Adamson and Anagnostopoulou (2025): Gender Features and Coordination Resolution in Greek and Other Three-Gendered Languages

Adamson and Anagnostopoulou derive the resolution of gender on coordinated nominals in Greek, Icelandic, and Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian from three components and no default insertion: a language-particular geometry of privative gender features, a dual-feature system in which interpretable features go to LF and uninterpretable ones to PF, and the universal mechanism of percolation and conversion (Minimalist.Coordination.resolve). A system (System) fixes the geometry, the node each referent type and each grammatical gender contributes, and the vocabulary of inflectional exponents; every derivation is then a computation. A nominal (System.nominal) bears the interpretable features of its referent and, unless its noun's gender is its referents', the uninterpretable features of that gender, and conversion reads the referents alone (System.converted_nominal). In Greek, where FEM entails MASC, mismatched humans keep MASC and resolve masculine while inanimates, whose only interpretable feature is CLASS, resolve neuter (Greek.human_mismatch, Greek.inanimate_mismatch), and the fixed-gender nouns koritsi, megalofiia and thima resolve by their referents while their determiners agree with their gender (Greek.woman_girl, Greek.genius_sister, Greek.victim_mother). Uninterpretable features are realized set by set: uniform inanimates converge on their shared exponent (Greek.inanimate_uniform), mismatched ones do not (Greek.inanimate_clash), and a human coordinated with an inanimate is grammatical exactly when the human's interpretable features and the inanimate's uninterpretable ones receive the same exponent (Greek.human_inanimate_match, Greek.human_inanimate_crash, Greek.victim_painting). Neuter is the least specified gender, so it realizes clausal subjects (Greek.clausal), and the vocabulary's containment rules out a neuter–feminine syncretism that excludes the masculine (Greek.no_aba, from RuleSet.Realizes.of_realizes).

Icelandic differs only in its geometry, with MASC meaning male and FEM independent of it, so mismatched humans resolve neuter (Icelandic.human_mismatch) while fixed-gender skáld still resolves by its referent (Icelandic.poet_jon). Corbett's resolution rule for Icelandic reads the genders alone and takes the neuter for any mixture; the geometry agrees with it on his coordinations (Icelandic.corbett_rows) and parts from it on skáld, which the rule resolves by its neuter gender and the geometry by its referent (Icelandic.corbett_skald_jon). In Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian MASC sits under INDIV, ANIM under MASC, and neuter is mass; a plural coordination bears GRP and hence INDIV (System.plural), so every coordination realizes masculine, even of two neuters (BCS.human_mismatch, BCS.inanimate_mismatch, BCS.neuter_pair). Every node of the three geometries entails CLASS, so they satisfy mismatch resolution (mismatchResolution), and Table 2 follows from the geometries alone (table2).

Implementation notes

A geometry is given by its parent map on the six gender nodes, rooted in CLASS; the nodes a language does not use hang from CLASS and are never contributed.

A nominal pairs a fragment noun with the referent the paper's example gives it, the man, woman or inanimate its margin notation marks. Each theorem names the derivation it computes, so the paper's percolation generalization, that humans percolate interpretable features and inanimates either kind, is respected in the choice of derivation rather than derived.

References

• [AA25]
• [Smi15]
• [HR02]
• [Kra15]
• [Hal97a]
• [Har16a]
• [Bob12]
• [Cor91]

inductive AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.Node : Type

The privative gender nodes of the three geometries.

• cls : Node
• masc : Node
• fem : Node
• indiv : Node
• grp : Node
• anim : Node

@[instance_reducible]

instance AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.instDecidableEqNode : DecidableEq Node

Equations

• AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.instDecidableEqNode x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[instance_reducible]

instance AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.instReprNode : Repr Node

Equations

• AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.instReprNode = { reprPrec := AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.instReprNode.repr }

def AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.instReprNode.repr : Node → ℕ → Std.Format

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@[instance_reducible]

instance AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.instFintypeNode : Fintype Node

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def AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.Node.all : List Node

The nodes in a fixed order, the listing a feature set takes to the list-based vocabulary sites.

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inductive AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.Referent : Type

What a nominal refers to, a man, a woman, an individuated inanimate, or a mass.

