The features an Ā-probe for the closest DP reads, the Ā-feature [REL] and [D].
Derives DecidableEq, Repr.
Used by relD, Relative.feats
Docs / Studies / Studies.BrananErlewine2024
Ā-probing for the closest DP
Branan, K. & Erlewine, M. Y. (2024). Linguistic Inquiry, 55(2), 375–401
An Ā-probe can be restricted to the closest DP: [PROBE:Ā+D] interacts with a goal bearing both an Ā-feature and [D] but is satisfied by any [D] goal, so it halts on the first DP it meets and moves it only if that DP bears the Ā-feature. A goal is closest when no other potential goal c-commands it (8). Relativization of this kind looks subject-only because the subject is usually the highest DP, but a non-subject moved above a low subject is extractable (10), and so is a DP at the edge of the highest DP, which that DP does not c-command (11). Turkish relatives with the subject-relative form and Rejang relatives with gi show both exceptions.
Implementation notes
- A relative clause is a tree with the heads that probe and the clitic pronouns, which cliticization hides from [D]-sensitive probes (p. 387). A goal is the occurrence of a D head, read at its maximal projection; its features are [D], unless it is a clitic, and [REL] on the relative operator.
- Turkish relatives take the subject-relative (SR) form exactly when the probe finds a goal, and the nonsubject-relative (NSR) form otherwise (p. 384). A Rejang gi relative needs every gi head to find a goal; bawo does not probe.
- Closeness is (8) itself, not the generators-above key of
Probe.Finds, under which a DP is closer than its possessor (Probe.not_finds_ancestors_of_lt). - Clauses are cut down to their DPs and the heads that order them. A Rejang possessor relative places the operator at the edge of the possessed DP, one of the two analyses of p. 389, and its resumptive pronoun is left out. The agent of a Rejang passive sits below the promoted theme.
TODO
- Kiribati, Toba Batak, Māori and Arabic (section 4), Haya long-distance relatives (35), Late Archaic Chinese ditransitives (37), and Tagalog non-DP fronting (section 5.3).
References
- Branan & Erlewine 2024, Ā-probing for the closest DP
The probe
[PROBE:REL+D] restricted to the closest DP, interacting with a goal that bears [REL] and [D] and satisfied by any goal that bears [D] (7).
Built from
Used by Relative.probe
Relative clauses
A relative clause: its structure, the heads that probe, and the clitic pronouns.
The structure.
- probes : List Minimalist.LexicalItem.Token
The heads bearing [PROBE:REL+D].
- clitics : List Minimalist.LexicalItem.Token
The clitic pronouns, invisible to [D]-sensitive probes.
Used by Relative.goals, Relative.feats, Relative.probe, Relative.Closest, Relative.instDecidablePredProdTreePathTokenClosest, Relative.Attracts, Relative.instDecidablePredProdTreePathTokenAttracts, Relative.Converges, Relative.instDecidableConverges, Turkish.rel, Turkish.Derived, Turkish.instDecidableDerived, Turkish.subject, Turkish.objectHigh, Turkish.objectLow, Turkish.temporal, Turkish.possessorSubject, Turkish.possessorObjectLow, Turkish.possessorObjectHigh, Rejang.rel, Rejang.activeTheme, Rejang.passiveTheme, Rejang.cliticSubject, Rejang.cliticAgent, Rejang.clausalSubject, Rejang.longSubject, Rejang.longTheme, Rejang.possessorSubject, Rejang.possessorObject, Rejang.possessorObjectClitic
The goals of the probe on the head at h, the occurrences of D heads in its complement.
The definition is too large to print here; read it in the source.
Built from
Used by Relative.Converges, Turkish.ex17
The features of a goal, [D] unless it is a clitic, and [REL] on the relative operator.
- r.feats g = (if g.2 ∈ r.clitics then ∅ else {Feature.d}) ∪ if g.2.item.IsWh then {Feature.rel} else ∅
Built from ,
Used by Relative.probe
A goal of the probe on the head at h is closest when no other potential goal, a goal that
satisfies the probe, c-commands it (8).
The definition is too large to print here; read it in the source.
Built from
Used by Relative.instDecidablePredProdTreePathTokenClosest, Relative.Attracts, Turkish.ex17
- r.instDecidablePredProdTreePathTokenClosest h x✝ = id inferInstance
Built from ,
The probe on the head at h attracts a closest goal it interacts with.
