English adjectives

This file lists the English adjective lexemes. An entry records the surface form, the scalar dimension, the polarity, the antonym and, where it is given, the comparison paradigm. An adjective compares with the suffixes -er and -est, with the degree words more and most, or on another root, as good, better, best does. An antonym pair is entered once, as an AntonymPair on its shared scale, and its two polar adjectives are the pair's pos and neg.

References

• [Ken07b]
• [KMcN05]
• [Bob12]
• [Tha25]
• [Bel25]
• [Nou24]
• [CSW24]
• [Goo24]
• [Las17a]
• [RH14]
• [RW04b]
• [Mor12]
• [AG24b]

Grade

def English.Adjectives.more : Morphology.Morph

The degree word of the analytic comparative.

Equations

• English.Adjectives.more = Morphology.Morph.free "more"

def English.Adjectives.most : Morphology.Morph

The degree word of the analytic superlative.

Equations

• English.Adjectives.most = Morphology.Morph.free "most"

def English.Adjectives.inflectional (form : String) : Adjective.Comparison

The inflectional comparison of form, with the suffixes -er and -est.

Equations

• English.Adjectives.inflectional form = { comparative := [Morphology.Morph.root form, English.Inflection.er], superlative := [Morphology.Morph.root form, English.Inflection.est] }

def English.Adjectives.analytic (form : String) : Adjective.Comparison

The analytic comparison of form, with the degree words more and most.

Equations

• English.Adjectives.analytic form = { comparative := [English.Adjectives.more, Morphology.Morph.root form], superlative := [English.Adjectives.most, Morphology.Morph.root form] }

def English.Adjectives.suppletive (comparative superlative : String) : Adjective.Comparison

The comparison of an adjective whose comparative and superlative are on another root.

Equations

• English.Adjectives.suppletive comparative superlative = { comparative := [Morphology.Morph.root comparative], superlative := [Morphology.Morph.root superlative] }

The lexemes

def English.Adjectives.height : Degree.AntonymPair

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.tall : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.tall = English.Adjectives.height.pos

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.short : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.short = English.Adjectives.height.neg

def English.Adjectives.high : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.high = { form := "high", dimension := some Degree.ScalarDimension.height, antonymForm := some "low" }

def English.Adjectives.happiness : Degree.AntonymPair

happy here is the one-place predicate "x is happy"; the two-place veridical-preferential attitude predicate "x is happy that p" is in Studies/UegakiSudo2019.lean.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.happy : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.happy = English.Adjectives.happiness.pos

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.unhappy : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.unhappy = English.Adjectives.happiness.neg

def English.Adjectives.sad : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def English.Adjectives.fullness : Degree.AntonymPair

full and empty measure on a closed scale, as 100% full and 100% empty show ([KMcN05] (28a)), and both poles take the maximum standard ([Ken07b], p. 38), so a half-full glass is neither full nor empty.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.full : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.full = English.Adjectives.fullness.pos

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.empty : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.empty = English.Adjectives.fullness.neg

def English.Adjectives.heat : Degree.AntonymPair

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.hot : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.hot = English.Adjectives.heat.pos

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.cold : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.cold = English.Adjectives.heat.neg

def English.Adjectives.cost : Degree.AntonymPair

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.expensive : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.expensive = English.Adjectives.cost.pos

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.cheap : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.cheap = English.Adjectives.cost.neg

def English.Adjectives.wetness : Degree.AntonymPair

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.wet : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.wet = English.Adjectives.wetness.pos

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.dry : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.dry = English.Adjectives.wetness.neg

def English.Adjectives.cleanliness : Degree.AntonymPair

Equations

• English.Adjectives.cleanliness = { dimension := Degree.ScalarDimension.cleanliness, posForm := "clean", negForm := "dirty" }

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.clean : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.clean = English.Adjectives.cleanliness.pos

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.dirty : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.dirty = English.Adjectives.cleanliness.neg

def English.Adjectives.straightness : Degree.AntonymPair

Equations

• English.Adjectives.straightness = { dimension := Degree.ScalarDimension.straightness, posForm := "straight", negForm := "bent" }

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.straight : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.straight = English.Adjectives.straightness.pos

