English Pronoun Lexicon Fragment

[KC20] [Arn26] [Bal04]

Lexical entries for English pronouns. Personal pronouns are values of the cross-linguistic PersonalPronoun object; reflexives, reciprocals, and wh-pronouns are bare Pronoun shells (φ-features + surface form, no referential denotation of their own).

Each entry declares its Pronoun.bindingClass, so a form's binding-theoretic kind is the entry's own declaration; the lexicon lists below group them by class. Pronoun.toWord threads this onto the surface word's UD morphology (Reflex/PronType), where the framework-neutral binding engine reads it back via Binding.bindingClassOf.

Gender ([KC20])

Gender is stored directly as PersonalPronoun.gender : Option Gender: he/she/it carry .masculine/.feminine/.neuter; singular they — the Elsewhere/least-specified spellout — and 1st/2nd person carry no gender feature (none). Per [KC20], they's gender-neutrality is the absence of a contrastive [MASC]/[FEM]/[INANIM] feature, not a positive value; none encodes exactly that. Singular they is distinguished from genderless 1st/2nd person by person, not gender. The contrastive-vs-adjunct feature apparatus that [KC20] theorize lives in their study file, not on this cross-linguistic schema.

Personal pronouns (PersonalPronoun)

def English.Pronouns.i : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• English.Pronouns.i = { form := "I", person := some Person.first, number := some Number.singular, case_ := some Case.nom }

def English.Pronouns.me : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• English.Pronouns.me = { form := "me", person := some Person.first, number := some Number.singular, case_ := some Case.acc }

def English.Pronouns.we : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• English.Pronouns.we = { form := "we", person := some Person.first, number := some Number.plural, case_ := some Case.nom }

def English.Pronouns.us : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• English.Pronouns.us = { form := "us", person := some Person.first, number := some Number.plural, case_ := some Case.acc }

def English.Pronouns.you : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• English.Pronouns.you = { form := "you", person := some Person.second, number := some Number.singular }

def English.Pronouns.you_pl : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• English.Pronouns.you_pl = { form := "you", person := some Person.second, number := some Number.plural }

def English.Pronouns.he : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• English.Pronouns.he = { form := "he", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.singular, case_ := some Case.nom, gender := some Gender.masculine }

def English.Pronouns.him : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• English.Pronouns.him = { form := "him", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.singular, case_ := some Case.acc, gender := some Gender.masculine }

def English.Pronouns.she : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• English.Pronouns.she = { form := "she", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.singular, case_ := some Case.nom, gender := some Gender.feminine }

def English.Pronouns.her : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• English.Pronouns.her = { form := "her", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.singular, case_ := some Case.acc, gender := some Gender.feminine }

def English.Pronouns.it : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• English.Pronouns.it = { form := "it", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.singular, gender := some Gender.neuter }

def English.Pronouns.they : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• English.Pronouns.they = { form := "they", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.plural, case_ := some Case.nom }

def English.Pronouns.them : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• English.Pronouns.them = { form := "them", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.plural, case_ := some Case.acc }

def English.Pronouns.they_sg : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• English.Pronouns.they_sg = { form := "they", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.singular, case_ := some Case.nom }

def English.Pronouns.them_sg : PersonalPronoun

Equations

• English.Pronouns.them_sg = { form := "them", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.singular, case_ := some Case.acc }

Reflexive, reciprocal, and wh pronouns (bare Pronoun)

These are not referential pronouns; they carry φ-features and a surface form but no denotation of their own. Their binding-theoretic kind is the bindingClass each declares (tagged per list below).

def English.Pronouns.myself : Pronoun

Equations

• English.Pronouns.myself = { form := "myself", person := some Person.first, number := some Number.singular, bindingClass := some Features.BindingClass.reflexive }

def English.Pronouns.yourself : Pronoun

Equations

• English.Pronouns.yourself = { form := "yourself", person := some Person.second, number := some Number.singular, bindingClass := some Features.BindingClass.reflexive }

def English.Pronouns.himself : Pronoun

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def English.Pronouns.herself : Pronoun

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def English.Pronouns.itself : Pronoun

Equations

• English.Pronouns.itself = { form := "itself", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.singular, gender := some Gender.neuter, bindingClass := some Features.BindingClass.reflexive }

def English.Pronouns.ourselves : Pronoun

Equations

• English.Pronouns.ourselves = { form := "ourselves", person := some Person.first, number := some Number.plural, bindingClass := some Features.BindingClass.reflexive }

def English.Pronouns.yourselves : Pronoun

Equations

• English.Pronouns.yourselves = { form := "yourselves", person := some Person.second, number := some Number.plural, bindingClass := some Features.BindingClass.reflexive }

def English.Pronouns.themselves : Pronoun

Equations

• English.Pronouns.themselves = { form := "themselves", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.plural, bindingClass := some Features.BindingClass.reflexive }

def English.Pronouns.themself : Pronoun

Equations

• English.Pronouns.themself = { form := "themself", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.singular, bindingClass := some Features.BindingClass.reflexive }

def English.Pronouns.eachOther : Pronoun

Equations

• English.Pronouns.eachOther = { form := "each other", bindingClass := some Features.BindingClass.reciprocal }

