Gradable adjectives #
Adjective-specific degree semantics, layered on the syntactic Adjective
(Syntax/Category/Adjective): the GradableAdjective lexeme with its derived Kennedy
classification, the two-threshold model for contrary antonyms, multidimensional
binding ([Sas13]), and the bridge from a concrete Degree scale to the
abstract PolarMeasure.
Main definitions #
GradableAdjective— a syntacticAdjectiverefined with the degree-semantic layer;scaleType,standard, andadjectiveClassare derived views.ThresholdPair— the two thresholds of a contrary antonym pair, with a gap.InformationalStrength— the weak/strong distinction ([AG24a]).DimensionBindingType— how a multidimensional adjective binds its dimensions.adjMeasure— aGradableAdjectiveread as aPolarMeasureover a scale.
Core degree types (Degree, Threshold) live in Core.MeasurementScale; the
threshold semantics (positiveMeaning, negativeMeaning) in Semantics/Degree/Basic.
The intersective/subsective/privative classification lives in
Semantics/Modification/Classification.lean.
Standards and Interpretive Economy ([Ken07]) #
Absorbed from the retired Standard.lean: the classification of
gradable adjectives by scale structure and the derivation of standard
type from boundedness. Interpretive Economy ([Ken07] eq. (66))
maximises the contribution of conventional meaning: a scale with an
endpoint rules out the contextual standard; a totally closed scale
admits both endpoint standards (ieAdmits) with the maximum as the
pragmatically preferred default (interpretiveEconomy).
Classification carriers #
Positive form standard: how the contextual threshold is determined. For open scales, the standard is the contextual norm ([Ken07]); for closed scales, it is the relevant endpoint fixed by Interpretive Economy.
- contextual : PositiveStandard
Open-scale: θ = norm relative to comparison class.
- minEndpoint : PositiveStandard
Lower-bounded: θ = minimum (e.g., "bent", "wet").
- maxEndpoint : PositiveStandard
Upper-bounded / closed: θ = maximum (e.g., "full", "dry").
- functional : PositiveStandard
Necessity standard: θ = minimum value for pursuit ([Bel25]).
Instances For
Equations
- Degree.instDecidableEqPositiveStandard x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯
Equations
- Degree.instReprPositiveStandard = { reprPrec := Degree.instReprPositiveStandard.repr }
Equations
- One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
Instances For
Whether the positive standard depends on contextual domain information.
[Ken07] argues the comparison class is not a semantic argument
of pos (contra [Kle80]), replacing it with the standard-fixing
function s: ⟦pos⟧ = λg.λx. g(x) ≥ s(g). For relative (open-scale)
adjectives, s still requires contextual domain information; for
absolute (closed-scale) adjectives the standard comes from scale
endpoints via Interpretive Economy.
Equations
Instances For
Equations
- Degree.instDecidablePredPositiveStandardRequiresComparisonClass Degree.PositiveStandard.contextual = isTrue Degree.instDecidablePredPositiveStandardRequiresComparisonClass._proof_1
- Degree.instDecidablePredPositiveStandardRequiresComparisonClass Degree.PositiveStandard.minEndpoint = isFalse Degree.instDecidablePredPositiveStandardRequiresComparisonClass._proof_2
- Degree.instDecidablePredPositiveStandardRequiresComparisonClass Degree.PositiveStandard.maxEndpoint = isFalse Degree.instDecidablePredPositiveStandardRequiresComparisonClass._proof_3
- Degree.instDecidablePredPositiveStandardRequiresComparisonClass Degree.PositiveStandard.functional = isTrue Degree.instDecidablePredPositiveStandardRequiresComparisonClass._proof_4
Kennedy's adjective classification by scale structure and standard
type [Ken07] [KMcN05], plus a
nonGradable case for adjectives outside the degree-based fragment.
- relativeGradable : AdjectiveClass
Standard varies with comparison class — tall, expensive, big.
- absoluteMaximum : AdjectiveClass
Threshold fixed at scale maximum — full, straight, closed, dry.
