Documentation

Linglib.Studies.TaraldsenEtAl2018

Taraldsen, Taraldsen Medová & Langa (2018): class prefixes as specifiers #

[TTML18] (NLLT 36, 1339–1394) analyzes Southern Bantu noun-class prefixes as morphemes lexicalizing phrasal Specifiers built around a silent classifier-like noun Nₓ — [Nₓ] for singulars, [# Nₓ] for plurals ((48)–(50), pp. 1357–1358) — rather than single functional heads. Agreement with conjoined singular subjects (§2) shows which singular/plural class pairs share one N (Xhosa: 1/2, 7/8, 9/10) and which pair distinct Ns (3/4, 5/6). Where the plural entry's N is distinct and the language cannot merge it directly with the root, the Foot Condition blocks direct spellout and Starke-style backtracking yields prefix stacking: Changana/Rhonga mi-mu-twa 'thorns', ma-rhi-tu 'words', ti-yi-n-dlu 'houses' ((62), p. 1361, from [Bac06]). Xhosa instead first-merges the plural N ((82)–(83), p. 1366) and never stacks.

Main declarations #

NCFeature: number (#) and classifier (Nₓ) features
xhosaSg/xhosaPl, rhongaSg/rhongaPl: the Xhosa and Changana/Rhonga lexica ((41), (48)–(50), (76)–(80))
SharesClassifierN: a singular/plural entry pair shares its classifier N
derivePlural: cyclic spellout with last-resort backtracking (§4.2, (70)–(75))
derivePluralFirstMerge: the first-merge option ((82)–(83)) — Xhosa's route
isStacked_iff_not_sharesClassifierN: stacking iff distinct Ns, for any lexicon where direct spellout succeeds exactly on shared-N targets
not_isStacked_of_firstMerge: the first-merge option makes stacking underivable — the paper's account of stacking-free Xhosa

The bridge to [Car26]'s interpretable-gender agreement diagnostic lives in Linglib.Studies.Carstens2026 (the later paper hosts the comparison). The paper's DM comparison (§3.4, portmanteaux and Fusion) is not yet formalized.

Feature inventory #

inductive TaraldsenEtAl2018.NCFeature :

Nominal features on the Bantu nanosyntactic structures: num is the number head #, cls n the classifier-like silent noun Nₙ. Singular prefixes lexicalize [Nₓ]; plural prefixes lexicalize [# Nₓ] ((48)–(50), pp. 1357–1358).

num : NCFeature
cls : ℕ → NCFeature

Instances For

def TaraldsenEtAl2018.instDecidableEqNCFeature.decEq (x✝ x✝¹ : NCFeature) :

Decidable (x✝ = x✝¹)

Equations

TaraldsenEtAl2018.instDecidableEqNCFeature.decEq TaraldsenEtAl2018.NCFeature.num TaraldsenEtAl2018.NCFeature.num = isTrue ⋯
TaraldsenEtAl2018.instDecidableEqNCFeature.decEq TaraldsenEtAl2018.NCFeature.num (TaraldsenEtAl2018.NCFeature.cls a) = isFalse ⋯
TaraldsenEtAl2018.instDecidableEqNCFeature.decEq (TaraldsenEtAl2018.NCFeature.cls a) TaraldsenEtAl2018.NCFeature.num = isFalse ⋯
TaraldsenEtAl2018.instDecidableEqNCFeature.decEq (TaraldsenEtAl2018.NCFeature.cls a) (TaraldsenEtAl2018.NCFeature.cls b) = if h : a = b then h ▸ isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

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@[implicit_reducible]

instance TaraldsenEtAl2018.instDecidableEqNCFeature :

DecidableEq NCFeature

Equations

TaraldsenEtAl2018.instDecidableEqNCFeature = TaraldsenEtAl2018.instDecidableEqNCFeature.decEq

def TaraldsenEtAl2018.instReprNCFeature.repr :

NCFeature → ℕ → Std.Format

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One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

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@[implicit_reducible]

instance TaraldsenEtAl2018.instReprNCFeature :

Equations

TaraldsenEtAl2018.instReprNCFeature = { reprPrec := TaraldsenEtAl2018.instReprNCFeature.repr }

