Czech particles

The Czech discourse particles of polar questions are Particle values. Staňková uses náhodou, ještě, fakt and vůbec to diagnose the position of negation, and snad and copak are question particles. The diagnostics are in Studies/Stankova2026.lean and the bias experiments in Studies/StankovaSimik2025.lean.

References

• [SS25]
• [Sta26]
• [Sta23]
• [Sim24]
• [Nek96]

def Czech.Particles.nahodou : Particle

náhodou 'by (any) chance' is, in its particle use, restricted to negative polar questions ([Sta26] §2.2.1; the adverbial reading 'accidentally' is a separate item, her fn. 3). It diagnoses outer negation.

Equations

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def Czech.Particles.jeste : Particle

ještě 'yet, still' is an aspectual particle of declaratives and polar questions ([Sta26] (13)-(14)), and diagnoses inner negation.

Equations

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def Czech.Particles.fakt : Particle

fakt 'really' is an emphatic particle of declaratives and polar questions ([Sta26] (15)), and diagnoses inner or medial negation.

Equations

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def Czech.Particles.vubec : Particle

vůbec 'at all' is a negative polarity particle of assertions and polar questions ([Sta26] (9)), like English at all.

Equations

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def Czech.Particles.snad : Particle

snad 'perhaps, surely not' is an adversative and mirative particle of polar questions ([Nek96], [Sta23]), which optionally supports their rhetorical readings ([Sim24] ex. 8).

Equations

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def Czech.Particles.copak : Particle

copak 'what then' is a particle of the Russian razve family ([Sim24] §4.2.4) in positive and negative polar questions ([SS25] exs. 19a-b, [Nek96]).

Equations

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