Q'anjob'al Agent Focus and Extraction Fragment

@cite{coon-mateo-pedro-preminger-2014}

Morphological data on Q'anjob'al (Q'anjob'alan, Mayan) related to extraction asymmetries, Agent Focus, and the Crazy Antipassive.

Person Morphology (table (13))

Q'anjob'al has two agreement paradigms head-marked on the predicate:

• Set A (ERG): prefixes with pre-consonantal and pre-vocalic allomorphs
• Set B (ABS): suffixes; 3rd person is null (∅)

Status Suffixes (table (14))

The verb stem's final suffix encodes transitivity:

• Intransitive: -i (ITV)
• Transitive: -V' (TV)

These surface only phrase-finally; non-final forms omit them.

Morpheme Order (HIGH-ABS)

Template: ASP - ABS - ERG - ROOT - (DERIV) - SUFFIX

Absolutive immediately follows the aspect marker (pre-stem position), confirming Q'anjob'al as a HIGH-ABS language.

Extraction Asymmetries

• S (intransitive subject): extracts freely
• P (transitive object): extracts freely
• A (transitive subject): banned without Agent Focus

Agent Focus

AF suffix -on attaches to the verb stem. The verb carries the intransitive status suffix -i (not transitive -V'). Absolutive agreement co-indexes the notional object (not the subject). Used for wh-questions, focus, and relativization targeting the agent.

Crazy Antipassive

The same -on morpheme appears in non-finite embedded transitives: Chi uj [hin y-il-on-i] ix Malin 'Maria can see me.' Analyzed as the same case-assigning mechanism in environments where Infl⁰ is absent.

inductive Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.StatusSuffix : Type

Verb status suffixes encode transitivity. Surface only phrase-finally.

• itv : StatusSuffix
• tv : StatusSuffix

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.instDecidableEqStatusSuffix : DecidableEq StatusSuffix

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.instDecidableEqStatusSuffix x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.instReprStatusSuffix.repr : StatusSuffix → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.instReprStatusSuffix : Repr StatusSuffix

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.instReprStatusSuffix = { reprPrec := Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.instReprStatusSuffix.repr }

def Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.StatusSuffix.form : StatusSuffix → String

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.StatusSuffix.itv.form = "-i"
• Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.StatusSuffix.tv.form = "-V'"

structure Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.VerbMorphology : Type

Morphological properties of a Q'anjob'al verb form.

• hasAFSuffix : Bool

  Does the verb bear the AF suffix -on?

• statusSuffix : StatusSuffix

  Which status suffix: ITV or TV?

• hasSetA : Bool

  Does the verb bear Set A (ergative) agreement?

def Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.instDecidableEqVerbMorphology.decEq (x✝ x✝¹ : VerbMorphology) : Decidable (x✝ = x✝¹)

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.instDecidableEqVerbMorphology : DecidableEq VerbMorphology

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.instDecidableEqVerbMorphology = Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.instDecidableEqVerbMorphology.decEq

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.instReprVerbMorphology : Repr VerbMorphology

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.instReprVerbMorphology = { reprPrec := Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.instReprVerbMorphology.repr }

def Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.instReprVerbMorphology.repr : VerbMorphology → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.regularTransitive : VerbMorphology

Regular transitive verb form.

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.regularTransitive = { hasAFSuffix := false, statusSuffix := Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.StatusSuffix.tv, hasSetA := true }

def Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.agentFocusForm : VerbMorphology

Agent Focus verb form.

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.agentFocusForm = { hasAFSuffix := true, statusSuffix := Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.StatusSuffix.itv, hasSetA := false }

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.af_has_itv_suffix : agentFocusForm.statusSuffix = StatusSuffix.itv

AF carries the intransitive status suffix -i, not -V'. This is the morphological reflex of AF Voice being non-phasal (intransitive v⁰). Despite the clause having two non-oblique core arguments, the verb's status suffix signals intransitivity.

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.af_no_set_a : agentFocusForm.hasSetA = false

AF lacks Set A (ergative) agreement.

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.trans_has_set_a : regularTransitive.hasSetA = true

Regular transitives have Set A agreement.

def Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.VerbMorphology.permitsAgentExtraction (v : VerbMorphology) : Bool

Can the agent be extracted with this verb form?