The Xhosa lexicon #

Exponents are the paper's analytical units — the post-augment prefix (p. 1340 restricts "prefix" to exclude the augment; surface u-m-, a-ba- etc. add the augment vowel). Entries by gender pair:

gender	sg	tree	source	pl	tree	source
A (1/2)	m	[N₁]	(48a)	ba	[# N₁]	(48b)
B (3/4)	m	[N₃]	implied, cf. (25a), p. 1358	mi	[# N₄]	(41a)
C (5/6)	li	[N₅]	(50a)	ma	[# N₆]	(50b)
D (7/8)	si	[N₇]	(49a)	zi	[# N₇]	(49b)
E (9/10)	n	[N₉]	the homorganic nasal, set aside in fn. 39	zi	[# N₉]	implied by §2.3, fn. 40

Class-10 zi is accidentally syncretic with class-8 zi (fn. 11); it must contain N₉ because conjoined class-9 singulars allow class-10 formal agreement in Xhosa (§2.3, (10)–(12); fn. 40). The plural shape [# Nₓ] is not exceptionless across Bantu: Shona mi lexicalizes bare [N₄] ((89), fn. 42), which is how Shona double plurals like ma-mi-sha arise (§4.3).

def TaraldsenEtAl2018.xhosaSg :

Xhosa.Gender → Morphology.Nanosyntax.TreeLexEntry NCFeature String

Xhosa singular class-prefix entries: each lexicalizes a bare classifier [Nₓ]. See the table in the section docstring for per-entry sources.

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One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

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def TaraldsenEtAl2018.xhosaPl :

Xhosa.Gender → Morphology.Nanosyntax.TreeLexEntry NCFeature String

Xhosa plural class-prefix entries: each lexicalizes [# Nₓ]. Genders A, D, E share their N with the singular; B and C contain distinct Ns (N₄ ≠ N₃, N₆ ≠ N₅) — the §2 conjoined-agreement finding.

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One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

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def TaraldsenEtAl2018.xhosaGenders :

List Xhosa.Gender

The five Xhosa genders, in Fragment order.

Equations

TaraldsenEtAl2018.xhosaGenders = [Xhosa.Gender.genderA, Xhosa.Gender.genderB, Xhosa.Gender.genderC, Xhosa.Gender.genderD, Xhosa.Gender.genderE]

Instances For

def TaraldsenEtAl2018.xhosaPrefixes :

List (Morphology.Nanosyntax.TreeLexEntry NCFeature String)

The full Xhosa class-prefix lexicon.

Equations

TaraldsenEtAl2018.xhosaPrefixes = List.map TaraldsenEtAl2018.xhosaSg TaraldsenEtAl2018.xhosaGenders ++ List.map TaraldsenEtAl2018.xhosaPl TaraldsenEtAl2018.xhosaGenders

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The Changana/Rhonga lexicon #

The stacking languages ((76)–(80), pp. 1365–1366). Here the plural-specific classifiers N₄, N₆, N₁₀ are distinct from every singular's N, and — unlike in Xhosa — may not be first-merged with the root, so pluralization of classes 3, 5, 9 must stack ((62), p. 1361). Entries by gender pair:

gender	sg	tree	source	pl	tree	source
A (1/2)	mu	[N₁]	(79a)	va	[# N₁]	(79b)
B (3/4)	mu	[N₃]	(76a)	mi	[# N₄]	(77a)
C (5/6)	rhi	[N₅]	(76b), printed ri/rhi	ma	[# N₆]	(77b)
D (7/8)	xi	[N₇]	(80a)	swi	[# N₇]	(80b)
E (9/10)	yi	[N₉]	(76c)	ti	[# N₁₀]	(77c)

inductive TaraldsenEtAl2018.RhongaGender :

The five Changana/Rhonga gender pairs, indexed like Xhosa's A–E (no Tsonga Fragment exists yet, so the index is study-local).

Instances For

@[implicit_reducible]

instance TaraldsenEtAl2018.instDecidableEqRhongaGender :

DecidableEq RhongaGender

Equations

TaraldsenEtAl2018.instDecidableEqRhongaGender x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def TaraldsenEtAl2018.instReprRhongaGender.repr :

RhongaGender → ℕ → Std.Format

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One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

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@[implicit_reducible]

instance TaraldsenEtAl2018.instReprRhongaGender :

Repr RhongaGender

Equations

TaraldsenEtAl2018.instReprRhongaGender = { reprPrec := TaraldsenEtAl2018.instReprRhongaGender.repr }

def TaraldsenEtAl2018.rhongaSg :

RhongaGender → Morphology.Nanosyntax.TreeLexEntry NCFeature String

Changana/Rhonga singular class-prefix entries ((76), (79a), (80a)).