- absoluteMinimum : AdjectiveClass
Threshold fixed at scale minimum — wet, bent, open, dirty.
- mildlyPositive : AdjectiveClass
Necessity-relative threshold — decent, acceptable ([Bel25]).
- nonGradable : AdjectiveClass
Non-gradable: no degree argument, no scale — atomic, prime, deceased, pregnant. Outside the gradable (
PolarMeasure) system; consumers that classify a general adjective should map non-gradables here rather than coercing them into a gradable class.
Instances For
Equations
- One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
Instances For
Equations
- Degree.instReprAdjectiveClass = { reprPrec := Degree.instReprAdjectiveClass.repr }
Equations
- Degree.instDecidableEqAdjectiveClass x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯
Coarse two-way classification: relative vs absolute. Collapses
absoluteMaximum and absoluteMinimum.
Equations
Instances For
Equations
The positive-form standards that Interpretive Economy admits for a scale. IE maximises the contribution of conventional (scalar) meaning, so the contextual/relative standard is admitted only on a totally open scale (which has no endpoint to use). A one-sided closed scale admits its single endpoint; a totally closed scale admits both endpoint standards — IE rules out the relative reading but is silent on the min/max choice ([Ken07] eq. (66), the opaque/transparent and open/exposed cases of eq. (67)–(68)).
Equations
- Degree.ieAdmits Core.Order.Boundedness.open_ x✝ = (x✝ = Degree.PositiveStandard.contextual)
- Degree.ieAdmits Core.Order.Boundedness.lowerBounded x✝ = (x✝ = Degree.PositiveStandard.minEndpoint)
- Degree.ieAdmits Core.Order.Boundedness.upperBounded x✝ = (x✝ = Degree.PositiveStandard.maxEndpoint)
- Degree.ieAdmits Core.Order.Boundedness.closed x✝ = (x✝ = Degree.PositiveStandard.minEndpoint ∨ x✝ = Degree.PositiveStandard.maxEndpoint)
Instances For
Equations
- One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
The out-of-context default positive standard. Where Interpretive Economy
admits a unique standard (open / one-sided closed scales) this is forced; for a
totally closed scale IE admits both endpoints (ieAdmits) and the default is
the maximum on pragmatic grounds — a maximum standard entails a minimum one
and stronger meanings are preferred ([Ken07] eq. (66) discussion). So
this is Interpretive Economy plus a strengthening default for closed scales,
not IE alone; the genuine (variable) IE claim is ieAdmits.
Equations
- Degree.interpretiveEconomy Core.Order.Boundedness.open_ = Degree.PositiveStandard.contextual
- Degree.interpretiveEconomy Core.Order.Boundedness.lowerBounded = Degree.PositiveStandard.minEndpoint
- Degree.interpretiveEconomy Core.Order.Boundedness.upperBounded = Degree.PositiveStandard.maxEndpoint
- Degree.interpretiveEconomy Core.Order.Boundedness.closed = Degree.PositiveStandard.maxEndpoint
Instances For
The default standard for a totally closed scale is the maximum — a
pragmatic preference (stronger meaning), not an Interpretive-Economy
determination; the minimum is equally admitted (ieAdmits_closed_minEndpoint).
The default standard is always among those Interpretive Economy admits.
Interpretive variability of totally closed scales: IE admits the minimum
standard, so the interpretiveEconomy maximum default is a pragmatic preference,
not a semantic determination ([Ken07] eq. (67)–(68): opaque/transparent,
open/exposed).
A totally closed scale also admits the maximum standard.
Interpretive Economy rules out the relative (contextual) standard whenever
the scale has an endpoint (Boundedness.IsLicensed).
A boundedness is Class A (relative) iff its default standard requires a comparison class — i.e. iff the scale is open. Kennedy's tall, expensive, big.
Equations
Instances For
Two-threshold model for contrary antonyms #
The two thresholds of a contrary antonym pair (happy/unhappy): pos for the
positive form (true when degree > pos) and neg for the negative form (true when
degree < neg). When neg < pos a gap region [neg, pos] — "neither" — lies between
them; that strict inequality is taken as a hypothesis where a gap is needed
(contrary_gap_exists, gap_nonempty), not stored as an invariant.