• man : Referent
• woman : Referent
• thing : Referent
• mass : Referent

@[instance_reducible]

instance AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.instDecidableEqReferent : DecidableEq Referent

Equations

• AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.instDecidableEqReferent x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[instance_reducible]

instance AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.instReprReferent : Repr Referent

Equations

• AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.instReprReferent = { reprPrec := AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.instReprReferent.repr }

def AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.instReprReferent.repr : Referent → ℕ → Std.Format

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structure AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.System : Type

A three-gender system is a geometry, given by the node each node depends on directly, the node a referent contributes as interpretable gender and a grammatical gender contributes as uninterpretable gender, the features a plural coordination adds, and a vocabulary.

• parent : Node → Node
• iNode : Referent → Node
• uNode : Gender → Node
• plural : Finset Node
• vocabulary : Morphology.Exponence.RuleSet (DistributedMorphology.VocabularyItem Node Gender)

def AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.System.entailments (L : System) (n : Node) : Finset Node

A node entails itself and the nodes it depends on, read up the parent map.

Equations

• L.entailments n = (List.iterate L.parent n (Fintype.card AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.Node)).toFinset

def AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.System.conceptual (L : System) (r : Referent) : Minimalist.Coordination.Bundle Node

The interpretable features of a nominal with referent r.

Equations

• L.conceptual r = Minimalist.Coordination.Bundle.ofInterp (L.entailments (L.iNode r))

def AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.System.arbitrary (L : System) (g : Gender) : Minimalist.Coordination.Bundle Node

The uninterpretable features of a nominal of grammatical gender g.

Equations

• L.arbitrary g = Minimalist.Coordination.Bundle.ofUninterp (L.entailments (L.uNode g))

def AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.System.nominal (L : System) (n : GenderedNoun Gender) (r : Referent) : Minimalist.Coordination.Bundle Node

A nominal headed by n and referring to r bears the interpretable features of r and, unless the gender of n is its referents', the uninterpretable features of that gender.

Equations

• L.nominal n r = if GenderedNoun.IsNaturalGender id n then L.conceptual r else L.conceptual r ∪ L.arbitrary n.gender

def AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.System.realize (L : System) (fs : Finset Node) : Option Gender

The exponent of a feature set under the Subset Principle.

Equations

• L.realize fs = DistributedMorphology.subsetPrinciple L.vocabulary ↑(List.filter (fun (x : AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.Node) => decide (x ∈ fs)) AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.Node.all)

def AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.System.exponent (L : System) (b : Minimalist.Coordination.Bundle Node) : Option Gender

The exponent of a nominal's own gender, as on its determiner, its features at PF realized.

Equations

• L.exponent b = L.realize b.toPF

def AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.System.converted (L : System) (a b : Minimalist.Coordination.Bundle Node) : Option Gender

Resolution through conversion, the percolated interpretable features intersected and the result, with the coordination's plural features, realized; the intersection is nonempty by mismatch resolution.

Equations

• L.converted a b = L.realize (Minimalist.Coordination.resolve a b ∪ L.plural)

def AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.System.resolved (L : System) (r₁ r₂ : Referent) : Option Gender

Resolution of two nominals by their referents.

Equations

• L.resolved r₁ r₂ = L.converted (L.conceptual r₁) (L.conceptual r₂)

def AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.System.formal (L : System) (a b : Minimalist.Coordination.Bundle Node) : Option Gender

Resolution through uninterpretable features, each conjunct's set realized, converging on one exponent or crashing.

Equations

• L.formal a b = Minimalist.Coordination.realizeAll L.realize [a.uninterp, b.uninterp]

def AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.System.mixed (L : System) (human inan : Minimalist.Coordination.Bundle Node) : Option Gender

A human's percolated interpretable features beside an inanimate's uninterpretable ones. The redundancy rule copies the former to PF, and both sets are realized.