Equations

One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

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def TaraldsenEtAl2018.rhongaPl :

RhongaGender → Morphology.Nanosyntax.TreeLexEntry NCFeature String

Changana/Rhonga plural class-prefix entries ((77), (79b), (80b)).

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One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

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def TaraldsenEtAl2018.rhongaBaseN :

RhongaGender → ℕ

The singular's classifier index per gender — the N the noun structure is built on in the Tsonga languages, which lack the first-merge option.

Equations

Instances For

def TaraldsenEtAl2018.rhongaPlN :

RhongaGender → ℕ

The plural entry's classifier index per gender — the backtrack target.

Equations

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def TaraldsenEtAl2018.rhongaGenders :

List RhongaGender

The five Changana/Rhonga genders.

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One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

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def TaraldsenEtAl2018.rhongaPrefixes :

List (Morphology.Nanosyntax.TreeLexEntry NCFeature String)

The full Changana/Rhonga class-prefix lexicon.

Equations

TaraldsenEtAl2018.rhongaPrefixes = List.map TaraldsenEtAl2018.rhongaSg TaraldsenEtAl2018.rhongaGenders ++ List.map TaraldsenEtAl2018.rhongaPl TaraldsenEtAl2018.rhongaGenders

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Spellout sanity checks #

theorem TaraldsenEtAl2018.xhosa_spellout_n1 :

Morphology.Nanosyntax.treeSpellout xhosaPrefixes (Morphology.Nanosyntax.NanoTree.leaf (NCFeature.cls 1)) = some "m"

[N₁] spells out as m: the singular entry wins over ba ↔ [# N₁] (which also contains [N₁]) by the Elsewhere Condition — smallest match.

theorem TaraldsenEtAl2018.xhosa_spellout_num_n1 :

Morphology.Nanosyntax.treeSpellout xhosaPrefixes (Morphology.Nanosyntax.NanoTree.node NCFeature.num [Morphology.Nanosyntax.NanoTree.leaf (NCFeature.cls 1)]) = some "ba"

[# N₁] spells out as ba ((48b)).

theorem TaraldsenEtAl2018.xhosa_spellout_num_n9 :

Morphology.Nanosyntax.treeSpellout xhosaPrefixes (Morphology.Nanosyntax.NanoTree.node NCFeature.num [Morphology.Nanosyntax.NanoTree.leaf (NCFeature.cls 9)]) = some "zi"

[# N₉] spells out as class-10 zi.

theorem TaraldsenEtAl2018.xhosa_spellout_n2_eq_none :

Morphology.Nanosyntax.treeSpellout xhosaPrefixes (Morphology.Nanosyntax.NanoTree.leaf (NCFeature.cls 2)) = none

No Xhosa entry lexicalizes a bare N₂ — class 2 has no singular form.

Shared vs distinct classifier Ns #

The conjoined-subject diagnostic (§2.2–2.7): a conjunction of two class-X singulars triggers matching plural class-Y agreement iff Y's prefix contains the same N as X's prefix.

def TaraldsenEtAl2018.SharesClassifierN (sg pl : Morphology.Nanosyntax.TreeLexEntry NCFeature String) :

Whether a singular and a plural prefix entry contain the same classifier N — the N at the foot of each stored tree.

