Mandarin auxiliary verbs

This file defines the commonly used Mandarin auxiliary verbs of Li and Thompson's list: yīnggāi, yīngdāng and gāi 'ought to, should'; néng, nénggòu, huì and kěyǐ 'be able to'; néng and kěyǐ 'have permission to'; gǎn 'dare'; kěn 'be willing to'; děi, bìxū, bìyào and bìděi 'must, ought to'; and huì 'will, know how'. An auxiliary, like a verb, can be the A of an A-not-A question and can answer a question on its own, as in wǒ néng 'I can'; adverbs such as yídìng 'definitely' and dàgài 'approximately' can do neither.

Implementation notes

The senses are read as flavors in the usual way: ability as circumstantial, and permission and obligation as deontic. 'Ought to, should' is weak necessity, and the group glossed 'must, ought to' is entered with necessity, the stronger of its two glosses. Senses that are not flavors are left out: the future huì 'will', and the daring and willingness of gǎn and kěn, which are auxiliaries without modality.

References

• [LT81]
• [Kra81b]

def Mandarin.Auxiliaries.yinggai : Auxiliary

yīnggāi 应该 'ought to, should'.

Equations

• Mandarin.Auxiliaries.yinggai = { form := "yīnggāi", modality := {Modality.ModalForce.weakNecessity} ×ˢ {Modality.ModalFlavor.deontic} }

def Mandarin.Auxiliaries.yingdang : Auxiliary

yīngdāng 应当 'ought to, should'.

Equations

• Mandarin.Auxiliaries.yingdang = { form := "yīngdāng", modality := {Modality.ModalForce.weakNecessity} ×ˢ {Modality.ModalFlavor.deontic} }

def Mandarin.Auxiliaries.gai : Auxiliary

gāi 该 'ought to, should'.

Equations

• Mandarin.Auxiliaries.gai = { form := "gāi", modality := {Modality.ModalForce.weakNecessity} ×ˢ {Modality.ModalFlavor.deontic} }

def Mandarin.Auxiliaries.neng : Auxiliary

néng 能 'be able to', 'have permission to'.

Equations

• Mandarin.Auxiliaries.neng = { form := "néng", modality := {Modality.ModalForce.possibility} ×ˢ {Modality.ModalFlavor.circumstantial, Modality.ModalFlavor.deontic} }

def Mandarin.Auxiliaries.nenggou : Auxiliary

nénggòu 能够 'be able to'.

Equations

• Mandarin.Auxiliaries.nenggou = { form := "nénggòu", modality := {Modality.ModalForce.possibility} ×ˢ {Modality.ModalFlavor.circumstantial} }

def Mandarin.Auxiliaries.hui : Auxiliary

huì 会 'be able to, know how'; its sense 'will' is not a flavor.

Equations

• Mandarin.Auxiliaries.hui = { form := "huì", modality := {Modality.ModalForce.possibility} ×ˢ {Modality.ModalFlavor.circumstantial} }

def Mandarin.Auxiliaries.keyi : Auxiliary

kěyǐ 可以 'be able to', 'have permission to'.

Equations

• Mandarin.Auxiliaries.keyi = { form := "kěyǐ", modality := {Modality.ModalForce.possibility} ×ˢ {Modality.ModalFlavor.circumstantial, Modality.ModalFlavor.deontic} }

def Mandarin.Auxiliaries.gan : Auxiliary

gǎn 敢 'dare'.

Equations

• Mandarin.Auxiliaries.gan = { form := "gǎn" }

def Mandarin.Auxiliaries.ken : Auxiliary

kěn 肯 'be willing to'.

Equations

• Mandarin.Auxiliaries.ken = { form := "kěn" }

def Mandarin.Auxiliaries.dei : Auxiliary

děi 得 'must, ought to'.

Equations

• Mandarin.Auxiliaries.dei = { form := "děi", modality := {Modality.ModalForce.necessity} ×ˢ {Modality.ModalFlavor.deontic} }

def Mandarin.Auxiliaries.bixu : Auxiliary

bìxū 必须 'must, ought to'.

Equations

• Mandarin.Auxiliaries.bixu = { form := "bìxū", modality := {Modality.ModalForce.necessity} ×ˢ {Modality.ModalFlavor.deontic} }

def Mandarin.Auxiliaries.biyao : Auxiliary

bìyào 必要 'must, ought to'.

Equations

• Mandarin.Auxiliaries.biyao = { form := "bìyào", modality := {Modality.ModalForce.necessity} ×ˢ {Modality.ModalFlavor.deontic} }

def Mandarin.Auxiliaries.bidei : Auxiliary

bìděi 必得 'must, ought to'.

Equations

• Mandarin.Auxiliaries.bidei = { form := "bìděi", modality := {Modality.ModalForce.necessity} ×ˢ {Modality.ModalFlavor.deontic} }

def Mandarin.Auxiliaries.auxiliaries : List Auxiliary

The auxiliary verbs.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Mandarin.Auxiliaries.modals : List Auxiliary

The modal auxiliaries, those with a modality.

Equations

• Mandarin.Auxiliaries.modals = List.filter (fun (x : Auxiliary) => decide x.modality.Nonempty) Mandarin.Auxiliaries.auxiliaries