Equations

• L.mixed human inan = Minimalist.Coordination.realizeAll L.realize [human.interp, inan.uninterp]

@[simp]

theorem AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.System.interp_nominal (L : System) (n : GenderedNoun Gender) (r : Referent) : (L.nominal n r).interp = (L.conceptual r).interp

theorem AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.System.converted_nominal (L : System) (n₁ n₂ : GenderedNoun Gender) (r₁ r₂ : Referent) : L.converted (L.nominal n₁ r₁) (L.nominal n₂ r₂) = L.resolved r₁ r₂

Conversion reads the referents alone, so two nominals resolve as their referents do whatever their nouns' genders.

def AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.threeWay : Morphology.Exponence.RuleSet (DistributedMorphology.VocabularyItem Node Gender)

The three-way vocabulary shared by Greek and Icelandic.

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Greek

def AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.Greek.system : System

CLASS > MASC > FEM.

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theorem AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.Greek.masc_mem_entailments_fem : Node.masc ∈ system.entailments Node.fem

theorem AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.Greek.human_uniform : system.converted (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.maria Referent.woman) (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.giota Referent.woman) = some Gender.feminine ∧ system.converted (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.petros Referent.man) (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.kostas Referent.man) = some Gender.masculine

Uniform humans resolve to their shared gender, as in i Maria ke i Giota and o Petros ke o Kostas.

theorem AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.Greek.human_mismatch : system.converted (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.andras Referent.man) (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.gineka Referent.woman) = some Gender.masculine

In o andras ke i gineka ine eksipni FEM is lost and MASC kept.

theorem AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.Greek.woman_girl : system.exponent (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.koritsi Referent.woman) = some Gender.neuter ∧ system.converted (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.gineka Referent.woman) (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.koritsi Referent.woman) = some Gender.feminine

I gineka ke to koritsi ine eksipnes, where the neuter koritsi resolves by its female referent.

theorem AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.Greek.genius_sister : system.exponent (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.megalofiia Referent.man) = some Gender.feminine ∧ system.exponent (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.adherfi Referent.woman) = some Gender.feminine ∧ system.converted (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.megalofiia Referent.man) (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.adherfi Referent.woman) = some Gender.masculine

I megalofiia ke i adherfi tu ine charumeni, where two grammatically feminine nouns resolve masculine because the genius is a man.

theorem AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.Greek.victim_mother : system.exponent (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.thima Referent.woman) = some Gender.neuter ∧ system.converted (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.thima Referent.woman) (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.mitera Referent.woman) = some Gender.feminine

To thima ke i mitera tis ine charumenes, where the neuter thima resolves feminine for a woman.

theorem AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.Greek.inanimate_uniform : system.formal (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.fusta Referent.thing) (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.bluza Referent.thing) = some Gender.feminine ∧ system.formal (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.anaptiras Referent.thing) (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.fakos Referent.thing) = some Gender.masculine ∧ system.formal (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.piruni Referent.thing) (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.kutali Referent.thing) = some Gender.neuter

Uniform inanimates realize their shared arbitrary gender.

theorem AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.Greek.inanimate_mismatch : system.converted (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.pinakas Referent.thing) (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.karekla Referent.thing) = some Gender.neuter ∧ system.converted (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.scholio Referent.thing) (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.ekklisia Referent.thing) = some Gender.neuter ∧ system.converted (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.balkoni Referent.thing) (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.dhiadhromos Referent.thing) = some Gender.neuter

Mismatched inanimates resolve neuter through their interpretable CLASS.

theorem AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.Greek.inanimate_clash : system.formal (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.pinakas Referent.thing) (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.karekla Referent.thing) = none ∧ system.formal (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.scholio Referent.thing) (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.ekklisia Referent.thing) = none

Percolating their uninterpretable features instead clashes at PF.

theorem AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.Greek.inanimate_uniform_neuter : system.converted (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.fusta Referent.thing) (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.bluza Referent.thing) = some Gender.neuter

Uniform inanimates may also percolate CLASS and resolve neuter.

theorem AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.Greek.closest_conjunct : (HeadDirection.headInitial.nearest [system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.megalofiia Referent.man, system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.filos Referent.man]).bind system.exponent = some Gender.feminine ∧ (HeadDirection.headInitial.nearest [system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.pinakas Referent.thing, system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.karekla Referent.thing]).bind system.exponent = some Gender.masculine

