Verb entry — derived API

Classification accessors DERIVED from the primitive Verb fields: unaccusativity from voice, veridicality from the attitude builder, presupposition status from event structure, theta-role linking, and so on. Verb classification is computed here, not stipulated as enum fields on Verb.

def Verb.derivedUnaccusative (v : Verb) : Bool

Derive unaccusativity from voice type when present, falling back to the stored unaccusative field. A verb is unaccusative iff its Voice does not introduce an external argument ([Kra96]).

Equations

• v.derivedUnaccusative = match v.voiceType with | some vt => !vt.assignsTheta | none => v.unaccusative

def Verb.derivedVendlerClass (v : Verb) : Option Features.VendlerClass

Derive vendlerClass from degreeAchievementScale if present. Falls back to the stipulated vendlerClass field.

Equations

• v.derivedVendlerClass = (v.vendlerClass <|> Option.map (fun (x : Features.DegreeAchievement.DegreeAchievementScale) => x.defaultVendlerClass) v.degreeAchievementScale)

def Verb.rootProfile (v : Verb) : Root.Profile

The verb's within-class quality profile ([SMcN26]), read off its root (where the profile is carried).

Equations

• v.rootProfile = v.root.profile

def Verb.kinds (v : Verb) : Root.Kinds

The verb's raw kind signature ([BKG20]): the un-closed atom-kinds of its root, the source of truth for what the verb structurally entails. Verb.closedKinds is its collocational closure and Verb.classKinds the coarse class-derived view (an independent provenance).

Equations

• v.kinds = v.root.kinds

def Verb.closedKinds (v : Verb) : Root.Kinds

The verb's closed kind signature ([BKG20]): the collocational closure of Verb.kinds (cause ⟹ result ⟹ state), which the event-structure spine (Verb.Root.template, CosModel.denote) runs on.

Equations

• v.closedKinds = v.root.closedKinds

def Verb.effectiveSubjectEntailments (v : Verb) : Option ArgumentStructure.EntailmentProfile

Effective subject entailment profile: verb-level override if present, otherwise falls back to the Levin class–level profile ([Lev93], [Dow91]).

Equations

• v.effectiveSubjectEntailments = (v.subjectEntailments <|> v.levinClass.bind fun (x : Semantics.Lexical.LevinClass) => x.subjectProfile)

def Verb.effectiveObjectEntailments (v : Verb) : Option ArgumentStructure.EntailmentProfile

Effective object entailment profile: verb-level override if present, otherwise falls back to the Levin class–level profile.

Equations

• v.effectiveObjectEntailments = (v.objectEntailments <|> v.levinClass.bind fun (x : Semantics.Lexical.LevinClass) => x.objectProfile)

def Verb.veridicality (v : Verb) : Option Features.Veridicality

Veridicality is DERIVED from the attitude builder

Equations

• v.veridicality = Option.map (fun (x : Features.Attitude) => x.veridicality) v.attitude

def Verb.isDoxastic (v : Verb) : Bool

Is this verb a doxastic attitude?

Equations

• v.isDoxastic = (Option.map (fun (x : Features.Attitude) => x.isDoxastic) v.attitude).getD false

def Verb.isPreferential (v : Verb) : Bool

Is this verb a preferential attitude?

Equations

• v.isPreferential = (Option.map (fun (x : Features.Attitude) => x.isPreferential) v.attitude).getD false

def Verb.preferentialValence (v : Verb) : Option Features.AttitudeValence

Valence is DERIVED from the attitude builder (for preferential attitudes)

Equations

• v.preferentialValence = v.attitude.bind fun (x : Features.Attitude) => x.valence

def Verb.factivePresup (v : Verb) : Bool

Does this verb presuppose its complement via factivity? DERIVED from attitude: true iff the verb is doxastic veridical.

Equations

• v.factivePresup = match v.attitude with | some (Features.Attitude.doxastic Features.Veridicality.veridical) => true | x => false

def Verb.presupposesComplement (v : Verb) : Bool

Does this verb presuppose its complement?

Equations

• v.presupposesComplement = (v.factivePresup || v.cosType.isSome)

def Verb.isPresupTrigger (v : Verb) : Bool

Is this verb a presupposition trigger?

Equations

• v.isPresupTrigger = v.presupType.isSome

def Verb.derivedPresupType (v : Verb) : Option PresupTriggerType

Presupposition trigger type DERIVED from event structure rather than stipulated. [RS24b] argue that presupposition status follows from a verb's event structure (factivity, CoS type), not from a lexically specified trigger type. This accessor derives the prediction: verbs with factive or CoS event structure are presupposition triggers.

