English Polarity-Sensitive Items

English polarity items, typed by Polarity.Item: weak NPIs (any, ever, at all), strong NPIs (lift a finger, in years, either), free-relative FCIs (whatever, whoever), maximizer NPIs (wild horses, all the tea in China), and PPIs both plain (some, already, somewhat) and idiomatic (at the drop of a hat, for a pittance). Entries carry licensing parameters, attested contexts, and scalar direction; the [Isr01] scalar-model classifications (value, canonicity, likelihood effect) live with their consuming study in Studies/Israel2001.lean as ScalarItems over these entries.

References

• [Isr96]
• [Gaj11], p. 120
• [Rul03]

Weak NPIs

def English.PolarityItems.any : Polarity.Item

any — the prototypical dual NPI/FCI, with domain alternatives ([Chi06]).

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def English.PolarityItems.ever : Polarity.Item

ever — temporal NPI with domain alternatives ([Chi06]).

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def English.PolarityItems.yet : Polarity.Item

yet — temporal NPI.

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def English.PolarityItems.anymore : Polarity.Item

anymore — temporal NPI.

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def English.PolarityItems.atAll : Polarity.Item

at all — degree NPI.

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def English.PolarityItems.inTheLeast : Polarity.Item

in the least — degree NPI.

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def English.PolarityItems.aSingle : Polarity.Item

a single — emphatic existential NPI.

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def English.PolarityItems.whatsoever : Polarity.Item

whatsoever — emphatic post-nominal NPI.

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Strong NPIs

def English.PolarityItems.liftAFinger : Polarity.Item

lift a finger — idiomatic minimizer, anti-additive licensor.

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def English.PolarityItems.budgeAnInch : Polarity.Item

budge an inch — idiomatic minimizer, anti-additive licensor.

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def English.PolarityItems.inYears : Polarity.Item

in years — temporal strong NPI.

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def English.PolarityItems.until_ : Polarity.Item

until — temporal strong NPI (in some analyses).

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def English.PolarityItems.either_npi : Polarity.Item

either — additive strong NPI ([Rul03], [Gaj11]): ungrammatical under Strawson-DE operators (Only John likes pancakes, either) despite [vF99a] having shown those contexts Strawson-DE ([Gaj11] p. 120).

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Free choice items

def English.PolarityItems.whatever : Polarity.Item

whatever — free-relative FCI.

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def English.PolarityItems.whoever : Polarity.Item

whoever — free-relative FCI.

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def English.PolarityItems.whichever : Polarity.Item

whichever — free-relative FCI.

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Positive polarity items

def English.PolarityItems.some_ppi : Polarity.Item

some (stressed) — PPI reading; attenuating (weaker than many/all).

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def English.PolarityItems.already : Polarity.Item

already — temporal PPI.

Equations

• English.PolarityItems.already = { form := "already", baseForce := Polarity.BaseForce.temporal, ppi := true, licensingContexts := [] }

def English.PolarityItems.somewhat : Polarity.Item

somewhat — degree PPI; attenuating (weaker than very).

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def English.PolarityItems.rather : Polarity.Item

rather — degree PPI; attenuating (weaker than very).

Equations

• English.PolarityItems.rather = { form := "rather", baseForce := Polarity.BaseForce.degree, ppi := true, licensingContexts := [], scalarDirection := some Polarity.ScalarDirection.attenuating }

def English.PolarityItems.tonsOf : Polarity.Item

tons of — emphatic PPI: She has tons of friends.

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def English.PolarityItems.utterly : Polarity.Item

utterly — emphatic PPI: I was utterly depressed.

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Maximizer NPIs

def English.PolarityItems.wildHorses : Polarity.Item

wild horses — idiomatic maximizer NPI: Wild horses couldn't keep me away.

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def English.PolarityItems.allTheTeaInChina : Polarity.Item

all the tea in China — idiomatic maximizer NPI: I wouldn't do it for all the tea in China.

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def English.PolarityItems.aTenFootPole : Polarity.Item

a ten-foot pole — idiomatic maximizer NPI: I wouldn't touch it with a ten-foot pole.

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def English.PolarityItems.inAMillionYears : Polarity.Item

in a million years — idiomatic maximizer NPI: I wouldn't marry that woman in a million years.

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Minimizer PPIs

def English.PolarityItems.atTheDropOfAHat : Polarity.Item

at the drop of a hat — idiomatic minimizer PPI: He'd quit at the drop of a hat.

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def English.PolarityItems.inAJiffy : Polarity.Item

in a jiffy — idiomatic minimizer PPI: We'll be back in a jiffy.

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def English.PolarityItems.forAPittance : Polarity.Item

for a pittance — idiomatic minimizer PPI: He got Madonna to play for peanuts.

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def English.PolarityItems.forASong : Polarity.Item

for a song — idiomatic minimizer PPI: He bought that painting for a song.

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Lexicon access

def English.PolarityItems.weakNPIs : List Polarity.Item

The weak NPIs.

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def English.PolarityItems.strongNPIs : List Polarity.Item

The strong NPIs.

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• English.PolarityItems.strongNPIs = [English.PolarityItems.liftAFinger, English.PolarityItems.budgeAnInch, English.PolarityItems.inYears, English.PolarityItems.until_]

def English.PolarityItems.invertedNPIs : List Polarity.Item

The maximizer NPIs.

Equations

• English.PolarityItems.invertedNPIs = [English.PolarityItems.wildHorses, English.PolarityItems.allTheTeaInChina, English.PolarityItems.aTenFootPole, English.PolarityItems.inAMillionYears]

def English.PolarityItems.allNPIs : List Polarity.Item

All NPIs (weak + strong + maximizer).

Equations

• English.PolarityItems.allNPIs = English.PolarityItems.weakNPIs ++ English.PolarityItems.strongNPIs ++ English.PolarityItems.invertedNPIs

def English.PolarityItems.allFCIs : List Polarity.Item

The FCIs.

Equations

• English.PolarityItems.allFCIs = [English.PolarityItems.any, English.PolarityItems.whatever, English.PolarityItems.whoever, English.PolarityItems.whichever]

def English.PolarityItems.canonicalPPIs : List Polarity.Item

The plain PPIs.

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def English.PolarityItems.invertedPPIs : List Polarity.Item

The minimizer PPIs.

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• English.PolarityItems.invertedPPIs = [English.PolarityItems.atTheDropOfAHat, English.PolarityItems.inAJiffy, English.PolarityItems.forAPittance, English.PolarityItems.forASong]

def English.PolarityItems.allPPIs : List Polarity.Item

All PPIs.

Equations

• English.PolarityItems.allPPIs = English.PolarityItems.canonicalPPIs ++ English.PolarityItems.invertedPPIs

def English.PolarityItems.allPolarityItems : List Polarity.Item

The full lexicon.

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def English.PolarityItems.lookup (form : String) : Option Polarity.Item

Lookup by form.

Equations

• English.PolarityItems.lookup form = List.find? (fun (p : Polarity.Item) => p.form == form) English.PolarityItems.allPolarityItems

Verification

theorem English.PolarityItems.english_licensing_sound (e : Polarity.Item) : e ∈ allPolarityItems → ∀ c ∈ e.licensingContexts, c.licenses e

Every attested context of every entry is predicted licensed.