
Built from
No analysis makes identity predict the judgments, on any domain: the English alternation (70b) puts v in the domain, and (1) then needs the antipassive and the transitive to agree at v, though only the transitive can be the source of an object remnant.
Built from , ,
No analysis predicts the judgments uniformly across languages, under any condition, one label covering different structures: the K'iche' and the Kaqchikel antipassive are the same surface voice, and only the K'iche' one (55) can antecede an active in the ellipsis site (53).
Built from , ,
The sites an analysis can give a nonempty bundle.
The definition is too large to print here; read it in the source.
Built from , , ,
Built from , , , ,
The judgments fix the domain of nondistinctness: with the paper's analysis they are predicted exactly on the sets of sites containing V (48b), v (70b) and Voice (69a) and not the adjunction site of VoiceP (13a).
Built from , ,
Built from , ,
Built from , ,
Built from , , ,
Ranero's Kaqchikel antipassive (56a): Voice[AP] over the v of a transitive.
The definition is too large to print here; read it in the source.
Built from
Used by ranero
The paper's analysis with Ranero's antipassive.
Built from , ,
Used by ranero_mispredicts_iff
Built from , , , ,
The structures of Burukina & Polinsky 2025's Table 3, with its selection read privatively: vITV and vAF select a nominal, vTV selects none, and VoiceTV selects one and bears [ERG].
The definition is too large to print here; read it in the source.
Built from
Used by table_mispredicts_iff
Built from , , , ,
One analysis of all the languages: the K'iche' structures, wherever a surface voice has them.
The definition is too large to print here; read it in the source.
Built from
Used by uniform_mispredicts_iff
Built from , , , ,
The paper's analysis without [ERG].
The definition is too large to print here; read it in the source.
Built from
Used by predicts_withoutErg
Built from , ,
Built from , , ,
Built from , , , , ,
Built from , ,
§4.2. Nondistinctness rules out nothing exactly when every feature is privative, with at most one value, so ellipsis detects the features that are not.