Nordlinger (2023) @cite{nordlinger-2023}

Reciprocal constructions: a typological-formal review.

This file formalizes the apparatus from Nordlinger's 2023 review article on reciprocal constructions. The review summarizes earlier classificatory work (König & Kokutani 2006, Maslova 2008, Evans 2008, Nedjalkov 2007a, Siloni 2008/2012, Dalrymple et al. 1998, Evans et al. 2011) and adds empirical predictions about strategy/valency correlations and Siloni's discontinuity asymmetry.

The underlying primitives (RecipStrategy, RecipValency, RecipFormation, ReciprocalType) live in Linglib/Typology/ArgumentStructure.lean because they are anchored on the earlier sources Nordlinger reviews — keeping them in the substrate layer preserves chronological dependency for older study files (notably Studies/Siloni2012.lean, which would otherwise need to import a 2023 paper).

Contents

• RecipProfile per-language extended reciprocal profiles (12 languages)
• Strategy-valency correlation theorems (§3.2)
• Siloni's discontinuity prediction (§3.3)
• WALS Ch 106 grounding for RecipProfile (via lookupISO)
• ValenceProfile/RecipProfile cross-validation
• ReciprocityType Dalrymple-et-al/Evans-et-al semantic 6-way classification (§4)
• RecipMarkerPolysemy extended readings (§4.2)
• Fragment grounding for English reciprocals

structure Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.RecipProfile : Type

Extended reciprocal profile for a single language.

Captures the morphosyntactic strategy, valency effect, and discontinuity licensing from @cite{nordlinger-2023}'s review, going beyond the WALS 4-way reflexive-reciprocal classification.

• language : String
• iso : String
• primaryStrategy : Typology.ArgumentStructure.RecipStrategy

  Primary reciprocal strategy (Evans 2008 typology)

• secondaryStrategy : Option Typology.ArgumentStructure.RecipStrategy

  Secondary strategy, if the language uses more than one

• valency : Typology.ArgumentStructure.RecipValency

  Valency effect of the primary strategy

• formation : Option Typology.ArgumentStructure.RecipFormation

  Formation locus of verb-marked reciprocals (Siloni 2012)

• reflexiveRelation : Typology.ArgumentStructure.ReciprocalType

  Reciprocal-reflexive relationship (WALS Ch 106)

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.instReprRecipProfile : Repr RecipProfile

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• Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.instReprRecipProfile = { reprPrec := Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.instReprRecipProfile.repr }

def Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.instReprRecipProfile.repr : RecipProfile → ℕ → Std.Format

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@[implicit_reducible]

instance Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.instDecidableEqRecipProfile : DecidableEq RecipProfile

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• Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.instDecidableEqRecipProfile = Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.instDecidableEqRecipProfile.decEq

def Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.instDecidableEqRecipProfile.decEq (x✝ x✝¹ : RecipProfile) : Decidable (x✝ = x✝¹)

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def Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.rp_english : RecipProfile

English: bipartite NP "each other" (bivalent, distinct from reflexive). Also has lexical reciprocals ("quarrel", "meet") as secondary strategy. @cite{nordlinger-2023} ex. 1b, 7, 24; ex. 44 (all 6 reciprocity types).

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def Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.rp_russian : RecipProfile

Russian: reciprocal pronoun "drug druga" (bivalent, distinct) plus reflexive-identical verbal postfix "-sja"/"-s'" (monovalent, identical). Unlike French "se" (a separable clitic), Russian "-sja" is a bound suffix — classified as .verbalAffix per Evans (2008). @cite{nordlinger-2023} ex. 9, 31.

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def Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.rp_swahili : RecipProfile

Swahili: verbal affix "-ana" (monovalent, distinct from reflexive "-ji-"). Can form discontinuous reciprocals with comitative "na" (Hurst 2012; @cite{nordlinger-2023} ex. 12, 37, 40). Lexically formed per Siloni's analysis. The morphological rule is formalized in Fragments.Swahili.Reciprocals.reciprocalAffix.

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def Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.rp_hungarian : RecipProfile

Hungarian: verbal affix "-oz-" (monovalent, distinct). Can form discontinuous reciprocals with comitative "-val"/"-vel" (Dimitriadis 2008; @cite{nordlinger-2023} ex. 19, 30, 38). Lexically formed per Siloni's analysis.

