Documentation

Linglib.Studies.Palmieri2024

Palmieri (2024): Lexical and Grammatical Reciprocity #

LOT Dissertation 670, Utrecht University. Chapter 2 (Romance) is formalized here; the Swahili chapters and the reflexivity/reciprocity questionnaires are Todos.

Romance is not monolithically syntactic about reciprocity, against the language-level lex-syn parameter of [Sil12] (Siloni2012.italian.formation = .syntactic): a class of verbs ('hug', 'kiss', 'meet', 'marry', …) has BOTH a transitive entry — whose reciprocal reading requires se, the grammatical strategy — and an intransitive lexical reciprocal entry that surfaces without se in language-specific environments (Table 2.2: BP finite clauses, analytic causatives in all four languages, Spanish/Catalan absolute participials). Definition (44): a Romance lexical reciprocal is a verb with some construction where a reciprocal interpretation emerges without se or any other reciprocity element.

The semantic diagnostic is pseudo-reciprocity (§4.3): grammatical reciprocity accumulates unidirectional events (their (50)), while lexical reciprocals denote a single collective event, subsuming [Win18]'s plain reciprocals (symmetric bases, 'meet') and non-plain ones — 'divorce' fails the collective-to-unidirectional direction (their (53)) and 'kiss' the converse (their (54)), matching Winter's Table 3 rows (divorce_agrees_with_winter, kiss_agrees_with_winter). Without se only the pseudo-reciprocal reading survives; se-clauses with lexical reciprocals are three-ways ambiguous (§4.3, p. 38). The reciprocal 'with'-construction tracks the lexical class (§4.4, after [Kem93]), including non-symmetric members ('confer', 'break up') and si-retaining Italian instances — refining [Sil12]'s French-based restriction.

Main declarations #

VerbClass — Table 2.1's three classes, with combinesWithSe, reciprocityByItself, and the two-entry formations.
Language, Environment, seOmissible — Table 2.2.
SeReading + readingsWith/readingsWithoutSe — the §4.3 ambiguity and its se-less resolution.
withConstruction_iff_lexical — the 'with'-construction tracks lexical formation across the class system.
romance_not_monolithic — the recorded divergence from [Sil12].
lexicalReciprocals — the (43) verb list across BP/Catalan/Italian/ Spanish.

The three verb classes (Table 2.1) #

inductive Palmieri2024.VerbClass :

Table 2.1: the three classes of Romance verbs.

reciprocalIntransitive : VerbClass
'chat' (It. chiacchierare): no transitive entry, cannot combine with se, invariably reciprocal by itself (their (31)).
plainTransitive : VerbClass
'describe': unambiguously transitive; reciprocity only through the grammatical se strategy (their (32)).
reciprocalTransitive : VerbClass
'hug': a transitive entry that combines with se, plus a lexical reciprocal entry that surfaces without se in the Table 2.2 environments (their (34), (38), (40), (42)).

Instances For

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Palmieri2024.instDecidableEqVerbClass :

DecidableEq VerbClass

Equations

Palmieri2024.instDecidableEqVerbClass x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Palmieri2024.instReprVerbClass.repr :

VerbClass → ℕ → Std.Format

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One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

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@[implicit_reducible]

instance Palmieri2024.instReprVerbClass :

Equations

Palmieri2024.instReprVerbClass = { reprPrec := Palmieri2024.instReprVerbClass.repr }

def Palmieri2024.VerbClass.combinesWithSe :

VerbClass → Bool

Whether the class combines with se (Table 2.1, column 1).

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def Palmieri2024.VerbClass.reciprocityByItself :

VerbClass → Bool

Whether the class expresses reciprocity by itself (Table 2.1, column 2).

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def Palmieri2024.VerbClass.formations :

VerbClass → List Reciprocal.Formation

The formation loci a class realizes: the two-entry proposal (p. 30). Class 3 has both a lexical reciprocal entry and a transitive entry fed by the grammatical (se) strategy — [Sil12]'s formation contrast is verb-level in Romance, not language-level.

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theorem Palmieri2024.romance_not_monolithic :

Reciprocal.Formation.lexical ∈ VerbClass.reciprocalTransitive.formations ∧ Siloni2012.italian.formation = Reciprocal.Formation.syntactic

The recorded divergence from [Sil12]: Italian carries lexical reciprocal entries (class 3, e.g. abbracciare 'hug', (40)) even though the language-level lex-syn parameter classifies Italian as syntax-set. The newer work draws the comparison (chronological dependency).