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.bent : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.bent = English.Adjectives.straightness.neg

def English.Adjectives.flat : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.flat = { form := "flat", dimension := some Degree.ScalarDimension.flatness, antonymForm := some "bumpy", spatialConfigType := some Degree.SpatialConfigType.surfaceOrient }

def English.Adjectives.openness : Degree.AntonymPair

open takes the minimum standard, any amount of opening ([Ken07b] (68)); closed the maximum.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.open_ : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.open_ = English.Adjectives.openness.pos

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.closed_ : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.closed_ = English.Adjectives.openness.neg

def English.Adjectives.shut : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def English.Adjectives.free_ : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.free_ = { form := "free", dimension := some Degree.ScalarDimension.freedom, antonymForm := some "stuck", spatialConfigType := some Degree.SpatialConfigType.unattachment }

def English.Adjectives.loose : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def English.Adjectives.tight : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.tight = { form := "tight", dimension := some Degree.ScalarDimension.tightness, antonymForm := some "loose" }

def English.Adjectives.smoothness : Degree.AntonymPair

Equations

• English.Adjectives.smoothness = { dimension := Degree.ScalarDimension.smoothness, posForm := "smooth", negForm := "rough" }

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.smooth : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.smooth = English.Adjectives.smoothness.pos

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.rough : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.rough = English.Adjectives.smoothness.neg

def English.Adjectives.hardness : Degree.AntonymPair

Equations

• English.Adjectives.hardness = { dimension := Degree.ScalarDimension.hardness, posForm := "hard", negForm := "soft" }

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.hard : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.hard = English.Adjectives.hardness.pos

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.soft : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.soft = English.Adjectives.hardness.neg

def English.Adjectives.pure_ : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.pure_ = { form := "pure", dimension := some Degree.ScalarDimension.purity, antonymForm := some "impure" }

def English.Adjectives.life : Degree.AntonymPair

dead takes the maximum standard and is rarely used imprecisely ([KMcN05]); alive the minimum.

Equations

• English.Adjectives.life = { dimension := Degree.ScalarDimension.alive, posForm := "alive", negForm := "dead", posLexicalStandard := some Degree.PositiveStandard.minEndpoint }

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.alive : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.alive = English.Adjectives.life.pos

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.dead : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.dead = English.Adjectives.life.neg

def English.Adjectives.pregnant : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.pregnant = { form := "pregnant" }

def English.Adjectives.size : Degree.AntonymPair

Equations

• English.Adjectives.size = { dimension := Degree.ScalarDimension.generalSize, posForm := "large", negForm := "small" }

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.large : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.large = English.Adjectives.size.pos

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.small : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.small = English.Adjectives.size.neg

def English.Adjectives.extremeSize : Degree.AntonymPair

gigantic and tiny are extreme adjectives on the scale of large and small, with standards beyond theirs ([Mor12]).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.gigantic : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.gigantic = English.Adjectives.extremeSize.pos

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.tiny : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.tiny = English.Adjectives.extremeSize.neg

def English.Adjectives.pristineness : Degree.AntonymPair

pristine and filthy are extreme adjectives on the scale of clean and dirty, with standards beyond theirs, so the pair leaves a gap although the weak pair does not ([AG24b]).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.pristine : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.pristine = English.Adjectives.pristineness.pos

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.filthy : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.filthy = English.Adjectives.pristineness.neg

def English.Adjectives.long : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.long = { form := "long", dimension := some Degree.ScalarDimension.length, antonymForm := some "short" }

def English.Adjectives.wide : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.wide = { form := "wide", dimension := some Degree.ScalarDimension.width, antonymForm := some "narrow" }

def English.Adjectives.warmth : Degree.AntonymPair

Equations

• English.Adjectives.warmth = { dimension := Degree.ScalarDimension.temperature, posForm := "warm", negForm := "cool" }

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.warm : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.warm = English.Adjectives.warmth.pos

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.cool : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.cool = English.Adjectives.warmth.neg

Physical dimension adjectives

def English.Adjectives.weight : Degree.AntonymPair

Equations

• English.Adjectives.weight = { dimension := Degree.ScalarDimension.weight, posForm := "heavy", negForm := "light" }

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.heavy : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.heavy = English.Adjectives.weight.pos

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.light : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.light = English.Adjectives.weight.neg

def English.Adjectives.thickness : Degree.AntonymPair

Equations

• English.Adjectives.thickness = { dimension := Degree.ScalarDimension.thickness, posForm := "thick", negForm := "thin" }