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def Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.rp_french : RecipProfile

French: reflexive clitic "se" (monovalent, identical to reflexive) plus distinct "l'un l'autre" (bivalent, bipartite NP). "se" reciprocals are syntactically formed per Siloni (2008) and CANNOT form discontinuous reciprocals (@cite{nordlinger-2023} ex. 39). @cite{nordlinger-2023} ex. 28, 35, 39, 47. "se" is a clitic, not an affix — @cite{nordlinger-2023} p. 83: "the clitics se in French and Czech."

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def Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.rp_greek : RecipProfile

Greek (Modern): nonactive voice morphology (monovalent, identical to reflexive in form) plus distinct constructions. CAN form discontinuous reciprocals with "me" (= 'with'): "O Giannis filithike me ti Maria" (@cite{nordlinger-2023} ex. 27b, 36). Lexically formed per Siloni's analysis.

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def Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.rp_german : RecipProfile

German: reflexive pronoun "sich" (bivalent — fills object position, identical to reflexive) plus distinct reciprocal pronoun "einander" (bivalent, single-word pronoun). Both strategies preserve transitivity because the reciprocal form occupies the object slot. @cite{nordlinger-2023} via WALS Ch 106.

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def Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.rp_mandarin : RecipProfile

Mandarin: compound verb strategy "dǎ-lái-dǎ-qù" (beat-come-beat-go = 'beat each other'). Distinct from reflexive. @cite{nordlinger-2023} ex. 13 (citing König & Kokutani 2006).

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def Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.rp_wambaya : RecipProfile

Wambaya: reciprocal clitic "-ngg-" (RR morpheme in auxiliary). Identical to reflexive. @cite{nordlinger-2023} ex. 11 (citing Nordlinger 1998, p. 142).

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def Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.rp_icelandic : RecipProfile

Icelandic: bipartite NP "hvor...annad" with independent case inflection on each part. Bivalent — retains full transitivity. @cite{nordlinger-2023} ex. 17 (citing Hurst & Nordlinger 2021).

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def Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.rp_chichewa : RecipProfile

Chicheŵa: verbal affix "-an-" (monovalent). @cite{nordlinger-2023} ex. 20 (citing Dalrymple et al. 1994).

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def Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.rp_czech : RecipProfile

Czech: reflexive clitic "se" (monovalent, identical to reflexive). Syntactically formed per Siloni — cannot form discontinuous reciprocals. @cite{nordlinger-2023} ex. 29; Siloni (2008). "se" is a clitic — @cite{nordlinger-2023} p. 83.

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def Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.allRecipProfiles : List RecipProfile

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theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.nominal_strategy_bivalent : ((List.filter (fun (p : RecipProfile) => p.primaryStrategy.isNominal) allRecipProfiles).all fun (p : RecipProfile) => p.valency == Typology.ArgumentStructure.RecipValency.bivalent) = true

@cite{nordlinger-2023} (§3.2): NP/argument strategies tend to preserve valency (bivalent), while verb-marking strategies tend to reduce valency (monovalent). Nedjalkov (2007a) links this to the morphosyntactic type: morphological markers "reduce the valency of the underlying verb by deleting the direct or indirect object."

In our sample: all nominal-strategy profiles are bivalent.

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.verbal_affix_monovalent : ((List.filter (fun (p : RecipProfile) => p.primaryStrategy == Typology.ArgumentStructure.RecipStrategy.verbalAffix) allRecipProfiles).all fun (p : RecipProfile) => p.valency == Typology.ArgumentStructure.RecipValency.monovalent) = true

Verbal affixes (Swahili "-ana", Hungarian "-oz-", Greek nonactive, Chicheŵa "-an-") are uniformly monovalent in our sample.

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.monovalent_implies_verbal : ((List.filter (fun (p : RecipProfile) => p.valency == Typology.ArgumentStructure.RecipValency.monovalent) allRecipProfiles).all fun (p : RecipProfile) => !p.primaryStrategy.isNominal) = true

Converse of nominal_strategy_bivalent: monovalent reciprocal strategies are never nominal (NP/argument). This captures Nedjalkov (2007a, p. 21): morphological reciprocal markers "reduce the valency of the underlying verb." @cite{nordlinger-2023} §3.2.

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.clitic_mostly_monovalent : have clitics := List.filter (fun (p : RecipProfile) => p.primaryStrategy == Typology.ArgumentStructure.RecipStrategy.recipClitic) allRecipProfiles; (List.filter (fun (p : RecipProfile) => p.valency == Typology.ArgumentStructure.RecipValency.monovalent) clitics).length = 2 ∧ (List.filter (fun (p : RecipProfile) => p.valency == Typology.ArgumentStructure.RecipValency.bivalent) clitics).length = 1

Clitics (French/Czech "se") are also monovalent — the clitic absorbs the object argument. Wambaya "-ngg-" is the exception: bivalent despite being a clitic (ergative case preserves transitivity). @cite{nordlinger-2023} §3.2; Evans et al. (2007).