The se-less environments (Table 2.2) #

inductive Palmieri2024.Language :

The four Romance languages of chapter 2.

brazilianPortuguese : Language
italian : Language
spanish : Language
catalan : Language

Instances For

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Palmieri2024.instDecidableEqLanguage :

DecidableEq Language

Equations

Palmieri2024.instDecidableEqLanguage x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Palmieri2024.instReprLanguage :

Equations

Palmieri2024.instReprLanguage = { reprPrec := Palmieri2024.instReprLanguage.repr }

def Palmieri2024.instReprLanguage.repr :

Language → ℕ → Std.Format

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One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

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inductive Palmieri2024.Environment :

The syntactic environments where class-3 verbs may express reciprocity without se (§3).

finiteClause : Environment
Finite clauses (their (34): BP Mary e Lisa abraçaram).
analyticCausative : Environment
Analytic causatives (their (38b), (40): Sp. hice abrazar, It. ho fatto abbracciare).
absoluteParticipial : Environment
Absolute constructions with participials (their (42b): Ca. abraçats en Teo i la Ana).

Instances For

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Palmieri2024.instDecidableEqEnvironment :

DecidableEq Environment

Equations

Palmieri2024.instDecidableEqEnvironment x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Palmieri2024.instReprEnvironment.repr :

Environment → ℕ → Std.Format

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One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

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@[implicit_reducible]

instance Palmieri2024.instReprEnvironment :

Repr Environment

Equations

Palmieri2024.instReprEnvironment = { reprPrec := Palmieri2024.instReprEnvironment.repr }

def Palmieri2024.seOmissible :

Language → Environment → Bool

Table 2.2: whether a class-3 verb can receive a reciprocal interpretation without se in a given environment.

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theorem Palmieri2024.every_language_diagnosable (l : Language) :

seOmissible l Environment.analyticCausative = true

Every language has a diagnostic environment — lexical reciprocity is detectable in all four languages (the existence claim behind definition (44)); analytic causatives are the pan-Romance diagnostic.

Readings and the se-less disambiguation (§4.3) #

inductive Palmieri2024.SeReading :

The readings available to a plural-subject clause (§4.3, p. 38): the lexical pseudo-reciprocal (single collective event), the grammatical plain reciprocal (accumulated unidirectional events, their (50)), and the grammatical reflexive.

lexicalPseudoReciprocal : SeReading
grammaticalReciprocal : SeReading
grammaticalReflexive : SeReading

Instances For

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Palmieri2024.instDecidableEqSeReading :

DecidableEq SeReading

Equations

Palmieri2024.instDecidableEqSeReading x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Palmieri2024.instReprSeReading.repr :

SeReading → ℕ → Std.Format

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One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

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@[implicit_reducible]

instance Palmieri2024.instReprSeReading :

Equations

Palmieri2024.instReprSeReading = { reprPrec := Palmieri2024.instReprSeReading.repr }

def Palmieri2024.readingsWithSe :

VerbClass → List SeReading

Readings of a se-clause by verb class: class-3 se-clauses are three-ways ambiguous (their (56a)/(57a)); plain transitives lack the lexical reading (their (55)); class-1 verbs do not combine with se.

Equations

One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
Palmieri2024.readingsWithSe Palmieri2024.VerbClass.reciprocalIntransitive = []
Palmieri2024.readingsWithSe Palmieri2024.VerbClass.plainTransitive = [Palmieri2024.SeReading.grammaticalReciprocal, Palmieri2024.SeReading.grammaticalReflexive]

Instances For

def Palmieri2024.readingsWithoutSe :

VerbClass → List SeReading

Readings without se (in a Table 2.2 environment): only the pseudo-reciprocal survives — the reflexive/reciprocal ambiguity disappears (p. 30; their (56b)/(57b): no reflexive reading without se).

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theorem Palmieri2024.seless_kills_grammatical_readings :

readingsWithoutSe VerbClass.reciprocalTransitive = [SeReading.lexicalPseudoReciprocal] ∧ SeReading.grammaticalReflexive ∉ readingsWithoutSe VerbClass.reciprocalTransitive

The se-less disambiguation: dropping se from a class-3 clause removes exactly the grammatical readings.