Closest conjunct agreement is with the PF features of the conjunct next to the predicate, which precedes the subject, so it is feminine for i megalofiia ke o filos tu whatever the genius's referent ((45)) and masculine, not the neuter of CLASS, for o pinakas ke i karekla ((46)).

theorem AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.Greek.human_inanimate_crash : system.mixed (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.kleftis Referent.man) (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.daxtilidi Referent.thing) = none ∧ system.mixed (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.giorgos Referent.man) (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.pukamiso Referent.thing) = none ∧ Minimalist.Coordination.resolve (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.kleftis Referent.man) (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.daxtilidi Referent.thing) = {Node.cls}

O kleftis ke to daxtilidi and o Giorgos ke to pukamiso tu, where the man's MASC and the neuter's CLASS clash at PF; the paper excludes the remaining, all-interpretable option at LF.

theorem AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.Greek.human_inanimate_match : system.mixed (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.kleftis Referent.man) (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.pinakas Referent.thing) = some Gender.masculine ∧ system.mixed (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.gineka Referent.woman) (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.ombrela Referent.thing) = some Gender.feminine

Matched humans and inanimates converge, as in o kleftis ke o pinakas and i gineka ke i ombrela.

theorem AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.Greek.victim_painting : system.mixed (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.megalofiia Referent.man) (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.pinakas Referent.thing) = some Gender.masculine ∧ system.mixed (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.thima Referent.man) (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.pinakas Referent.thing) = some Gender.masculine ∧ system.mixed (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.thima Referent.woman) (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.fotografia Referent.thing) = some Gender.feminine ∧ system.mixed (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.thima Referent.man) (system.nominal Greek.StandardModern.Gender.fotografia Referent.thing) = none

The fixed-gender megalofiia and thima match an inanimate by their referents, as in i megalofiia ke o pinakas tu, to thima ke o pinakas tu and to thima ke i fotografia tis, and a victim who is a man does not match a feminine inanimate.

theorem AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.Greek.clausal : system.realize ∅ = some Gender.neuter

Clausal subjects bear no gender features and are realized neuter.

theorem AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.Greek.no_aba (v : Morphology.Exponence.RuleSet (DistributedMorphology.VocabularyItem Node Gender)) (hv : v.Antihomophonous) {φ : Gender} (hn : v.Realizes (↑[Node.cls]) φ) (hf : v.Realizes (↑[Node.fem, Node.masc, Node.cls]) φ) : v.Realizes (↑[Node.masc, Node.cls]) φ

No neuter–feminine syncretism to the exclusion of masculine, for any vocabulary with one item per exponent over the Greek feature sets.

Icelandic

def AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.Icelandic.system : System

CLASS above independent MASC and FEM.

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theorem AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.Icelandic.masc_not_mem_entailments_fem : Node.masc ∉ system.entailments Node.fem

theorem AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.Icelandic.human_mismatch : system.converted (system.nominal Icelandic.Nouns.madur Referent.man) (system.nominal Icelandic.Nouns.kona Referent.woman) = some Gender.neuter

Maðurinn og konan eru þreytt, where only CLASS survives.

theorem AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.Icelandic.poet_jon : system.exponent (system.nominal Icelandic.Nouns.skald Referent.man) = some Gender.neuter ∧ system.converted (system.nominal Icelandic.Nouns.skald Referent.man) (system.nominal Icelandic.Nouns.jon Referent.man) = some Gender.masculine

Skáldið og Jón eru frægir, where the neuter skáld resolves masculine for a man.

theorem AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.Icelandic.inanimate_mismatch : system.converted (system.nominal Icelandic.Nouns.fraegd Referent.thing) (system.nominal Icelandic.Nouns.frami Referent.thing) = some Gender.neuter ∧ system.formal (system.nominal Icelandic.Nouns.fraegd Referent.thing) (system.nominal Icelandic.Nouns.frami Referent.thing) = none

Frægð og frami eru tvíeggjuð.