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.siloni_discontinuity_prediction : ((List.filter (fun (p : RecipProfile) => p.formation.isSome) allRecipProfiles).all fun (p : RecipProfile) => match p.formation with | some f => f.allowsDiscontinuous == (p.iso == "ell" || p.iso == "swh" || p.iso == "hun") | none => true) = true

Siloni (2008, 2012) predicts: discontinuous reciprocals (subject + comitative "with"-phrase) are possible only when the reciprocal verb is lexically formed, not syntactically formed.

Lexically formed: Greek, Swahili, Hungarian — CAN be discontinuous. Syntactically formed: French, Czech — CANNOT be discontinuous.

This is verified in our sample: every profile with a formation locus matches Siloni's prediction.

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.recip_profile_count : allRecipProfiles.length = 12

Profile count verification.

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.rp_english_wals : Option.map (fun (x : Data.WALS.Datapoint Data.WALS.F106A.ReciprocalType) => Typology.ArgumentStructure.fromWALS106A x.value) (Data.WALS.F106A.lookupISO rp_english.iso) = some rp_english.reflexiveRelation

Reciprocal profiles agree with WALS Ch 106 data where available. Lookups use ISO 639-3 codes via Datapoint.lookupISO, so the join between profile and WALS row is structural (no string-coincidence).

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.rp_russian_wals : Option.map (fun (x : Data.WALS.Datapoint Data.WALS.F106A.ReciprocalType) => Typology.ArgumentStructure.fromWALS106A x.value) (Data.WALS.F106A.lookupISO rp_russian.iso) = some rp_russian.reflexiveRelation

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.rp_swahili_wals : Option.map (fun (x : Data.WALS.Datapoint Data.WALS.F106A.ReciprocalType) => Typology.ArgumentStructure.fromWALS106A x.value) (Data.WALS.F106A.lookupISO rp_swahili.iso) = some rp_swahili.reflexiveRelation

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.rp_greek_wals : Option.map (fun (x : Data.WALS.Datapoint Data.WALS.F106A.ReciprocalType) => Typology.ArgumentStructure.fromWALS106A x.value) (Data.WALS.F106A.lookupISO rp_greek.iso) = some rp_greek.reflexiveRelation

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.rp_german_wals : Option.map (fun (x : Data.WALS.Datapoint Data.WALS.F106A.ReciprocalType) => Typology.ArgumentStructure.fromWALS106A x.value) (Data.WALS.F106A.lookupISO rp_german.iso) = some rp_german.reflexiveRelation

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.rp_mandarin_wals : Option.map (fun (x : Data.WALS.Datapoint Data.WALS.F106A.ReciprocalType) => Typology.ArgumentStructure.fromWALS106A x.value) (Data.WALS.F106A.lookupISO rp_mandarin.iso) = some rp_mandarin.reflexiveRelation

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.rp_wambaya_wals : Option.map (fun (x : Data.WALS.Datapoint Data.WALS.F106A.ReciprocalType) => Typology.ArgumentStructure.fromWALS106A x.value) (Data.WALS.F106A.lookupISO rp_wambaya.iso) = some rp_wambaya.reflexiveRelation

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.english_profiles_agree : Polinsky2013.english.reciprocal = rp_english.reflexiveRelation

For languages with both a ValenceProfile (Polinsky2013) and a RecipProfile (this file), the reflexive-reciprocal classification must agree.

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.russian_profiles_agree : Polinsky2013.russian.reciprocal = rp_russian.reflexiveRelation

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.swahili_profiles_agree : Polinsky2013.swahili.reciprocal = rp_swahili.reflexiveRelation

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.french_profiles_agree : Polinsky2013.french.reciprocal = rp_french.reflexiveRelation

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.german_profiles_agree : Polinsky2013.german.reciprocal = rp_german.reflexiveRelation

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.modernGreek_profiles_agree : Polinsky2013.modernGreek.reciprocal = rp_greek.reflexiveRelation

inductive Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.ReciprocityType : Type

Semantic type of reciprocal relation.