Equations

TaraldsenEtAl2018.SharesClassifierN sg pl = (sg.tree.foot = pl.tree.foot)

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@[implicit_reducible]

instance TaraldsenEtAl2018.instDecidableRelTreeLexEntryNCFeatureStringSharesClassifierN :

DecidableRel SharesClassifierN

Equations

TaraldsenEtAl2018.instDecidableRelTreeLexEntryNCFeatureStringSharesClassifierN x✝¹ x✝ = TaraldsenEtAl2018.instDecidableRelTreeLexEntryNCFeatureStringSharesClassifierN._aux_1 x✝¹ x✝

theorem TaraldsenEtAl2018.xhosa_genderA_sharesClassifierN :

SharesClassifierN (xhosaSg Xhosa.Gender.genderA) (xhosaPl Xhosa.Gender.genderA)

Gender A (1/2): m and ba share N₁ ((48)) — conjoined class-1 singulars take class-2 agreement.

theorem TaraldsenEtAl2018.xhosa_genderD_sharesClassifierN :

SharesClassifierN (xhosaSg Xhosa.Gender.genderD) (xhosaPl Xhosa.Gender.genderD)

Gender D (7/8): si and zi share N₇ ((49)).

theorem TaraldsenEtAl2018.xhosa_genderE_sharesClassifierN :

SharesClassifierN (xhosaSg Xhosa.Gender.genderE) (xhosaPl Xhosa.Gender.genderE)

Gender E (9/10): shared N₉ — conjoined class-9 singulars allow class-10 formal agreement in Xhosa (§2.3, (10)–(12); fn. 40).

theorem TaraldsenEtAl2018.xhosa_genderB_not_sharesClassifierN :

¬SharesClassifierN (xhosaSg Xhosa.Gender.genderB) (xhosaPl Xhosa.Gender.genderB)

Gender B (3/4): mi contains N₄, distinct from the N₃ in singular m (§2.6, (18)–(19)) — no matching agreement from conjoined class-3 singulars.

theorem TaraldsenEtAl2018.xhosa_genderC_not_sharesClassifierN :

¬SharesClassifierN (xhosaSg Xhosa.Gender.genderC) (xhosaPl Xhosa.Gender.genderC)

Gender C (5/6): ma contains N₆, distinct from N₅ (§2.5, (16)–(17)).

Foot Condition: why distinct-N plurals cannot spell out #

theorem TaraldsenEtAl2018.rhonga_mi_foot_not_met :

¬Morphology.Nanosyntax.FootConditionMet (rhongaPl RhongaGender.gB) (Morphology.Nanosyntax.NanoTree.node NCFeature.num [Morphology.Nanosyntax.NanoTree.leaf (NCFeature.cls 3)])

Rhonga mi ↔ [# N₄] cannot spell out [# N₃]: its foot N₄ is absent from the target (the Foot Condition).

theorem TaraldsenEtAl2018.rhonga_va_foot_met :

Morphology.Nanosyntax.FootConditionMet (rhongaPl RhongaGender.gA) (Morphology.Nanosyntax.NanoTree.node NCFeature.num [Morphology.Nanosyntax.NanoTree.leaf (NCFeature.cls 1)])

Rhonga va ↔ [# N₁] can spell out [# N₁]: its foot N₁ is present.

theorem TaraldsenEtAl2018.rhonga_spellout_num_n3_eq_none :

Morphology.Nanosyntax.treeSpellout rhongaPrefixes (Morphology.Nanosyntax.NanoTree.node NCFeature.num [Morphology.Nanosyntax.NanoTree.leaf (NCFeature.cls 3)]) = none

No Rhonga entry spells out [# N₃] — the lexicalization failure that forces backtracking and stacking ((70)–(75), p. 1364).

Pluralization: direct spellout vs stacking #

inductive TaraldsenEtAl2018.PluralizationResult :

Result of pluralizing a Bantu noun (§4.2): direct — one plural prefix forms the sole Specifier; stacked — the plural prefix stacks on top of the singular prefix ((75)).

direct : String → PluralizationResult
stacked : String → String → PluralizationResult

Instances For

@[implicit_reducible]

instance TaraldsenEtAl2018.instDecidableEqPluralizationResult :

DecidableEq PluralizationResult

Equations

TaraldsenEtAl2018.instDecidableEqPluralizationResult = TaraldsenEtAl2018.instDecidableEqPluralizationResult.decEq

def TaraldsenEtAl2018.instDecidableEqPluralizationResult.decEq (x✝ x✝¹ : PluralizationResult) :

Decidable (x✝ = x✝¹)

Equations

One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
TaraldsenEtAl2018.instDecidableEqPluralizationResult.decEq (TaraldsenEtAl2018.PluralizationResult.direct a) (TaraldsenEtAl2018.PluralizationResult.stacked a_1 a_2) = isFalse ⋯
TaraldsenEtAl2018.instDecidableEqPluralizationResult.decEq (TaraldsenEtAl2018.PluralizationResult.stacked a a_1) (TaraldsenEtAl2018.PluralizationResult.direct a_2) = isFalse ⋯