Equations

• v.permitsAgentExtraction = v.hasAFSuffix

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.af_permits_extraction : agentFocusForm.permitsAgentExtraction = true ∧ regularTransitive.permitsAgentExtraction = false

AF permits agent extraction; regular transitive does not.

def Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.VerbMorphology.toMayanVerbForm (v : VerbMorphology) : VerbForm

Project Q'anjob'al's VerbMorphology (which carries the Q'anjob'al-specific statusSuffix field) down to the pan-Mayan Fragments.Mayan.VerbForm for cross-Mayan typology theorems. The hasAFSuffix flag is the discriminator: AF morphology = AF form.

Equations

• v.toMayanVerbForm = if v.hasAFSuffix = true then Fragments.Mayan.VerbForm.agentFocus else Fragments.Mayan.VerbForm.transitive

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.toMayanVerbForm_canonical : agentFocusForm.toMayanVerbForm = VerbForm.agentFocus ∧ regularTransitive.toMayanVerbForm = VerbForm.transitive

AF morphology projects to .agentFocus; regular transitive to .transitive.

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.hasSetA_consistent_with_projection : agentFocusForm.toMayanVerbForm.hasSetA = agentFocusForm.hasSetA ∧ regularTransitive.toMayanVerbForm.hasSetA = regularTransitive.hasSetA

Cross-Mayan consistency: Q'anjob'al's AF form lacks Set A under both the language-internal hasSetA field and the projected Mayan.VerbForm.hasSetA predicate.

def Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.crazyAntipassiveForm : VerbMorphology

The Crazy Antipassive uses the same -on morpheme as AF, but in non-finite embedded transitives rather than extraction contexts. Both carry the intransitive status suffix -i.

Chi uj [hin y-il-on-i] ix Malin 'Maria can see me.' Lanan [hach hin-laq'-on-i] 'I am hugging you.'

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.crazyAntipassiveForm = { hasAFSuffix := true, statusSuffix := Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.StatusSuffix.itv, hasSetA := false }

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.crazy_ap_is_af_form : crazyAntipassiveForm = agentFocusForm

The Crazy Antipassive is morphologically identical to AF.

inductive Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.PersonRestriction : Type

In Q'anjob'al, AF is restricted to clauses with 3rd person agents. 1st and 2nd person agents use the regular transitive form even when focused or extracted. Compare (72a-b) of @cite{coon-mateo-pedro-preminger-2014}:

• 3rd person: A Juan max maq'-on[-i] no tx'i'. (AF required)
• 1st person: Ay-in max hin-maq'[-a'] no tx'i'. (regular transitive)

The tentative account: 1st/2nd person agents may be base-generated in a high clausal position (Spec,CP), so no extraction through the vP phase edge is needed — the trapping problem never arises.

• first : PersonRestriction
• second : PersonRestriction
• third : PersonRestriction

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.instDecidableEqPersonRestriction : DecidableEq PersonRestriction

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.instDecidableEqPersonRestriction x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.instReprPersonRestriction : Repr PersonRestriction

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.instReprPersonRestriction = { reprPrec := Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.instReprPersonRestriction.repr }

def Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.instReprPersonRestriction.repr : PersonRestriction → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.PersonRestriction.requiresAF : PersonRestriction → Bool

Does AF apply for this person of agent? Only 3rd person.

Equations

• Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.PersonRestriction.first.requiresAF = false
• Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.PersonRestriction.second.requiresAF = false
• Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.PersonRestriction.third.requiresAF = true

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.af_only_third_person : PersonRestriction.third.requiresAF = true ∧ PersonRestriction.first.requiresAF = false ∧ PersonRestriction.second.requiresAF = false

def Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.PersonRestriction.requiresCrazyAP (_p : PersonRestriction) : Bool

The Crazy Antipassive does NOT have this person restriction: it appears with all persons in non-finite embedded transitives. This is expected because the Crazy Antipassive is triggered by the absence of Infl⁰ (a property of the embedded clause), not by extraction through a phase edge.

Equations

• _p.requiresCrazyAP = true

theorem Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.crazy_ap_all_persons : PersonRestriction.first.requiresCrazyAP = true ∧ PersonRestriction.second.requiresCrazyAP = true ∧ PersonRestriction.third.requiresCrazyAP = true

def Fragments.Mayan.Qanjobal.extractionProfile : Typology.ExtractionProfile

Q'anjob'al's extraction morphology profile.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.