Built from , ,
Used by Relative.instDecidablePredProdTreePathTokenAttracts, Relative.Converges
- r.instDecidablePredProdTreePathTokenAttracts h x✝ = id inferInstance
Built from ,
Every probing head attracts a goal.
- r.Converges = ∀ h ∈ Minimalist.occurrencesWith r.tree fun (x : Minimalist.LexicalItem.Token) => x ∈ r.probes, ∃ g ∈ r.goals h, r.Attracts h g
Built from , ,
Used by Relative.instDecidableConverges, Turkish.Derived, Rejang.ex21_ex23, Rejang.ex26_ex28, Rejang.ex29_ex30
Turkish (12)–(20)
- Turkish.relC = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.C [Minimalist.Cat.T], id := 0 }
Used by Turkish.rel
- Turkish.tense = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.T [Minimalist.Cat.v], id := 1 }
- Turkish.littleV = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.v [Minimalist.Cat.V], id := 2 }
The relative operator.
- Turkish.op = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.D [] "" (Minimalist.FeatureBundle.single Minimalist.FeatureType.wh true), id := 3 }
Used by Turkish.possessed, Turkish.ex17
The possessive D head.
- Turkish.poss = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.D [Minimalist.Cat.N], id := 4 }
Used by Turkish.possessed, Turkish.ex17
- Turkish.sting = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.V [Minimalist.Cat.D] "sok", id := 5 }
- Turkish.girl = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.D [] "kız", id := 6 }
- Turkish.bee = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.D [] "arı", id := 7 }
- Turkish.go = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.V [Minimalist.Cat.D] "git", id := 8 }
- Turkish.school = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.D [] "mektep", id := 9 }
- Turkish.son = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.N [] "oğul", id := 10 }
- Turkish.daughter = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.N [] "kız", id := 11 }
- Turkish.leg = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.N [] "bacak", id := 12 }
- Turkish.explode = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.V [] "patla", id := 13 }
Used by Turkish.ex13_ex14
- Turkish.bomb = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.D [] "bomba", id := 14 }
Used by Turkish.ex13_ex14
- Turkish.fall = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.V [] "yağ", id := 15 }
Used by Turkish.ex13_ex14
- Turkish.snow = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.D [] "kar", id := 16 }
Used by Turkish.ex13_ex14
A relative clause headed by the relative complementizer.
- Turkish.rel t = { tree := ↑Turkish.relC * t, probes := [Turkish.relC] }
Built from ,
The form a sentence takes is SR exactly when the probe finds a goal (p. 384).
- Turkish.Derived d r = (d.feature? "form" = some "SR" ↔ r.Converges)
Built from ,
Used by Turkish.instDecidableDerived, Turkish.ex12, Turkish.ex13_ex14, Turkish.ex16, Turkish.ex18_ex20
- Turkish.instDecidableDerived d r = id inferInstance
Built from ,
The operator is the subject.
The definition is too large to print here; read it in the source.
Built from
Used by Turkish.ex12
The operator is the object, below a high subject.
The definition is too large to print here; read it in the source.
Built from
Used by Turkish.ex12
The object operator has moved above a low indefinite subject.
The definition is too large to print here; read it in the source.
Built from
Used by Turkish.ex13_ex14
The temporal operator is above a low indefinite subject.
The definition is too large to print here; read it in the source.
Built from
Used by Turkish.ex13_ex14
The possessed DP with the operator at its edge.
- Turkish.possessed n = ↑Turkish.op * (↑Turkish.poss * ↑n)
Built from ,
The operator is at the edge of the subject.
The definition is too large to print here; read it in the source.
Built from
Used by Turkish.ex16, Turkish.ex17
The object, with the operator at its edge, has moved above a low indefinite subject.
The definition is too large to print here; read it in the source.
Built from
Used by Turkish.ex18_ex20
The operator is at the edge of the object, below a high subject.
The definition is too large to print here; read it in the source.
Built from
Used by Turkish.ex18_ex20
Built from , ,
Built from , , , , , ,
Built from ,
(g : Core.Order.TreePath × Minimalist.LexicalItem.Token) :
g ∈ possessorSubject.goals { toList := [0] } → g.2 = op ∨ g.2 = poss → possessorSubject.Closest { toList := [0] } g
Built from , , , ,
Built from , ,
Rejang (21)–(30)
- Rejang.gi = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.C [Minimalist.Cat.T] "gi", id := 20 }
Used by Rejang.rel
An embedded gi.