@cite{nordlinger-2023} (§4) summarizes the semantic typology from Dalrymple et al. (1998) and Evans et al. (2011), distinguishing six types of mutual relation that reciprocal constructions can encode:

• strong: every participant reciprocates with every other ("The members of this family love one another.")
• pairwise: participants are paired off ("The people at the dinner party were married to one another.")
• chain: sequential, each with the next ("The graduating students followed one another up onto the stage.")
• radial: one central participant reciprocates with all others ("The teacher and her pupils intimidated one another.")
• melee: widespread but not exhaustive reciprocation ("The drunks in the pub were punching one another.")
• ring: circular chain, last links back to first ("The children chased each other round in a ring.")

• strong : ReciprocityType
• pairwise : ReciprocityType
• chain : ReciprocityType
• radial : ReciprocityType
• melee : ReciprocityType
• ring : ReciprocityType

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.instDecidableEqReciprocityType : DecidableEq ReciprocityType

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• Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.instDecidableEqReciprocityType x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.instReprReciprocityType.repr : ReciprocityType → ℕ → Std.Format

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@[implicit_reducible]

instance Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.instReprReciprocityType : Repr ReciprocityType

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• Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.instReprReciprocityType = { reprPrec := Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.instReprReciprocityType.repr }

def Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.ReciprocityType.exhaustive : ReciprocityType → Bool

Whether a reciprocity type requires every participant to be involved in at least one reciprocal pair. Radial IS participant-exhaustive — the center reciprocates with each peripheral — but is not pair-exhaustive (peripherals do not reciprocate with each other). Melee is the only type where some participants may be uninvolved.

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• Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.ReciprocityType.strong.exhaustive = true
• Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.ReciprocityType.pairwise.exhaustive = true
• Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.ReciprocityType.chain.exhaustive = true
• Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.ReciprocityType.radial.exhaustive = true
• Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.ReciprocityType.melee.exhaustive = false
• Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.ReciprocityType.ring.exhaustive = true

def Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.ReciprocityType.symmetric : ReciprocityType → Bool

Whether a reciprocity type is symmetric: within each active pair, if A acts on B then B acts on A. Chain and ring are directional (A follows B does not entail B follows A). Radial IS symmetric — the teacher intimidates each pupil AND each pupil intimidates the teacher — it just doesn't cover all pairs.

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• Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.ReciprocityType.strong.symmetric = true
• Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.ReciprocityType.pairwise.symmetric = true
• Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.ReciprocityType.chain.symmetric = false
• Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.ReciprocityType.radial.symmetric = true
• Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.ReciprocityType.melee.symmetric = true
• Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.ReciprocityType.ring.symmetric = false

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.exhaustive_symmetric_types : ReciprocityType.strong.exhaustive = true ∧ ReciprocityType.strong.symmetric = true ∧ ReciprocityType.pairwise.exhaustive = true ∧ ReciprocityType.pairwise.symmetric = true ∧ ReciprocityType.radial.exhaustive = true ∧ ReciprocityType.radial.symmetric = true

Strong, pairwise, and radial are the three symmetric AND participant-exhaustive reciprocity types. Among these, only strong is also pair-exhaustive (every possible pair reciprocates).

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.directional_types : ReciprocityType.chain.symmetric = false ∧ ReciprocityType.ring.symmetric = false ∧ ReciprocityType.chain.exhaustive = true ∧ ReciprocityType.ring.exhaustive = true

Chain and ring are non-symmetric (directional) — they model sequential actions where A acts on B but B does not act on A. The difference: ring links the last element back to the first, chain does not.

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.melee_unique_nonexhaustive : ReciprocityType.melee.exhaustive = false ∧ ReciprocityType.melee.symmetric = true

Melee is the only non-exhaustive type — some group members may not participate at all.

def Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.englishReciprocityTypes : List ReciprocityType

English "each other" can express all six reciprocity types (Evans et al. 2011b, p. 8; @cite{nordlinger-2023} ex. 44). This is an empirical observation about English, not a structural property — some languages restrict which types their reciprocal construction can express.

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theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.english_expresses_all_types : englishReciprocityTypes.length = 6

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.rp_swahili_grounded_in_fragment : rp_swahili.primaryStrategy = Typology.ArgumentStructure.RecipStrategy.verbalAffix ∧ rp_swahili.valency = Typology.ArgumentStructure.RecipValency.monovalent ∧ Fragments.Swahili.Reciprocals.reciprocalAffix.category = Core.Morphology.MorphCategory.valence

The Swahili reciprocal suffix "-an-" (@cite{nordlinger-2023} ex. 40, citing Dimitriadis 2004) is formalized as a MorphRule in Fragments.Swahili.Reciprocals.reciprocalAffix. The rule realizes valence reduction (transitive → intransitive), matching rp_swahili's verbalAffix strategy + monovalent valency.

inductive Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.RecipMarkerPolysemy : Type

Extended readings of reciprocal markers beyond core reciprocal meaning.