Corbett's rule

[Cor91]'s rule for Icelandic reads the conjuncts' genders alone (Corbett1991.Icelandic.rules): homogeneous masculines or feminines keep their gender and any mixture takes the neuter. The geometry reads referents instead, so the two agree wherever the gender is the referent's and part where it is not.

theorem AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.Icelandic.corbett_rows : Agreement.ResolutionRule.resolve Corbett1991.Icelandic.rules [Icelandic.Nouns.drengur.gender, Icelandic.Nouns.telpa.gender] = some Gender.neuter ∧ system.converted (system.nominal Icelandic.Nouns.drengur Referent.man) (system.nominal Icelandic.Nouns.telpa Referent.woman) = some Gender.neuter ∧ Agreement.ResolutionRule.resolve Corbett1991.Icelandic.rules [Icelandic.Nouns.aer.gender, Icelandic.Nouns.lamb.gender] = some Gender.neuter ∧ system.converted (system.nominal Icelandic.Nouns.aer Referent.thing) (system.nominal Icelandic.Nouns.lamb Referent.thing) = some Gender.neuter

On Corbett's coordinations the rule and the geometry agree. The boy and the girl resolve neuter as mismatched humans, and the ewe and the lamb, which contribute CLASS alone as the paper's inanimates do, resolve neuter through it.

theorem AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.Icelandic.corbett_skald_jon : Agreement.ResolutionRule.resolve Corbett1991.Icelandic.rules [Icelandic.Nouns.skald.gender, Icelandic.Nouns.jon.gender] = some Gender.neuter ∧ system.converted (system.nominal Icelandic.Nouns.skald Referent.man) (system.nominal Icelandic.Nouns.jon Referent.man) = some Gender.masculine

In skáldið og Jón eru frægir the rule resolves the neuter skáld and the masculine Jón to the neuter, and the geometry to the masculine of the two men.

Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian

def AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.BCS.system : System

CLASS > INDIV > {GRP, MASC > ANIM > FEM}; a plural coordination bears GRP, and with it INDIV.

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• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.BCS.inanimate (n : GenderedNoun Gender) : Minimalist.Coordination.Bundle Node

An inanimate refers as a mass when it is neuter, the neuter being the mass gender, and as an individuated thing otherwise.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

theorem AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.BCS.human_mismatch : system.converted (system.nominal Serbian.Gender.muskarac Referent.man) (system.nominal Serbian.Gender.zena Referent.woman) = some Gender.masculine

Muškarac i žena su sretni.

theorem AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.BCS.women : system.resolved Referent.woman Referent.woman = some Gender.feminine

Uniform women still resolve feminine.

theorem AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.BCS.inanimate_mismatch : system.converted (inanimate Serbian.Gender.znanje) (inanimate Serbian.Gender.intuicija) = some Gender.masculine

In znanje i intuicija su saradivali the INDIV from the coordination's GRP realizes masculine.

theorem AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.BCS.neuter_pair : system.converted (inanimate Serbian.Gender.selo) (inanimate Serbian.Gender.brdo) = some Gender.masculine

Naše selo i celo jedno brdo su izgoreli, where two neuters resolve masculine.

theorem AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.BCS.neuter_mass : system.realize (system.entailments Node.cls) = some Gender.neuter

Neuter alone is mass, so without GRP it stays neuter.

The geometries

theorem AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.cls_mem_entailments (L : System) : L ∈ [Greek.system, Icelandic.system, BCS.system] → ∀ (n : Node), Node.cls ∈ L.entailments n

Every node of the three geometries entails CLASS.

theorem AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.mismatchResolution (L : System) : L ∈ [Greek.system, Icelandic.system, BCS.system] → ∀ (a b : Node), (L.entailments a ∩ L.entailments b).Nonempty

All three geometries satisfy mismatch resolution, since any two nodes share CLASS and so no pair of nodes needs a default.

theorem AdamsonAnagnostopoulou2025.table2 : List.map (fun (L : System) => (L.resolved Referent.man Referent.woman, L.resolved Referent.thing Referent.thing)) [Greek.system, Icelandic.system, BCS.system] = [(some Gender.masculine, some Gender.neuter), (some Gender.neuter, some Gender.neuter), (some Gender.masculine, some Gender.masculine)]

The resolution of mismatched humans and of mismatched inanimates in Greek, Icelandic, and Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (Table 2).