Pseudo-reciprocity and Winter's Table 3 (§4.3) #

theorem Palmieri2024.divorce_agrees_with_winter :

Winter2018.divorce.pr2 = some false

Their (53) matches [Win18]'s divorce row: the collective form does not entail two unidirectional relations (a divorce can be initiated by one side) — Pr₂ fails.

theorem Palmieri2024.kiss_agrees_with_winter :

Winter2018.kiss.pr1 = some false

Their (54) matches [Win18]'s kiss row: two unidirectional kisses do not make a mutual kiss — Pr₁ fails.

The reciprocal 'with'-construction (§4.4) #

def Palmieri2024.VerbClass.allowsWithConstruction :

VerbClass → Bool

Whether the class allows the reciprocal 'with'-construction: yes for both lexical classes — including non-symmetric members, contra the symmetric-only restriction (their (59): It. consultarsi con, lasciarsi con; attested baciarsi con, abbracciarsi con (60)) — and never for unambiguous transitives (their (61): *ringraziarsi con). NB the Italian construction retains si, unlike French (*s'est embrassé avec, [Sil12] via ex. 39 of that discussion) — the availability contrast is class-level, not language-level.

Equations

Palmieri2024.VerbClass.plainTransitive.allowsWithConstruction = false
x✝.allowsWithConstruction = true

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theorem Palmieri2024.withConstruction_iff_lexical (c : VerbClass) :

c.allowsWithConstruction = true ↔ Reciprocal.Formation.lexical ∈ c.formations

The [Kem93] generalization over the class system: the 'with'-construction is available exactly where a lexical entry is — derived by relating the two independent class tables.

The (43) verb list #

structure Palmieri2024.LexicalReciprocal :

A lexical reciprocal meaning attested with a transitive alternate, with the languages attesting it (their (43)).

gloss : String
languages : List Language

Instances For

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Palmieri2024.instDecidableEqLexicalReciprocal :

DecidableEq LexicalReciprocal

Equations

Palmieri2024.instDecidableEqLexicalReciprocal = Palmieri2024.instDecidableEqLexicalReciprocal.decEq

def Palmieri2024.instDecidableEqLexicalReciprocal.decEq (x✝ x✝¹ : LexicalReciprocal) :

Decidable (x✝ = x✝¹)

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One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

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@[implicit_reducible]

instance Palmieri2024.instReprLexicalReciprocal :

Repr LexicalReciprocal

Equations

Palmieri2024.instReprLexicalReciprocal = { reprPrec := Palmieri2024.instReprLexicalReciprocal.repr }

def Palmieri2024.instReprLexicalReciprocal.repr :

LexicalReciprocal → ℕ → Std.Format

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One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

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def Palmieri2024.lexicalReciprocals :

List LexicalReciprocal

Their (43): lexical reciprocals with a transitive alternate across BP (b), Catalan (c), Italian (i), and Spanish (s).

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One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

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def Palmieri2024.inventory :

Language → List Verb

Per-language lexical-reciprocal inventories, from the Appendix A fragment data (Fragments/Romance/{Lang}/Reciprocals.lean).

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theorem Palmieri2024.every_language_attests (l : Language) :

inventory l ≠ []

Every language's fragment attests lexical reciprocals — the Appendix A grounding of definition (44).

theorem Palmieri2024.abbracciare_grounds_divergence :

"abbracciare" ∈ List.map Verb.form Italian.Reciprocals.lexicalReciprocals

The witness behind romance_not_monolithic, grounded in the Italian fragment: abbracciare 'hug' (their (40)) carries a lexical reciprocal entry alongside its homophonous transitive alternate.

theorem Palmieri2024.jibizana_no_binary_base :

"jibizana" ∈ List.map Verb.form Swahili.Reciprocals.lexicalReciprocals ∧ ∀ p ∈ Swahili.Reciprocals.derivedFrom, p.1.form ≠ "jibizana"

Swahili lexical reciprocals ([Pal24] ch. 4, Appendix C) may lack a binary base altogether: jibizana 'discuss' is in the reciprocal inventory but in no derivational pair — lexical reciprocity is not always derivational, the Bantu analogue of Romance class 1.