Instances For
Equations
- One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
Instances For
Equations
- Degree.instReprThresholdPair = { reprPrec := Degree.instReprThresholdPair.repr }
Equations
- Degree.instDecidableEqThresholdPair.decEq { pos := a, neg := a_1 } { pos := b, neg := b_1 } = if h : a = b then h ▸ if h : a_1 = b_1 then h ▸ isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯ else isFalse ⋯
Instances For
Equations
- Degree.instBEqThresholdPair.beq { pos := a, neg := a_1 } { pos := b, neg := b_1 } = (a == b && a_1 == b_1)
- Degree.instBEqThresholdPair.beq x✝¹ x✝ = false
Instances For
Equations
Negation semantics #
The two-threshold model for contrary antonyms: the general threshold semantics of
Semantics/Degree/Basic (positiveMeaning/negativeMeaning/notPositiveMeaning) read
through a ThresholdPair's two poles.
Contradictory negation not happy — d ≤ θ (Degree.notPositiveMeaning).
Equations
Instances For
Contrary negation unhappy — d < θ_neg (Degree.negativeMeaning).
Equations
- Degree.contraryNeg d θ_neg = Degree.negativeMeaning d θ_neg
Instances For
Positive form happy at the pair's upper threshold — d > pos.
Equations
- Degree.positiveMeaning' d tp = Degree.positiveMeaning d tp.pos
Instances For
Negative form unhappy at the pair's lower threshold — d < neg.
Equations
- Degree.contraryNegMeaning d tp = Degree.negativeMeaning d tp.neg
Instances For
Antonym relations #
The relation between a positive form and its antonym.
Equations
Instances For
Informational strength #
Informational strength of a gradable adjective within its scale.
Weak adjectives (e.g., "large", "clean") occupy a broader region of the scale. Strong adjectives (e.g., "gigantic", "pristine") occupy a narrower, more extreme region.
A strong adjective entails its weak counterpart on the same pole: "x is gigantic" ⟹ "x is large", but not vice versa.
This distinction is orthogonal to scale structure (relative vs absolute) and polarity (positive vs negative).
- weak : InformationalStrength
- strong : InformationalStrength
Instances For
Equations
- One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
Instances For
Equations
Equations
- Degree.instDecidableEqInformationalStrength x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯
The gradable adjective #
Spatial configuration type for adjectives in resultative constructions ([Lev26]). Only adjectives describing spatially instantiated states license intr-push open resultatives.
- barrierConfig : SpatialConfigType
- unattachment : SpatialConfigType
- surfaceOrient : SpatialConfigType
Instances For
Equations
- Degree.instDecidableEqSpatialConfigType x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯
Equations
- Degree.instReprSpatialConfigType = { reprPrec := Degree.instReprSpatialConfigType.repr }
Equations
- One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
Instances For
A gradable adjective: the syntactic Adjective (Syntax/Category/Adjective) refined
with the degree-semantic layer that becomes relevant in this module — the
Kennedy standardOverride, and the lexical-semantic facets antonymRelation,
resultative spatialConfigType ([Lev26]), and evaluativeValence
([Nou24]). The scale shape (scaleType), positive standard, and Kennedy
adjectiveClass are derived views below — the fix for the old stored scaleType
that conflated scale shape with pole (wet/dry share one closed .wetness
scale, differing only in pole).
- form : String
- script : Option String
- dimension : Option Features.ScalarDimension
- isLowerEndpoint : Bool
- antonymForm : Option String
- standardOverride : Option PositiveStandard
Override the Kennedy default standard (the
good/MPA residual: an open-shape scale that nonetheless takes a functional/contextual standard, [Bel25]).none= take the derived default. - antonymRelation : Option AntonymRelation
Lexical antonym's logical relation (contrary vs contradictory).
- spatialConfigType : Option SpatialConfigType
Resultative spatial-configuration class ([Lev26]).