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.thick : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.thick = English.Adjectives.thickness.pos

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.thin : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.thin = English.Adjectives.thickness.neg

def English.Adjectives.depth : Degree.AntonymPair

Equations

• English.Adjectives.depth = { dimension := Degree.ScalarDimension.depth, posForm := "deep", negForm := "shallow" }

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.deep : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.deep = English.Adjectives.depth.pos

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.shallow : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.shallow = English.Adjectives.depth.neg

def English.Adjectives.strength : Degree.AntonymPair

Equations

• English.Adjectives.strength = { dimension := Degree.ScalarDimension.strength, posForm := "strong", negForm := "weak" }

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.strong : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.strong = English.Adjectives.strength.pos

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.weak : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.weak = English.Adjectives.strength.neg

def English.Adjectives.speed : Degree.AntonymPair

Equations

• English.Adjectives.speed = { dimension := Degree.ScalarDimension.speed, posForm := "fast", negForm := "slow" }

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.fast : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.fast = English.Adjectives.speed.pos

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.slow : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.slow = English.Adjectives.speed.neg

def English.Adjectives.age : Degree.AntonymPair

Equations

• English.Adjectives.age = { dimension := Degree.ScalarDimension.age, posForm := "old", negForm := "young" }

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.old : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.old = English.Adjectives.age.pos

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.young : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.young = English.Adjectives.age.neg

Sensory adjectives

def English.Adjectives.brightness : Degree.AntonymPair

Equations

• English.Adjectives.brightness = { dimension := Degree.ScalarDimension.brightness, posForm := "bright", negForm := "dark" }

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.bright : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.bright = English.Adjectives.brightness.pos

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.dark : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.dark = English.Adjectives.brightness.neg

def English.Adjectives.volume : Degree.AntonymPair

Equations

• English.Adjectives.volume = { dimension := Degree.ScalarDimension.volume, posForm := "loud", negForm := "quiet" }

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.loud : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.loud = English.Adjectives.volume.pos

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.quiet : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.quiet = English.Adjectives.volume.neg

Intelligence and confidence

The confidence adjectives are the gradable attitude adjectives of [CSW24]. They measure on an upper-bounded confidence scale, with certain at its maximum and doubtful, unsure and uncertain on its negative pole.

def English.Adjectives.smart : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.smart = { form := "smart", dimension := some Degree.ScalarDimension.intelligence, comparison := English.Adjectives.inflectional "smart", antonymForm := some "dumb" }

def English.Adjectives.confident : Degree.GradableAdjective

Confident is relative on the upper-closed confidence scale. [CSW24] give it the ordering of certain with a contextual contrast state below certain's maximal states ((40), Figure 3), so that confident but not certain (65a) is consistent while completely confident (69a) reaches the maximum. [Goo24]'s non-extremity makes its threshold non-maximal in many ordinary contexts, on the evidence of confident that p, and even more confident that p or q (3). Interpretive Economy ([Ken07b] (66)) would give it the maximum of the scale, so the standard is lexical.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def English.Adjectives.confidence : Degree.AntonymPair

certain and uncertain measure on an upper-closed scale, certain with the maximum standard and uncertain with the minimum, as perfectly certain and slightly uncertain show ([Ken07b] (64)), so the pair is contradictory.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.certain : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.certain = English.Adjectives.confidence.pos

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.uncertain : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.uncertain = English.Adjectives.confidence.neg

def English.Adjectives.sureness : Degree.AntonymPair

sure and unsure are entered on the scale of certain and uncertain.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.sure : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.sure = English.Adjectives.sureness.pos

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.unsure : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.unsure = English.Adjectives.sureness.neg

def English.Adjectives.doubtful : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.doubtful = { form := "doubtful", dimension := some Degree.ScalarDimension.confidence, polarity := Polarity.negative, comparison := English.Adjectives.analytic "doubtful" }

Evaluative adjectives

def English.Adjectives.value : Degree.AntonymPair

"good" — open value scale, contrary to "bad". "good" takes a contextual standard and patterns with relative adjectives ([Bel25] §3); on the open .value scale this class is derived (open ⇒ contextual) rather than stipulated, so no lexicalStandard is needed.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.good : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.good = English.Adjectives.value.pos

