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Linglib.Fragments.Slavic.Czech.Particles

Czech Particles #

[SS25] [stankova-2026] [Sim24] [Nek96]

Czech discourse particles of polar questions as Particle values. The negation-position diagnostics and Table 1 licensing live in Stankova2026; the bias experiments in StankovaSimik2025.

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def Czech.Particles.nahodou :
Particle

náhodou 'by (any) chance' — in its particle use restricted to negative polar questions ([stankova-2026] §2.2.1; the adverbial reading 'accidentally' is a separate item, her fn. 3). Diagnoses outer negation (Stankova2026); FALSUM experiments in StankovaSimik2025.

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    def Czech.Particles.jeste :
    Particle

    ještě 'yet, still' — aspectual particle of declaratives and polar questions ([stankova-2026] (13)-(14)); inner-negation diagnostic in Stankova2026.

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      def Czech.Particles.fakt :
      Particle

      fakt 'really' — emphatic particle of declaratives and polar questions ([stankova-2026] (15)); inner/medial-negation diagnostic in Stankova2026.

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        def Czech.Particles.vubec :
        Particle

        vůbec 'at all' — NPI particle of assertions and polar questions ([stankova-2026] (9)); parallels English at all.

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          def Czech.Particles.snad :
          Particle

          snad 'perhaps, surely not' — adversative/mirative PQ particle ([Nek96], [Sta23]); optionally supports rhetorical readings of polar questions ([Sim24] ex. 8).

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            def Czech.Particles.copak :
            Particle

            copak 'what then' — RAZVE-family particle ([Sim24] §4.2.4) of positive and negative polar questions ([SS25] exs. 19a-b, [Nek96]); evidential-bias experiments in StankovaSimik2025.

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              def Czech.Particles.allParticles :
              List Particle

              All Czech PQ particles indexed in this file.

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