- Rejang.gi₂ = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.C [Minimalist.Cat.T] "gi", id := 21 }
Used by Rejang.rel
- Rejang.bawo = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.C [Minimalist.Cat.T] "bawo", id := 22 }
- Rejang.tense = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.T [Minimalist.Cat.v], id := 23 }
- Rejang.aux = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.T [Minimalist.Cat.v] "mulaé", id := 24 }
- Rejang.littleV = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.v [Minimalist.Cat.V], id := 25 }
- Rejang.op = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.D [] "" (Minimalist.FeatureBundle.single Minimalist.FeatureType.wh true), id := 26 }
- Rejang.poss = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.D [Minimalist.Cat.N], id := 27 }
- Rejang.police = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.D [] "pelisi", id := 28 }
- Rejang.arrest = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.V [Minimalist.Cat.D] "akep", id := 29 }
- Rejang.ko = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.D [] "ko", id := 30 }
A second ko.
- Rejang.ko₂ = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.D [] "ko", id := 31 }
- Rejang.ku = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.D [] "ku", id := 32 }
- Rejang.keme = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.D [] "Keme", id := 33 }
- Rejang.buy = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.V [Minimalist.Cat.D] "okoa", id := 34 }
- Rejang.watch = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.V [Minimalist.Cat.D] "oton", id := 35 }
- Rejang.say = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.V [Minimalist.Cat.C] "adea'", id := 36 }
- Rejang.alui = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.D [] "Alui", id := 37 }
The resumptive pronoun.
- Rejang.si = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.D [] "si", id := 38 }
- Rejang.come = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.V [] "teko", id := 39 }
- Rejang.visit = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.V [Minimalist.Cat.D] "anang", id := 40 }
- Rejang.headman = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.D [] "Pak Lu'ea'", id := 41 }
- Rejang.nose = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.N [] "nyung", id := 42 }
- Rejang.long = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.V [] "panjang", id := 43 }
- Rejang.see = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.V [Minimalist.Cat.D] "lea'", id := 44 }
- Rejang.wife = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.N [] "ngenyan", id := 45 }
- Rejang.lengthen = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.V [Minimalist.Cat.D] "anjang", id := 46 }
- Rejang.age = { item := Minimalist.LexicalItem.of Minimalist.Cat.N [] "omor", id := 47 }
A relative clause whose gi heads probe, with its clitic pronouns.
- Rejang.rel t clitics = { tree := t, probes := [Rejang.gi, Rejang.gi₂], clitics := clitics }
Built from , ,
The theme of an active verb, below the subject.
The definition is too large to print here; read it in the source.
Built from
Used by Rejang.ex21_ex23
The theme promoted by the passive.
The definition is too large to print here; read it in the source.
Built from
Used by Rejang.ex21_ex23
The theme of an active verb, below a clitic subject.
The definition is too large to print here; read it in the source.
Built from
Used by Rejang.ex21_ex23
The theme below an auxiliary and a clitic agent.
The definition is too large to print here; read it in the source.
Built from
Used by Rejang.ex21_ex23
The embedded clause, with the operator at its edge, moved to the subject of the passive of say.
The definition is too large to print here; read it in the source.
Built from
Used by Rejang.ex26_ex28
The operator base-generated at the edge of a bawo clause, binding a resumptive.
The definition is too large to print here; read it in the source.
Used by Rejang.ex26_ex28
The operator moved to the edge of a gi clause from its subject.
The definition is too large to print here; read it in the source.
Used by Rejang.ex26_ex28
The embedded subject, attracted by the embedded gi and then across a clitic.
The definition is too large to print here; read it in the source.
Built from
Used by Rejang.ex26_ex28
The embedded theme, attracted across two clitics.
The definition is too large to print here; read it in the source.
Built from
Used by Rejang.ex26_ex28
The operator at the edge of the subject.
The definition is too large to print here; read it in the source.
Built from
Used by Rejang.ex29_ex30
The operator at the edge of the object, below a full subject.
The definition is too large to print here; read it in the source.
Built from
Used by Rejang.ex29_ex30
The operator at the edge of the object, below a clitic subject.
The definition is too large to print here; read it in the source.
Built from
Used by Rejang.ex29_ex30
Built from , , , ,
Built from , , , , ,
Built from , , ,