Czech Particles

[SS25] [stankova-2026] [Sim24] [Nek96]

Czech discourse particles of polar questions as Particle values. The negation-position diagnostics and Table 1 licensing live in Stankova2026; the bias experiments in StankovaSimik2025.

def Czech.Particles.nahodou : Particle

náhodou 'by (any) chance' — in its particle use restricted to negative polar questions ([stankova-2026] §2.2.1; the adverbial reading 'accidentally' is a separate item, her fn. 3). Diagnoses outer negation (Stankova2026); FALSUM experiments in StankovaSimik2025.

Equations

• Czech.Particles.nahodou = { form := "náhodou", distribution := some { declarative := some ParticleStatus.excluded, polarInterrogative := some ParticleStatus.optional } }

def Czech.Particles.jeste : Particle

ještě 'yet, still' — aspectual particle of declaratives and polar questions ([stankova-2026] (13)-(14)); inner-negation diagnostic in Stankova2026.

Equations

• Czech.Particles.jeste = { form := "ještě", distribution := some { declarative := some ParticleStatus.optional, polarInterrogative := some ParticleStatus.optional } }

def Czech.Particles.fakt : Particle

fakt 'really' — emphatic particle of declaratives and polar questions ([stankova-2026] (15)); inner/medial-negation diagnostic in Stankova2026.

Equations

• Czech.Particles.fakt = { form := "fakt", distribution := some { declarative := some ParticleStatus.optional, polarInterrogative := some ParticleStatus.optional } }

def Czech.Particles.vubec : Particle

vůbec 'at all' — NPI particle of assertions and polar questions ([stankova-2026] (9)); parallels English at all.

Equations

• Czech.Particles.vubec = { form := "vůbec", distribution := some { declarative := some ParticleStatus.optional, polarInterrogative := some ParticleStatus.optional } }

def Czech.Particles.snad : Particle

snad 'perhaps, surely not' — adversative/mirative PQ particle of the cross-Slavic RAZVE family ([Sim24] §4.2.4, [Nek96], [Sta23]).

Equations

• Czech.Particles.snad = { form := "snad", distribution := some { polarInterrogative := some ParticleStatus.optional } }

def Czech.Particles.copak : Particle

copak 'what then' — RAZVE-family particle of positive and negative polar questions ([SS25] exs. 19a-b, [Nek96]); evidential-bias experiments in StankovaSimik2025.

Equations

• Czech.Particles.copak = { form := "copak", distribution := some { polarInterrogative := some ParticleStatus.optional } }

def Czech.Particles.allParticles : List Particle

All Czech PQ particles indexed in this file.

Equations

• Czech.Particles.allParticles = [Czech.Particles.nahodou, Czech.Particles.jeste, Czech.Particles.fakt, Czech.Particles.vubec, Czech.Particles.snad, Czech.Particles.copak]