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.bad : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.bad = English.Adjectives.value.neg

def English.Adjectives.beauty : Degree.AntonymPair

Equations

• English.Adjectives.beauty = { dimension := Degree.ScalarDimension.beauty, posForm := "beautiful", negForm := "ugly", evaluativeValence := some Degree.EvaluativeValence.positive }

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.beautiful : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.beautiful = English.Adjectives.beauty.pos

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.ugly : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.ugly = English.Adjectives.beauty.neg

def English.Adjectives.important : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.important = { form := "important", dimension := some Degree.ScalarDimension.importance }

def English.Adjectives.safety : Degree.AntonymPair

safe and dangerous measure on an upper-closed scale, so completely safe is fine but ??completely dangerous is not ([KMcN05] (27c)), and the pair is weak and contradictory, as Gotzner and Mazzarella's entailment pretest assumes ([GM24], Appendix 1). Alexandropoulou and Gotzner instead use it as a strong pair in their materials ([AG24b], Table A.2), which would make it contrary.

Equations

• English.Adjectives.safety = { dimension := Degree.ScalarDimension.safety, posForm := "safe", negForm := "dangerous", evaluativeValence := some Degree.EvaluativeValence.positive }

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.safe : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.safe = English.Adjectives.safety.pos

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.dangerous : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.dangerous = English.Adjectives.safety.neg

Physical disturbance deverbal adjectives

[Tha25]: physical disturbance predicates are associated with a totally closed, multi-point scale. Lower bound = physical instantiation of disturbance; upper bound = spatial extent of host entity. Gradable (more cracked, badly dented), compatible with completely and partially. Contra [RH14] (two-point) and [RW04b] (lower-bounded only).

def English.Adjectives.cracked : Degree.GradableAdjective

"cracked" — closed scale, contradictory to "uncracked". Deverbal adjective from crack (Levin 45.1 Break verbs). NOT a two-point scale: accepts more cracked, completely cracked, partially cracked, badly cracked ([Tha25] §2.3–2.4).

Equations

• English.Adjectives.cracked = { form := "cracked", dimension := some Degree.ScalarDimension.cracking, lexicalStandard := some Degree.PositiveStandard.minEndpoint }

def English.Adjectives.dented : Degree.GradableAdjective

"dented" — closed scale. Deverbal adjective from dent. Accepts more dented, completely dented, badly dented ([Tha25] (11a), (20b)).

Equations

• English.Adjectives.dented = { form := "dented", dimension := some Degree.ScalarDimension.denting, lexicalStandard := some Degree.PositiveStandard.minEndpoint }

def English.Adjectives.scratched : Degree.GradableAdjective

"scratched" — closed scale. Deverbal adjective from scratch. Accepts more scratched, completely scratched, badly scratched ([Tha25] (11b), (20c)).

Equations

• English.Adjectives.scratched = { form := "scratched", dimension := some Degree.ScalarDimension.scratching, lexicalStandard := some Degree.PositiveStandard.minEndpoint }

def English.Adjectives.shattered : Degree.GradableAdjective

"shattered" — closed scale, NON-GRADABLE. Deverbal adjective from shatter (Levin 45.1 Break verbs). Contrast: ??more shattered, punctual verb, no durative reading. Not a physical disturbance predicate ([Tha25] (12c)).

Equations

• English.Adjectives.shattered = { form := "shattered" }

Mildly positive adjectives (MPAs)

[Bel25]: MPAs encode a necessity standard — the minimum value required for pursuit. They share properties with both relative (context-sensitive, gradable) and absolute (no zone of indifference, crisp judgments, barely compatible) predicates.

def English.Adjectives.nice : Degree.GradableAdjective

"nice" — open scale, positive evaluative ([Nou24]). Base for M-degree intensifier nicely.

Equations

• English.Adjectives.nice = { form := "nice", dimension := some Degree.ScalarDimension.value, evaluativeValence := some Degree.EvaluativeValence.positive }

def English.Adjectives.pleasantness : Degree.AntonymPair

"pleasant" — open scale, positive evaluative ([Nou24]). Base for M-degree intensifier pleasantly.