Instances For

def TaraldsenEtAl2018.instReprPluralizationResult.repr :

PluralizationResult → ℕ → Std.Format

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One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

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@[implicit_reducible]

instance TaraldsenEtAl2018.instReprPluralizationResult :

Repr PluralizationResult

Equations

TaraldsenEtAl2018.instReprPluralizationResult = { reprPrec := TaraldsenEtAl2018.instReprPluralizationResult.repr }

def TaraldsenEtAl2018.PluralizationResult.IsStacked :

PluralizationResult → Prop

A stacked outcome.

Equations

(TaraldsenEtAl2018.PluralizationResult.direct a).IsStacked = False
(TaraldsenEtAl2018.PluralizationResult.stacked a a_1).IsStacked = True

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@[implicit_reducible]

instance TaraldsenEtAl2018.instDecidablePredPluralizationResultIsStacked :

DecidablePred PluralizationResult.IsStacked

Equations

TaraldsenEtAl2018.instDecidablePredPluralizationResultIsStacked (TaraldsenEtAl2018.PluralizationResult.direct a) = isFalse ⋯
TaraldsenEtAl2018.instDecidablePredPluralizationResultIsStacked (TaraldsenEtAl2018.PluralizationResult.stacked a a_1) = isTrue trivial

def TaraldsenEtAl2018.derivePlural (entries : List (Morphology.Nanosyntax.TreeLexEntry NCFeature String)) (baseN plN : ℕ) :

Option PluralizationResult

Derive a plural form by cyclic spellout with last-resort backtracking (§4.2, (70)–(75)):

The plural structure [# N_baseN] is built, where baseN is the classifier merged with the root at the first step. Which classifier that is, is the cross-linguistic parameter ((82)–(83), p. 1366): Xhosa may (and prefers to) first-merge the plural entry's N (derivePluralFirstMerge); Changana/Rhonga must use the singular's N.
If some entry spells out [# N_baseN], the derivation is direct.
Otherwise backtracking builds a second Specifier [# N_plN] inside the first, spelled out on top of the singular prefix [N_baseN] — stacked. By construction the outer prefix always lexicalizes a # -containing target, deriving §4.5's observation that singular prefixes never stack on top of plural ones.

Which [# N_W] entry the backtrack targets (plN) is not derived by the spellout calculus: the paper attributes prefix–noun pairing to semantic compatibility with the silent N or to idiom listing (§5.3, §5.5), so plN is a parameter here.

Equations

One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

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def TaraldsenEtAl2018.derivePluralFirstMerge (entries : List (Morphology.Nanosyntax.TreeLexEntry NCFeature String)) (plN : ℕ) :

Option PluralizationResult

The first-merge option ((82)–(83), p. 1366): the plural entry's N merges with the root directly, so the built structure and the backtrack target coincide. Xhosa takes this option in preference to stacking; the Tsonga languages cannot.

Equations

TaraldsenEtAl2018.derivePluralFirstMerge entries plN = TaraldsenEtAl2018.derivePlural entries plN plN

Instances For

theorem TaraldsenEtAl2018.rhonga_cl3_cl4_stacked :

derivePlural rhongaPrefixes 3 4 = some (PluralizationResult.stacked "mi" "mu")

Changana/Rhonga gender B: class 3 nouns stack — mi-mu-twa 'thorns' ((62a), [Bac06]).

theorem TaraldsenEtAl2018.rhonga_cl5_cl6_stacked :

derivePlural rhongaPrefixes 5 6 = some (PluralizationResult.stacked "ma" "rhi")

Rhonga gender C: class 5 nouns stack — ma-rhi-tu 'words' ((62b)).

theorem TaraldsenEtAl2018.rhonga_cl9_cl10_stacked :

derivePlural rhongaPrefixes 9 10 = some (PluralizationResult.stacked "ti" "yi")

Rhonga gender E: class 9 nouns stack — ti-yi-n-dlu 'houses' ((62c)).

theorem TaraldsenEtAl2018.rhonga_cl1_cl2_direct :

derivePlural rhongaPrefixes 1 1 = some (PluralizationResult.direct "va")