- evaluativeValence : Option Features.EvaluativeValence
Evaluative valence of the adjective, when applicable. Determines intensifier degree class ([Nou24]): negative-evaluative bases yield H-degree intensifiers, positive-evaluative bases yield M-degree intensifiers.
Instances For
Equations
- One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
Instances For
Equations
- Degree.instReprGradableAdjective = { reprPrec := Degree.instReprGradableAdjective.repr }
The scale's intrinsic shape — read off the dimension key, not stored
(.open_ for a non-gradable, which has no scale).
Equations
- g.scaleType = (Option.map Features.ScalarDimension.boundedness g.dimension).getD Core.Order.Boundedness.open_
Instances For
The effective positive standard: the default from (scale shape, pole),
overridable by standardOverride. This is the quantity the old scaleType field
conflated — it separates wet (closed + lower ⇒ min) from dry (closed + upper ⇒
max), and lets good (open shape) take a contextual standard rather than a bogus
bound. ([Ken07]'s Interpretive Economy on the open/singly-bounded cases.)
Equations
- One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
Instances For
The entry-level selection implements the type-level theory: an
override-free entry's derived standard is always among the standards
Interpretive Economy admits for its scale shape. The closed-scale
pole dispatch (min for lower-endpoint, max otherwise) picks within
IE's admitted pair rather than beyond it.
Kennedy's adjective class — derived from standard, not stored; .nonGradable
exactly when there is no dimension ([Ken07], [KMcN05]).
Equations
- One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
Instances For
Comparison-class dependence — the relative/absolute distinction, derived.
Equations
Instances For
Equations
- g.instDecidableIsRelative = id inferInstance
How a multidimensional adjective binds its dimensions ([Sas13]).
- conjunctive: entity must meet standard in ALL dimensions (e.g., healthy)
- disjunctive: entity must meet standard in SOME dimension (e.g., sick)
- mixed: context determines ∀ vs ∃ (e.g., intelligent)
- conjunctive : DimensionBindingType
- disjunctive : DimensionBindingType
- mixed : DimensionBindingType
Instances For
Equations
- Degree.instReprDimensionBindingType = { reprPrec := Degree.instReprDimensionBindingType.repr }
Equations
- One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
Instances For
Equations
- Degree.instDecidableEqDimensionBindingType x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯
Conjunctive binding: ∀Q ∈ DIM(P,c). Q(x).
Equations
- Degree.conjunctiveBinding dims x = dims.all fun (x_1 : α → Bool) => x_1 x
Instances For
Disjunctive binding: ∃Q ∈ DIM(P,c). Q(x).
Equations
- Degree.disjunctiveBinding dims x = dims.any fun (x_1 : α → Bool) => x_1 x
Instances For
De Morgan: negating conjunctive binding yields disjunctive binding over negated dimension predicates. This is the formal core of [Sas13]'s Hypothesis 2 — under a negation theory of antonymy, if the positive form is conjunctive, the negative antonym (its negation) is disjunctive.
The predicted binding type for a negative antonym, given its positive counterpart's binding type. Follows from De Morgan under the negation theory of antonymy.
Equations
Instances For
[Sas13] Hypothesis 3: standard type predicts binding type. Total (max standard) → conjunctive, partial (min standard) → disjunctive, relative (contextual) → mixed.
Equations
- Degree.predictedBinding Degree.PositiveStandard.maxEndpoint = Degree.DimensionBindingType.conjunctive
- Degree.predictedBinding Degree.PositiveStandard.minEndpoint = Degree.DimensionBindingType.disjunctive
- Degree.predictedBinding Degree.PositiveStandard.contextual = Degree.DimensionBindingType.mixed
- Degree.predictedBinding Degree.PositiveStandard.functional = Degree.DimensionBindingType.mixed
Instances For
Degree–PolarMeasure bridge #
Bounded max has LinearOrder and BoundedOrder (from Core.MeasurementScale), so the
abstract theorems in MeasurementScale.lean apply directly to concrete RSA degree
computations.
Equations
- Degree.adjMeasure μ entry = Degree.PolarMeasure.adjective μ entry.scaleType