Equations

• English.Adjectives.pleasantness = { dimension := Degree.ScalarDimension.value, posForm := "pleasant", negForm := "unpleasant", evaluativeValence := some Degree.EvaluativeValence.positive }

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.pleasant : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.pleasant = English.Adjectives.pleasantness.pos

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.unpleasant : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.unpleasant = English.Adjectives.pleasantness.neg

def English.Adjectives.decent : Degree.GradableAdjective

decent is a mildly positive adjective, on the open value scale with a functional (necessity) standard ([Bel25]) recorded as its lexicalStandard.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def English.Adjectives.acceptable : Degree.GradableAdjective

"acceptable" — mildly-positive adjective; open .value scale, functional standard ([Bel25]). Deverbal -able form: the modal suffix contributes the functional standard.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def English.Adjectives.adequate : Degree.GradableAdjective

"adequate" — mildly-positive adjective; open .value scale, functional (necessity) standard ([Bel25]).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Deadjectival intensifier bases ([Nou24])

Adjectival bases for deadjectival intensifiers. Evaluative adjectives (horrible, wonderful) derive H-degree or M-degree intensifiers via the Goldilocks effect. Mirative (unusual, surprising) and modal (possible, impossible) bases follow Zwicky's generalization.

Negative-evaluative bases: H-degree intensifiers

def English.Adjectives.horrible : Degree.GradableAdjective

"horrible" — open scale, negative evaluative. Base for H-degree horribly.

Equations

• English.Adjectives.horrible = { form := "horrible", dimension := some Degree.ScalarDimension.quality, evaluativeValence := some Degree.EvaluativeValence.negative }

def English.Adjectives.terrible : Degree.GradableAdjective

"terrible" — open scale, negative evaluative. Base for H-degree terribly.

Equations

• English.Adjectives.terrible = { form := "terrible", dimension := some Degree.ScalarDimension.quality, evaluativeValence := some Degree.EvaluativeValence.negative }

def English.Adjectives.awful : Degree.GradableAdjective

"awful" — open scale, negative evaluative. Base for H-degree awfully.

Equations

• English.Adjectives.awful = { form := "awful", dimension := some Degree.ScalarDimension.quality, evaluativeValence := some Degree.EvaluativeValence.negative }

def English.Adjectives.dreadful : Degree.GradableAdjective

"dreadful" — open scale, negative evaluative. Base for H-degree dreadfully.

Equations

• English.Adjectives.dreadful = { form := "dreadful", dimension := some Degree.ScalarDimension.quality, evaluativeValence := some Degree.EvaluativeValence.negative }

def English.Adjectives.frightening : Degree.GradableAdjective

"frightening" — open scale, negative evaluative. Base for H-degree frighteningly.

Equations

• English.Adjectives.frightening = { form := "frightening", dimension := some Degree.ScalarDimension.danger, evaluativeValence := some Degree.EvaluativeValence.negative }

def English.Adjectives.disgusting : Degree.GradableAdjective

"disgusting" — open scale, negative evaluative. Base for H-degree disgustingly.

Equations

• English.Adjectives.disgusting = { form := "disgusting", dimension := some Degree.ScalarDimension.quality, evaluativeValence := some Degree.EvaluativeValence.negative }

def English.Adjectives.annoying : Degree.GradableAdjective

"annoying" — open scale, negative evaluative. Base for H-degree annoyingly.

Equations

• English.Adjectives.annoying = { form := "annoying", dimension := some Degree.ScalarDimension.quality, evaluativeValence := some Degree.EvaluativeValence.negative }

def English.Adjectives.scary : Degree.GradableAdjective

"scary" — open scale, negative evaluative. Base for H-degree scarily.

Equations

• English.Adjectives.scary = { form := "scary", dimension := some Degree.ScalarDimension.danger, evaluativeValence := some Degree.EvaluativeValence.negative }

Positive-evaluative bases: M-degree intensifiers

def English.Adjectives.wonderful : Degree.GradableAdjective

"wonderful" — open scale, positive evaluative. Base for M-degree wonderfully.

Equations

• English.Adjectives.wonderful = { form := "wonderful", dimension := some Degree.ScalarDimension.quality, evaluativeValence := some Degree.EvaluativeValence.positive }

def English.Adjectives.delightful : Degree.GradableAdjective

"delightful" — open scale, positive evaluative. Base for M-degree delightfully.