Rhonga gender A pluralizes directly: va ↔ [# N₁] shares N₁.

theorem TaraldsenEtAl2018.rhonga_cl7_cl8_direct :

derivePlural rhongaPrefixes 7 7 = some (PluralizationResult.direct "swi")

Rhonga gender D pluralizes directly: swi ↔ [# N₇] shares N₇.

theorem TaraldsenEtAl2018.xhosa_cl3_cl4_direct :

derivePluralFirstMerge xhosaPrefixes 4 = some (PluralizationResult.direct "mi")

Xhosa first-merges the plural N, so even the distinct-N gender B pluralizes directly: the plural of a class-3 noun is built on N₄ from the start and mi spells it out — no stacking.

theorem TaraldsenEtAl2018.xhosa_cl5_cl6_direct :

derivePluralFirstMerge xhosaPrefixes 6 = some (PluralizationResult.direct "ma")

Xhosa gender C: direct ma, same first-merge route.

theorem TaraldsenEtAl2018.xhosa_cl1_cl2_direct :

derivePluralFirstMerge xhosaPrefixes 1 = some (PluralizationResult.direct "ba")

Xhosa gender A: direct ba.

theorem TaraldsenEtAl2018.xhosa_rhonga_contrast :

derivePluralFirstMerge xhosaPrefixes 4 = some (PluralizationResult.direct "mi") ∧ derivePlural rhongaPrefixes 3 4 = some (PluralizationResult.stacked "mi" "mu")

The cross-linguistic contrast in one statement: the same gender (3/4), direct in Xhosa, stacked in Changana/Rhonga — the paper's central prediction ((82)–(83) vs (62)).

Stacking iff distinct Ns #

theorem TaraldsenEtAl2018.isStacked_iff_not_sharesClassifierN {entries : List (Morphology.Nanosyntax.TreeLexEntry NCFeature String)} {sg pl : Morphology.Nanosyntax.TreeLexEntry NCFeature String} {baseN plN : ℕ} {r : PluralizationResult} (hDirect : Morphology.Nanosyntax.treeSpellout entries (Morphology.Nanosyntax.NanoTree.node NCFeature.num [Morphology.Nanosyntax.NanoTree.leaf (NCFeature.cls baseN)]) = none ↔ ¬SharesClassifierN sg pl) (hr : derivePlural entries baseN plN = some r) :

r.IsStacked ↔ ¬SharesClassifierN sg pl

The paper's central correlation, derived rather than stipulated: for any lexicon where direct spellout of [# N_baseN] fails exactly when the singular/plural pair has distinct Ns (hDirect), a successful derivation stacks iff the Ns are distinct. Instantiated per gender below with hDirect discharged by decide.

theorem TaraldsenEtAl2018.not_isStacked_of_firstMerge {entries : List (Morphology.Nanosyntax.TreeLexEntry NCFeature String)} {plN : ℕ} {r : PluralizationResult} (hr : derivePluralFirstMerge entries plN = some r) :

With the first-merge option the built structure and the backtrack target coincide, so a failed direct spellout leaves nothing for backtracking to lexicalize either: stacking is underivable. This is the paper's account of why Xhosa never stacks.

theorem TaraldsenEtAl2018.rhonga_stacking_iff_not_sharesClassifierN (g : RhongaGender) {r : PluralizationResult} (hr : derivePlural rhongaPrefixes (rhongaBaseN g) (rhongaPlN g) = some r) :

r.IsStacked ↔ ¬SharesClassifierN (rhongaSg g) (rhongaPl g)

For every Changana/Rhonga gender, a successful derivation stacks iff the pair's classifier Ns are distinct — §4.5's stacking-agreement correlation as a per-language theorem.

Prefix–concord identity #

The paper's entries for nominal class prefixes and subject concords are identical: (60)–(61) (p. 1360) repeat the nominal entries (48)–(49) as the SC entries (the SC's gender head G having been dropped). The paper's own exceptions: SC1 is u, not m (fn. 30), and SC6 is a, not ma ((53c)).

The class-prefix lexicon yields the Fragment's subject-concord forms for classes 5, 7, 2, 8 — one set of entries spells out both nominal prefixes and SCs ((60)–(61)).