@cite{nordlinger-2023} (§4.2) notes that reciprocal markers are often polysemous, expressing related but non-reciprocal meanings. These extended uses include collective, sociative, and iterative readings, in addition to the reflexive overlap captured by WALS Ch 106.

• reciprocal : RecipMarkerPolysemy
• reflexive : RecipMarkerPolysemy
• collective : RecipMarkerPolysemy
• sociative : RecipMarkerPolysemy
• iterative : RecipMarkerPolysemy

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.instDecidableEqRecipMarkerPolysemy : DecidableEq RecipMarkerPolysemy

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• Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.instDecidableEqRecipMarkerPolysemy x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.instReprRecipMarkerPolysemy : Repr RecipMarkerPolysemy

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• Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.instReprRecipMarkerPolysemy = { reprPrec := Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.instReprRecipMarkerPolysemy.repr }

def Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.instReprRecipMarkerPolysemy.repr : RecipMarkerPolysemy → ℕ → Std.Format

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structure Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.RecipPolysemyPattern : Type

Polysemy pattern: which extended readings a language's reciprocal marker(s) can express.

• language : String
• readings : List RecipMarkerPolysemy

def Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.instReprRecipPolysemyPattern.repr : RecipPolysemyPattern → ℕ → Std.Format

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@[implicit_reducible]

instance Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.instReprRecipPolysemyPattern : Repr RecipPolysemyPattern

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• Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.instReprRecipPolysemyPattern = { reprPrec := Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.instReprRecipPolysemyPattern.repr }

def Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.polysemy_russian : RecipPolysemyPattern

Russian "drug druga": reciprocal only (no collective/sociative).

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• Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.polysemy_russian = { language := "Russian", readings := [Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.RecipMarkerPolysemy.reciprocal] }

def Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.polysemy_french : RecipPolysemyPattern

French "se": reciprocal + reflexive + collective. "Les enfants se sont rassemblés" (collective, no mutual action).

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def Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.polysemy_wambaya : RecipPolysemyPattern

Wambaya "-ngg-" (RR): reciprocal + reflexive (identical forms).

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theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.reflexive_polysemy_tracks_wals : (polysemy_wambaya.readings.any fun (x : RecipMarkerPolysemy) => x == RecipMarkerPolysemy.reflexive) = true ∧ rp_wambaya.reflexiveRelation = Typology.ArgumentStructure.ReciprocalType.identicalToReflexive

Languages with reciprocal-reflexive identity show reflexive polysemy.

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.english_profile_grounded : Polinsky2013.english.reciprocal = Typology.ArgumentStructure.ReciprocalType.distinctFromReflexive ∧ rp_english.primaryStrategy = Typology.ArgumentStructure.RecipStrategy.bipartiteNP ∧ rp_english.valency = Typology.ArgumentStructure.RecipValency.bivalent ∧ Fragments.English.Pronouns.eachOther.pronounType = Fragments.English.Pronouns.PronounType.reciprocal ∧ Fragments.English.Pronouns.eachOther.pronounType ≠ Fragments.English.Pronouns.PronounType.reflexive

The English profiles (both Polinsky2013.english : ValenceProfile and rp_english : RecipProfile) are grounded in the Fragment: English has reciprocal pronouns that are categorically different from reflexive pronouns, and the profile records "each other" as a bipartite NP strategy.

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.hungarian_agrees_with_siloni : rp_hungarian.formation = some Siloni2012.hungarian.formation

@cite{nordlinger-2023}'s RecipProfile formation classifications agree with @cite{siloni-2012}'s LangRecipVerb.formation for languages discussed in both. The newer paper checks consistency with the older (chronological dependency).

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.french_agrees_with_siloni : rp_french.formation = some Siloni2012.french.formation

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.czech_agrees_with_siloni : rp_czech.formation = some Siloni2012.czech.formation

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.swahili_consistent_with_siloni : rp_swahili.formation = some Typology.ArgumentStructure.RecipFormation.lexical

Swahili is classified as lexical here (per Nordlinger 2023's review). Siloni (2012) does not discuss Swahili directly, but the prediction is consistent: Swahili has verb-marked reciprocals (-ana) that license discontinuous constructions — a lexical property.

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Nordlinger2023.greek_consistent_with_siloni : rp_greek.formation = some Typology.ArgumentStructure.RecipFormation.lexical

Greek is classified as lexical here. Consistent with Siloni: Greek allows discontinuous reciprocals with me.