Osborne 2019: valency, catenae, control, and ellipsis

[Osb19] [Tes59]

[Osb19]'s dependency grammar, from the English Fragment lexicon: each verb's valency (Ch. 6) is derived from its Fragment complementType, concrete trees are checked against those valencies, the passive valency is derived from the transitive one by lexical rule (passive participles: §6.6), catenae separate from constituents (Ch. 4), control and raising (§§6.8–6.9) lose their embedded subjects in the basic tree and recover them in the enhanced graph, and gapping (§12.7) elides a catena that is not a constituent.

Words from the Fragment lexicon

Valencies derived from the Fragment (Ch. 6)

theorem Osborne2019.sleep_valency_from_fragment : English.Predicates.Verbal.sleep.complementType.valency = some DependencyGrammar.Valency.intransitive

theorem Osborne2019.devour_valency_from_fragment : English.Predicates.Verbal.devour.complementType.valency = some DependencyGrammar.Valency.transitive

theorem Osborne2019.give_valency_from_fragment : English.Predicates.Verbal.give.complementType.valency = some DependencyGrammar.Valency.ditransitive

theorem Osborne2019.kick_valency_from_fragment : English.Predicates.Verbal.kick.complementType.valency = some DependencyGrammar.Valency.transitive

Grammatical trees satisfy their valencies

def Osborne2019.intransTree : DependencyGrammar.Graph 2

Equations

• Osborne2019.intransTree = DependencyGrammar.Graph.ofArcs [Osborne2019.john✝, Osborne2019.sleeps✝] 1 [(1, 0, UD.DepRel.nsubj)]

def Osborne2019.transTree : DependencyGrammar.Graph 3

Equations

• Osborne2019.transTree = DependencyGrammar.Graph.ofArcs [Osborne2019.john✝, Osborne2019.devours✝, Osborne2019.pizza✝] 1 [(1, 0, UD.DepRel.nsubj), (1, 2, UD.DepRel.obj)]

def Osborne2019.ditransTree : DependencyGrammar.Graph 4

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Ungrammatical trees violate them

def Osborne2019.intransWithObj : DependencyGrammar.Graph 3

"*John sleeps book": intransitive with a spurious object.

Equations

• Osborne2019.intransWithObj = DependencyGrammar.Graph.ofArcs [Osborne2019.john✝, Osborne2019.sleeps✝, Osborne2019.book✝] 1 [(1, 0, UD.DepRel.nsubj), (1, 2, UD.DepRel.obj)]

def Osborne2019.transNoObj : DependencyGrammar.Graph 2

"*John devours": transitive missing its object.

Equations

• Osborne2019.transNoObj = DependencyGrammar.Graph.ofArcs [Osborne2019.john✝, Osborne2019.devours✝] 1 [(1, 0, UD.DepRel.nsubj)]

The passive valency is rule-derived (§6.6)

theorem Osborne2019.passive_derives_valency : WordGrammar.passiveRule.applies Osborne2019.lexKicked✝ = true ∧ (WordGrammar.passiveRule.transform Osborne2019.lexKicked✝).valency = DependencyGrammar.Valency.passiveTransitive

def Osborne2019.passiveTree : DependencyGrammar.Graph 4

"The ball was kicked (by John)": the passive tree satisfies the rule-derived valency.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Osborne2019.longPassiveTree : DependencyGrammar.Graph 6

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Osborne2019.passiveWithObj : DependencyGrammar.Graph 6

"*The ball was kicked the pizza": passive with a leftover object.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Catenae vs constituents (Ch. 4)

In "John devours pizza", the verb with its subject {0, 1} is a catena but not a constituent; each dominance cone is both.

Control and raising (§§6.8–6.9): the basic tree loses the

embedded subject; the enhanced graph recovers it

def Osborne2019.subjControl : DependencyGrammar.Graph 4

"John manages to sleep" — subject control, basic tree.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Osborne2019.objControl : DependencyGrammar.Graph 5

"John persuaded Mary to run" — object control, basic tree.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Osborne2019.raising : DependencyGrammar.Graph 4

"John seems to sleep" — raising: same basic geometry as subject control; the difference is thematic, not structural.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Gapping elides a catena that is not a constituent (§12.7)

In gapping ("John devours pizza and Mary ___ wine"), the elided material — the verb with its subject slot but without its object — is a catena of the antecedent clause that is not one of its constituents.