Bulgarian clausal embedding

Bulgarian (Slavic, ISO 639-3 bul) introduces a finite complement clause with the default complementizer če 'that'. With a class of emotive factive predicates such as săžaljavam 'regret', radvam se 'be happy' and sram me e 'feel ashamed', the invariant relativizer deto introduces the complement as well, alternating freely with če apart from register, and also in the form zadeto. These predicates all take a za 'for' prepositional phrase beside the clause. The transitive factives razbiram 'comprehend', vzemam predvid 'take into account', imam predvid 'bear in mind', prenebregvam 'ignore' and griža se 'take care', the emotive văzmuštavam se 'resent', which takes no za phrase, and the semi-factives znaja 'know', pomnja 'remember', otkrivam 'find out', viždam 'see', čuvam 'hear' and zabeljazvam 'notice' take če only.

Forms follow Krapova's scientific transliteration, ă for ъ; several citation forms are multiword impersonals with an experiencer clitic, as jad me e. The predicate lists are the ones Krapova names and are open-ended in the paper. The data are Krapova's; the hidden-relative analysis of deto and the double requirement behind its distribution are stated in Studies/Deal2026.lean.

References

• [Kra10]
• [KK70]
• [Kar71b]
• [Noo07]

Clause-typers

def Bulgarian.che : Complementizer

The default complementizer če 'that', available in every complement clause (fn. 46).

Equations

• Bulgarian.che = { morphs := [Morphology.Morph.free "če"], coding := some Complement.Coding.indicative, types := Clause.Selection.only Clause.SentenceType.declarative }

def Bulgarian.deto : Complementizer

The invariant relativizer deto, which also introduces the complements of the emotive factives that take a za phrase, alternating with če (§5).

Equations

• Bulgarian.deto = { morphs := [Morphology.Morph.free "deto"], coding := some Complement.Coding.indicative, types := Clause.Selection.only Clause.SentenceType.declarative }

def Bulgarian.zadeto : Complementizer

The form zadeto of the same complementizer (fn. 45).

Equations

• Bulgarian.zadeto = { morphs := [Morphology.Morph.free "zadeto"], coding := some Complement.Coding.indicative, types := Clause.Selection.only Clause.SentenceType.declarative }

Predicates

structure Bulgarian.Verbextends Verb : Type

A Bulgarian complement-taking predicate is a verb entry with its [Noo07] class.

• valency : Valency
• voiceType : Option VoiceType
• passivizable : Bool
• perfectAuxiliaries : Finset PerfectAuxiliary
• vendlerClass : Option Aspect.VendlerClass
• scaleDimension : Option Degree.ScalarDimension
• scalePolarity : Polarity
• direction : Option Spatial.Path.Direction
• incrementality : Option Aspect.Incrementality
• phasal : Option Aspect.Phasal
• factivity : Option Presupposition.Factivity
• implicative : NaturalLogic.ImplicationSignature
• opaqueContext : Bool
• attitude : Option _root_.Attitude
• readings : List Reading
• complementSig : Option NaturalLogic.Signature
• levinClasses : Finset ArgumentStructure.LevinClass
• levinExcluded : Finset ArgumentStructure.LevinClass
• root : Semantics.Root
• morphs : List Morphology.Morph
• speechActVerb : Bool
• senseTag : SenseTag
• predicateClass : Option Complement.PredicateClass

  The [Noo07] class, none where the data give no clear assignment.

def Bulgarian.emotiveFrames : List ArgumentFrame

The frames of an emotive factive, a finite clause or a za phrase (59).

Equations

• Bulgarian.emotiveFrames = [ArgumentFrame.finiteClause, ArgumentFrame.pp]

def Bulgarian.sazhaljavam : Verb

săžaljavam 'regret', the predicate of the projection trials (57).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Bulgarian.vinovenSam : Verb

vinoven săm 'be one's fault' ((57b)).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Bulgarian.jadMeE : Verb

jad me e 'be sorry, regret' ((56b)).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Bulgarian.radvamSe : Verb

radvam se 'be happy'.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Bulgarian.nedovolstvam : Verb

nedovolstvam 'be dissatisfied'.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Bulgarian.pritesnjavamSe : Verb

pritesnjavam se 'worry'.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Bulgarian.zhalMiE : Verb

žal mi e 'be sorry'.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Bulgarian.machnoMiE : Verb

măčno mi e 'be sad'.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Bulgarian.sramMeE : Verb

sram me e 'feel ashamed'.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Bulgarian.vazmushtavamSe : Verb

văzmuštavam se 'resent', emotive and factive but without a za phrase ((58a)).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Bulgarian.razbiram : Verb

razbiram 'comprehend', a transitive factive on Kiparsky and Kiparsky's list.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Bulgarian.vzemamPredvid : Verb

vzemam predvid 'take into account', printed previd in the paper.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Bulgarian.imamPredvid : Verb

imam predvid 'bear in mind'.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Bulgarian.prenebregvam : Verb

prenebregvam 'ignore'.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Bulgarian.grizhaSe : Verb

griža se 'take care'.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Bulgarian.znaja : Verb

znaja 'know', a semi-factive.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Bulgarian.pomnja : Verb

pomnja 'remember'.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Bulgarian.otkrivam : Verb

otkrivam 'find out'.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Bulgarian.vizhdam : Verb

viždam 'see', on the propositional reading.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Bulgarian.chuvam : Verb

čuvam 'hear', on the propositional reading.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Bulgarian.zabeljazvam : Verb

zabeljazvam 'notice'.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Bulgarian.verbs : List Verb

The predicates Krapova names.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Bulgarian.detoTakers : List Verb

The predicates whose complement deto may introduce (§5).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.