Korean Complementizers and Clause-Embedding Verbs

[Bon22] [BAM18] [kim-min-joo-2009]

Korean clause-typing morphology and matrix verbs that select bare vs. nominalized embedded clauses ([Bon22] §4.3.2).

Three clause-typing morphemes (Bondarenko's specific decomposition)

• -ta — declarative ending. [Bon22] §4.3.2 (following [BAM18]) analyses -ta as the overt exponent of ContP, the projection introducing the CONT function. NOT the consensus view: alternative analyses (Shim & Ihsane 2015; [kim-min-joo-2009]) treat -ta differently (clause-typing morpheme without specific structural decomposition). This Fragment file exposes the morpheme; the ContP-bearing claim is paper-specific apparatus and lives in Studies/Bondarenko2022.lean.
• -nun — adnominal ending; turns a clause into a noun-modifier. Co-occurs with kes in nominalized complement clauses.
• -ko — connective / quotative complementizer. Used in serialised predicate constructions and as a quotative complementizer.

The lexical noun kes

• kes — 'thing'. Light noun (M.-J. Kim 2009) that combines with an adnominal-clause modifier to yield a nominalized clause that can saturate a DP argument slot. The Korean version of the "Saxon-genitive D + N" Bondarenko's general analysis posits.

Scope

Per the project Fragment-discipline rule (textbook-consensus metadata only): only the morphological inventory and verb entries belong here. The Bondarenko-specific Cont/Comp split projection lives in the Bondarenko2022 Studies file.

Matrix verbs

• yukamsulewehay-ta 'regret' — preferential negative, stative
• mit-ta 'believe' — doxastic non-veridical
• sayngkakha-ta 'think' — doxastic non-veridical
• haysekha-ta 'interpret' — speech act / doxastic
• selmyengha-ta 'explain' — accomplishment (the explain-class verb anchoring §4.4.2 theme-arg analysis)

def Korean.Complementizers.ta : Complementizer

-ta — declarative ending. [Bon22] §4.3.2 (following [BAM18]) analyses it as the overt ContP exponent — that decomposition is Studies-local (Bondarenko2022.koreanAnalysis); the consensus view (Shim & Ihsane 2015, [kim-min-joo-2009]) treats it as a clause-typing morpheme without that structural decomposition.

Equations

• Korean.Complementizers.ta = { form := "-ta", position := some Morphology.FormativePosition.postfixed, clauseForm := some Features.ClauseForm.declarative, verbForm := some UD.VerbForm.Fin }

def Korean.Complementizers.nun : Complementizer

-nun — adnominal ending; turns a clause into a noun modifier (typically followed by kes 'thing' in nominalized clauses).

Equations

• Korean.Complementizers.nun = { form := "-nun", position := some Morphology.FormativePosition.postfixed, verbForm := some UD.VerbForm.Part, licenser := some Complementizer.Licenser.nominal }

def Korean.Complementizers.ko : Complementizer

-ko — connective / quotative complementizer; verb-adjacent Comp allomorph, paired with adnominal -nun (§4.3.2 ex. 46 of [Bon22]).

Equations

• Korean.Complementizers.ko = { form := "-ko", position := some Morphology.FormativePosition.postfixed, verbForm := some UD.VerbForm.Conv, licenser := some Complementizer.Licenser.verbal }

def Korean.Complementizers.complementizers : List Complementizer

The clause-typing inventory.

Equations

• Korean.Complementizers.complementizers = [Korean.Complementizers.ta, Korean.Complementizers.nun, Korean.Complementizers.ko]

def Korean.Complementizers.kes : Word

kes — 'thing'. Light noun analysed by [kim-min-joo-2009] as null-D + N. Combines with an adnominal -nun-marked clause to yield a nominalized DP that can saturate argument slots.

Equations

• Korean.Complementizers.kes = { form := "kes", cat := UD.UPOS.NOUN }

def Korean.Complementizers.yukamsulewehayta : Verb

yukamsulewehay-ta — 'regret'. Preferential negative, stative. [Bon22] §4.3.2.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Korean.Complementizers.mitta : Verb

mit-ta — 'believe'. Doxastic non-veridical, stative.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Korean.Complementizers.sayngkakhata : Verb

sayngkakha-ta — 'think'. Doxastic non-veridical, activity.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Korean.Complementizers.haysekhata : Verb

haysekha-ta — 'interpret'.

Equations

• Korean.Complementizers.haysekhata = { frames := [Frame.finiteClause], vendlerClass := some Features.VendlerClass.activity, opaqueContext := true, form := "haysekha-ta" }

def Korean.Complementizers.selmyenghata : Verb

selmyengha-ta — 'explain'. Accomplishment; central to [Bon22] §4.4.2 theme-argument analysis.

Equations

• Korean.Complementizers.selmyenghata = { frames := [Frame.finiteClause], vendlerClass := some Features.VendlerClass.accomplishment, form := "selmyengha-ta" }