Note: R&S (p. 705) argue that the soft/hard trigger distinction "has never been clearly operationalized." We use .softTrigger here as a placeholder, not as an endorsement of a binary soft/hard taxonomy.

Equations

• v.derivedPresupType = if v.presupposesComplement = true then some PresupTriggerType.softTrigger else none

def Verb.isCausative (v : Verb) : Bool

Is this verb a causative? DERIVED from causative field.

Equations

• v.isCausative = v.causative.isSome

def Verb.assertsSufficiency (v : Verb) : Bool

Does this causative verb assert sufficiency (like "make")?

DERIVED: delegates to Causative.assertsSufficiency.

Equations

• v.assertsSufficiency = (Option.map (fun (x : Features.Causative) => x.assertsSufficiency) v.causative).getD false

def Verb.predictedSubjectTheta (v : Verb) : Option ThetaRole

Lexicalist prediction of the external argument's theta role ([Lev93], [RHL98]), based solely on verb-internal properties.

The cascade mirrors traditional linking rules:

• raising / weather → no external role
• external causal source → stimulus (Class II psych, [Kim24])
• attitude builder or factive presupposition → experiencer
• occasion sense (manage-to) → experiencer
• Levin class flinch / learn → experiencer
• unaccusative / measure → theme
• default → agent

Contrasts with the Kratzer severing prediction (VoiceFlavor.thetaRole), which derives the role from Voice flavor rather than verb-internal semantics. Studies comparing the two accounts can apply both to the same Verb and inspect divergence.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Verb.isENTrigger (v : Verb) : Bool

Does this verb's semantics predict it is an expletive negation trigger?

DERIVED from attitude, implicative, and causative builders. Captures the propositional attitude licensing condition from [JK21] §5.5, ex. 13a:

• FEAR class: negative-valence preferential attitudes activate p (feared content) and ¬p (desired alternative).
• FORGET class: negative implicative verbs entail ¬p in w₀.
• STOP/PREVENT: causative preventatives entail ¬p in w₀.

DENY class triggers (doubt, question) are excluded — their EN-triggering requires matrix negation/questioning (pragmatic, via neg-raising), not purely lexical semantics. Temporal, logical, and comparative triggers are operators/connectives, not verbs.

Equations

• v.isENTrigger = (v.preferentialValence == some Features.AttitudeValence.negative || v.implicative == some Features.Implicative.negative || v.causative == some Features.Causative.prevent)

def Verb.assertsNecessity (v : Verb) : Bool

Does this causative verb assert necessity (like "cause")?

DERIVED: delegates to Causative.assertsNecessity.

Equations

• v.assertsNecessity = (Option.map (fun (x : Features.Causative) => x.assertsNecessity) v.causative).getD false

def Verb.entailsComplement (v : Verb) : Option Bool

Does success of this implicative verb entail the complement?

DERIVED: delegates to Implicative.entailsComplement. Returns some true for positive implicatives (manage, remember), some false for negative (fail, forget), none for non-implicatives.

Equations

• v.entailsComplement = Option.map (fun (x : Features.Implicative) => x.entailsComplement) v.implicative

def Verb.isPreferentialAttitude (v : Verb) : Bool

Is this verb a preferential attitude predicate?

Equations

• v.isPreferentialAttitude = v.preferentialValence.isSome

def Verb.canTakeClausalComplement (v : Verb) : Bool

Can this verb take a clausal (CP) complement?

Checks both primary and alternate complement frames. Used to classify verbs as CP-selecting vs non-CP-selecting for coordination studies ([Sch26]).

Equations

• v.canTakeClausalComplement = (v.complementType.isClausal || match v.altComplementType with | some ct => ct.isClausal | none => false)

def Verb.canTakeNominalComplement (v : Verb) : Bool

Can this verb take a nominal (DP) complement?

Checks both primary and alternate complement frames.

Equations

• v.canTakeNominalComplement = (v.complementType.isNominal || match v.altComplementType with | some ct => ct.isNominal | none => false)

def lookupSense (verbs : List Verb) (form : String) (tag : SenseTag := SenseTag.default) : Option Verb

Look up a verb core by citation form and sense tag.

Equations

• lookupSense verbs form tag = List.find? (fun (v : Verb) => v.form == form && v.senseTag == tag) verbs