def English.Pronouns.oneAnother : Pronoun

Equations

• English.Pronouns.oneAnother = { form := "one another", bindingClass := some Features.BindingClass.reciprocal }

def English.Pronouns.who : Pronoun

Equations

• English.Pronouns.who = { form := "who", pronType := some UD.PronType.Int, bindingClass := some Features.BindingClass.pronoun }

def English.Pronouns.whom : Pronoun

Equations

• English.Pronouns.whom = { form := "whom", case_ := some Case.acc, pronType := some UD.PronType.Int, bindingClass := some Features.BindingClass.pronoun }

def English.Pronouns.what : Pronoun

Equations

• English.Pronouns.what = { form := "what", pronType := some UD.PronType.Int, bindingClass := some Features.BindingClass.pronoun }

def English.Pronouns.which : Pronoun

Equations

• English.Pronouns.which = { form := "which", pronType := some UD.PronType.Int, bindingClass := some Features.BindingClass.pronoun }

def English.Pronouns.where_ : Pronoun

Equations

• English.Pronouns.where_ = { form := "where", pronType := some UD.PronType.Int, bindingClass := some Features.BindingClass.pronoun }

def English.Pronouns.when_ : Pronoun

Equations

• English.Pronouns.when_ = { form := "when", pronType := some UD.PronType.Int, bindingClass := some Features.BindingClass.pronoun }

def English.Pronouns.why : Pronoun

Equations

• English.Pronouns.why = { form := "why", pronType := some UD.PronType.Int, bindingClass := some Features.BindingClass.pronoun }

def English.Pronouns.how : Pronoun

Equations

• English.Pronouns.how = { form := "how", pronType := some UD.PronType.Int, bindingClass := some Features.BindingClass.pronoun }

Demonstrative pronouns (DemonstrativePronoun)

Genuine deictic demonstratives — a two-way proximal/distal distance system ([Mor21]). Unlike German der (a strong-article personal pronoun, see [PGG17]), these encode a real spatial contrast, so they are Demonstrative carriers.

def English.Pronouns.this_ : DemonstrativePronoun

Equations

• English.Pronouns.this_ = { form := "this", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.singular, deixis := Features.Deixis.Feature.proximal }

def English.Pronouns.that_ : DemonstrativePronoun

Equations

• English.Pronouns.that_ = { form := "that", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.singular, deixis := Features.Deixis.Feature.distal }

def English.Pronouns.these : DemonstrativePronoun

Equations

• English.Pronouns.these = { form := "these", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.plural, deixis := Features.Deixis.Feature.proximal }

def English.Pronouns.those : DemonstrativePronoun

Equations

• English.Pronouns.those = { form := "those", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.plural, deixis := Features.Deixis.Feature.distal }

def English.Pronouns.demonstratives : List DemonstrativePronoun

The four English demonstrative pronouns.

Equations

• English.Pronouns.demonstratives = [English.Pronouns.this_, English.Pronouns.that_, English.Pronouns.these, English.Pronouns.those]

theorem English.Pronouns.demonstratives_encode_distance (d : DemonstrativePronoun) : d ∈ demonstratives → (Demonstrative.deixis d).EncodesDistance

Every English demonstrative genuinely encodes a distance contrast (proximal/distal) — they are real Demonstratives, the deictic property the morphological "DEM" label does not guarantee.

Lexicon lists (the kind partition)

def English.Pronouns.reflexives : List Pronoun

Reflexive pronouns (Principle A anaphors); each entry declares bindingClass := .reflexive.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def English.Pronouns.reciprocals : List Pronoun

Reciprocal pronouns (bipartite-NP anaphors); each declares bindingClass := .reciprocal.

Equations

• English.Pronouns.reciprocals = [English.Pronouns.eachOther, English.Pronouns.oneAnother]

def English.Pronouns.whWords : List Pronoun

Wh-pronouns and wh-adverbs (Principle B pronominals); each declares bindingClass := .pronoun.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

theorem English.Pronouns.reflexives_are_anaphors (p : Pronoun) : p ∈ reflexives → Bound.IsAnaphor p

Every reflexive entry is a Principle-A anaphor by its declaration.

theorem English.Pronouns.whWords_project_isWh (p : Pronoun) : p ∈ whWords → p.toWord.features.isWh = true

Every wh-word projects as wh-marked: the entry's PronType=Int reaches the surface word's morphology (UD.MorphFeatures.isWh) through Pronoun.toWord.

def English.pronouns : List PersonalPronoun

The English personal-pronoun inventory: the canonical List PersonalPronoun handle. Reflexives, reciprocals, and wh-words live in their own English.Pronouns.* lists.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Gender feature facts ([KC20], [Arn26])

theorem English.they_gender_none : Pronouns.they.gender = none

Singular they bears no gender feature — the [KC20] Elsewhere case.

theorem English.sg_pl_same_gender : Pronouns.they_sg.gender = Pronouns.they.gender

Singular and plural they share the same (empty) gender feature despite differing in number — the structural correlate of [Arn26]'s observation that underspecified and personal they share the ungendered morphosyntactic feature.