Equations

• English.Adjectives.delightful = { form := "delightful", dimension := some Degree.ScalarDimension.quality, evaluativeValence := some Degree.EvaluativeValence.positive }

def English.Adjectives.gorgeous : Degree.GradableAdjective

"gorgeous" — open scale, positive evaluative. Base for M-degree gorgeously.

Equations

• English.Adjectives.gorgeous = { form := "gorgeous", dimension := some Degree.ScalarDimension.beauty, evaluativeValence := some Degree.EvaluativeValence.positive }

Mirative bases: H-degree intensifiers, not evaluative

def English.Adjectives.expectation : Degree.AntonymPair

Equations

• English.Adjectives.expectation = { dimension := Degree.ScalarDimension.expectation, posForm := "usual", negForm := "unusual", evaluativeValence := some Degree.EvaluativeValence.neutral }

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.usual : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.usual = English.Adjectives.expectation.pos

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.unusual : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.unusual = English.Adjectives.expectation.neg

def English.Adjectives.surprising : Degree.GradableAdjective

"surprising" — open scale, neutral (mirative). Base for H-degree surprisingly.

Equations

• English.Adjectives.surprising = { form := "surprising", dimension := some Degree.ScalarDimension.expectation, evaluativeValence := some Degree.EvaluativeValence.neutral }

def English.Adjectives.remarkable : Degree.GradableAdjective

"remarkable" — open scale, positive evaluative (§2.4.1). Extreme positive evaluation: H-degree remarkably despite positive valence (Goldilocks exception).

Equations

• English.Adjectives.remarkable = { form := "remarkable", dimension := some Degree.ScalarDimension.quality, evaluativeValence := some Degree.EvaluativeValence.positive }

def English.Adjectives.stunning : Degree.GradableAdjective

"stunning" — open scale, positive evaluative (Figure 2, upper-right quadrant). Extreme positive evaluation: H-degree stunningly (Goldilocks exception).

Equations

• English.Adjectives.stunning = { form := "stunning", dimension := some Degree.ScalarDimension.quality, evaluativeValence := some Degree.EvaluativeValence.positive }

Modal bases: Zwicky's generalization

def English.Adjectives.expected : Degree.GradableAdjective

"expected" — open scale, neutral (modal). Unattested as intensifier (*expectedly).

Equations

• English.Adjectives.expected = { form := "expected", dimension := some Degree.ScalarDimension.expectation, evaluativeValence := some Degree.EvaluativeValence.neutral }

def English.Adjectives.possibility : Degree.AntonymPair

possible and impossible are contradictories, since possible takes the minimum standard of the lower-closed possibility scale and impossible the maximum of its dual, as wet and dry do. Whether possible is gradable at all is disputed ([Las17a] §5.2.2); the entry records its gradable use, which impossibly long needs ([Nou24] (27b)).

Equations

• English.Adjectives.possibility = { dimension := Degree.ScalarDimension.possibility, posForm := "possible", negForm := "impossible", evaluativeValence := some Degree.EvaluativeValence.neutral }

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.possible : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.possible = English.Adjectives.possibility.pos

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev English.Adjectives.impossible : Degree.GradableAdjective

Equations

• English.Adjectives.impossible = English.Adjectives.possibility.neg

Inventory

def English.Adjectives.pairs : List Degree.AntonymPair

The antonym pairs of the fragment.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def English.Adjectives.singletons : List Degree.GradableAdjective

The entries outside an antonym pair.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def English.Adjectives.allEntries : List Degree.GradableAdjective

Every entry of the fragment.

Equations

• English.Adjectives.allEntries = List.flatMap (fun (p : Degree.AntonymPair) => [p.pos, p.neg]) English.Adjectives.pairs ++ English.Adjectives.singletons

def English.Adjectives.lookup (form : String) : Option Degree.GradableAdjective

The entry with a given surface form.

Equations

• English.Adjectives.lookup form = List.find? (fun (x : Degree.GradableAdjective) => x.form == form) English.Adjectives.allEntries

def English.Adjectives.pairOf (form : String) : Option Degree.AntonymPair

The antonym pair with a given surface form as one of its poles.

Equations

• English.Adjectives.pairOf form = List.find? (fun (p : Degree.AntonymPair) => p.posForm == form || p.negForm == form) English.Adjectives.pairs