English attitude verbs

This file defines the English clause-embedding verbs of attitude: the factives know, regret, realize, discover and notice, the doxastics believe and think, the preferentials want, intend, decide, hope, pray, expect, wish, fear, dread and worry, the clause-embedding predicates of Degen and Tonhauser's experiments, and the question-embedding wonder, ask, investigate and depend on with the rogative senses of remember and forget.

References

• [Day25]
• [DT22]
• [FS26]
• [Gra24]
• [Kle16]

Factive / Semifactive

def English.Verbs.know : Verb

"know" — factive, presupposes complement is true

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def English.Verbs.regret : Verb

"regret" — emotive factive, presupposes complement is true

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def English.Verbs.realize : Verb

"realize" — factive, presupposes complement is true

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def English.Verbs.discover : Verb

"discover" — semi-factive, weaker projection

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def English.Verbs.notice : Verb

"notice" — semi-factive

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Doxastic Attitude

def English.Verbs.believe : Verb

"believe" — doxastic attitude verb, creates opaque context

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def English.Verbs.think : Verb

"think" — doxastic attitude verb

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Preferential Attitude

def English.Verbs.want : Verb

"want" — preferential attitude verb with infinitival complement

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def English.Verbs.intend : Verb

"intend" — intention-reporting attitude verb ([Gra24]). Primary frame: infinitival with subject control ("intend to leave"). Alternate frame: for-to non-control ("intend for Ben to come along"). Rejects indicative complements cross-linguistically: "Kim intends that Sandy leaves." Requires eventuality abstraction (cause binds the complement's event argument).

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def English.Verbs.decide_ : Verb

"decide" — belief/intention hybrid attitude verb ([Gra24], §6.1). Nonfinite complement → intention formation: "Kim decided to quit smoking" Finite complement → belief formation: "Kim decided that smoking is harmful" The complement type determines the reading, as with Italian convincere ([FS26]).

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def English.Verbs.hope : Verb

"hope" — preferential attitude verb. Primary frame: finite clause ("hope that John leaves"). Alternate frame: infinitival with subject control ("hope to leave").

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def English.Verbs.pray : Verb

"pray" — preferential attitude verb, permits future temporal orientation. [Kle16]: like hope, pray can take a circumstantial modal base, allowing future-oriented readings under past tense morphology. Primary frame: finite clause ("pray that God helps"). Alternate frame: infinitival with subject control ("pray to be saved").

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def English.Verbs.expect : Verb

"expect" — preferential attitude verb

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def English.Verbs.wish : Verb

"wish" — preferential attitude verb

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def English.Verbs.fear : Verb

"fear" — a preferential attitude verb of Class 2, which takes questions.

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def English.Verbs.dread : Verb

"dread" — a preferential attitude verb of Class 2, which takes questions.

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def English.Verbs.worry : Verb

"worry" — preferential attitude verb

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Clause-Embedding Predicates

The 20 clause-embedding predicates of [DT22]. Predicates already defined above: know, discover, see, think, say, hear. "be annoyed" and "be right" are copular constructions, not simple verbs.

def English.Verbs.reveal : Verb

"reveal" — factive communication verb ([DT22]: canonically factive)

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def English.Verbs.acknowledge : Verb

"acknowledge" — optionally factive communication verb Levin lists acknowledge only among the appoint verbs (§29.1), a different frame.

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def English.Verbs.admit : Verb

"admit" — optionally factive communication verb Levin lists admit among the conjecture verbs (§29.5).

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def English.Verbs.announce : Verb

"announce" — communication verb

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def English.Verbs.confess : Verb

"confess" — optionally factive communication verb

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def English.Verbs.inform : Verb

"inform" — optionally factive communication verb with recipient

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def English.Verbs.suggest : Verb

"suggest" — non-factive communication verb

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def English.Verbs.pretend : Verb

"pretend" — anti-veridical attitude verb

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def English.Verbs.confirm : Verb

"confirm" — evidential verb

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def English.Verbs.demonstrate : Verb

"demonstrate" — evidential verb

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def English.Verbs.establish : Verb

"establish" — evidential verb

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def English.Verbs.prove : Verb

"prove" — evidential verb

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Question-Embedding

def English.Verbs.wonder : Verb

"wonder" — embeds questions only

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def English.Verbs.ask : Verb

"ask" — embeds questions

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def English.Verbs.investigate : Verb

"investigate" — rogative, embeds interrogatives only

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def English.Verbs.depend_on : Verb

"depend_on" — rogative, embeds interrogatives only ([Day25]: a rogative predicate)

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def English.Verbs.remember_rog : Verb

"remember" in factive/question-embedding sense.

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def English.Verbs.forget_rog : Verb

"forget" in factive/question-embedding sense, with a finite clause, a PRO-ing gerund (John forgot having stopped by the flower shop, [Wil25] (8)) or a question.

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