Kubota 2026: outlook management

[Kub26] [KI25] [Cop18] [FB10] [Pot07]

[Kub26]'s analysis of Japanese outlook markers (nanka, dōse, semete, koso, mushiro, …): discourse-sensitive adverbs and focus particles with a two-layered secondary meaning — a presuppositional counterstance requirement plus an expressive-like evaluative stance — built on [Cop18]'s outlook-based semantics. An outlook marker denotes an Outlook: an outlook-indexed two-dimensional meaning carrying a counterstance presupposition and an outlook-relative evaluation. The perspective index is the orientation variable of [HP09]; the secondary-meaning diagnostics ([Pot07] (27)) follow the projection typology of [TBRS13].

The handbook chapter [Kub26] is descriptive and defers the formal analysis to its companion [KI25]; the apparatus formalised here (the Outlook denotation, the perspective-shift result) is theirs. The discourse dynamics they invoke — the [FB10] Table model and a [Hei92] local-satisfaction account of perspective shift — are not modelled here: saltDenotation is a minimal Outlook with prejacent/counterstance stubbed, and counterstance salience is read off the discourse-context features of the data rows, not derived from a Table update. Deriving felicity from the denotation against a real Table state is the natural follow-up. The rival framing is [Gut15]'s use-conditional treatment of counterstance particles (e.g. German doch), where the second layer is use-conditional rather than presuppositional.

The lexical inventory is theory-neutral and lives in Fragments/Japanese/Particles.lean (Japanese.OutlookMarkers); the judgment data ((10), (37)-(46)) in Data/Examples/Kubota2026.json. This file carries the paper's apparatus: the stance classification, the modal selectional restrictions, and the dual-layer denotation.

Main definitions

• StanceType — the four evaluative stances ([Kub26] (1)-(2)).
• Marker — the per-particle classification (form + stance + modal compatibility).
• saltDenotation — the Outlook denotation of a nanka/dōse-marked clause ((42)).

Main results

• saltDenotation_not_rigid — perspective shift, derived: the CI tracks the outlook, so unlike a pure expressive (Outlook.ofTwoDimProp, which is IsRigid) it shifts to the attitude holder under embedding ((42)).
• outlookMarker_shifts_unlike_expressive, outlookMarker_patterns_with_hardPresup — the diagnostic profile places outlook markers between pure expressives and presupposition triggers ([Pot07] (27)): they perspective-shift unlike expressives, yet pattern with (anaphoric) presuppositions on displaceability and discourse-antecedent need.
• semete_rejects_epistemic, nanka_accepts_all_modals, semete_only_documented_restriction — the modal selectional facts ([Kub26] (45)-(46)).
• felicitous_iff_counterstance_salient — over the (37)-(39) rows, an outlook-marked utterance is felicitous iff the discourse context makes a counterstance salient.
• modal_row_acceptable_iff_compat — over the (45)-(46) rows, acceptability is exactly membership of the row's modal flavor in the marker's modalCompat.

References

[Kub26] [KI25] [Cop18] [FB10] [Pot07] [HP09] [TBRS13] [Hei92] [Gut15]

Stance classification

inductive Kubota2026.StanceType : Type

The evaluative stance an outlook marker expresses ([Kub26] (1)-(2)): how the speaker situates the prejacent relative to a salient counterstance.

• negative : StanceType

  Low evaluation ([Kub26]'s term): the prejacent is undesirable or implausible (nanka 'anything like', dōse 'anyway').

• minimum : StanceType

  Minimum standard: the least one could settle for (semete/kurai 'at least').

• contrary : StanceType

  Contrary to expectation (mushiro/kaette 'rather', yoppodo 'much more').

• emphasis : StanceType

  Emphatic confirmation (masani/koso 'precisely').

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Kubota2026.instDecidableEqStanceType : DecidableEq StanceType

Equations

• Kubota2026.instDecidableEqStanceType x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Kubota2026.instReprStanceType : Repr StanceType

Equations

• Kubota2026.instReprStanceType = { reprPrec := Kubota2026.instReprStanceType.repr }

def Kubota2026.instReprStanceType.repr : StanceType → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Kubota2026.instInhabitedStanceType : Inhabited StanceType

Equations

• Kubota2026.instInhabitedStanceType = { default := Kubota2026.instInhabitedStanceType.default }

Modal selectional restrictions

[Kub26] (45)-(46): outlook markers select for modal flavors. Stored as a List ModalFlavor used as a set — a List kernel-reduces under decide (the proofs below and the Examples.all row theorems rely on this), whereas Finset membership does not.

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev Kubota2026.ModalCompatibility : Type

The modal flavors a marker is compatible with (a List used as a set).

Equations

• Kubota2026.ModalCompatibility = List Semantics.Modality.ModalFlavor

Per-particle classification

structure Kubota2026.Marker : Type

A per-particle classification: the Fragment form plus [Kub26]'s stance and modal selectional restriction.

• form : Japanese.OutlookMarkers.OutlookMarkerForm

  The theory-neutral lexical form, from Fragments/Japanese/Particles.lean.

• stance : StanceType

  The evaluative stance. [Kub26] gives the four StanceTypes ((1)-(2)) but no per-particle table, so the assignment is the formaliser's gloss-based reading.

• modalCompat : ModalCompatibility

  The modal flavors the marker tolerates. Only nanka (all) and semete ([.deontic, .bouletic]) are documented by [Kub26]; see Marker.semete.

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Kubota2026.instReprMarker : Repr Marker

Equations

• Kubota2026.instReprMarker = { reprPrec := Kubota2026.instReprMarker.repr }

def Kubota2026.instReprMarker.repr : Marker → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

The stance assignments are the formaliser's gloss-based reading of [Kub26]'s four categories ((1)-(2)); the chapter tabulates none. modalCompat is ModalFlavor.all for every marker except the two [Kub26] documents — nanka (all flavors, (45)) and semete ([.deontic, .bouletic], (46)) — so .all elsewhere is an untested default, not an attested claim of unrestricted selection.

def Kubota2026.Marker.dōse : Marker

dōse 'anyway' — pessimistic outlook ([Kub26] (3a)).

Equations

• Kubota2026.Marker.dōse = { form := Japanese.OutlookMarkers.dōse, stance := Kubota2026.StanceType.negative, modalCompat := Semantics.Modality.ModalFlavor.all }

def Kubota2026.Marker.shosen : Marker

Equations

• Kubota2026.Marker.shosen = { form := Japanese.OutlookMarkers.shosen, stance := Kubota2026.StanceType.negative, modalCompat := Semantics.Modality.ModalFlavor.all }

def Kubota2026.Marker.yahari : Marker

yahari 'after all/as expected' — emphatic confirmation of an expectation; [Kub26] (11)-(12) contrast yahari 'as expected' against mushiro 'rather' (contrary), which supports the .emphasis reading.

Equations

• Kubota2026.Marker.yahari = { form := Japanese.OutlookMarkers.yahari, stance := Kubota2026.StanceType.emphasis, modalCompat := Semantics.Modality.ModalFlavor.all }

def Kubota2026.Marker.kekkyoku : Marker

kekkyoku 'after all/in the end' — conclusive/resignative. [Kub26] gives no per-word stance table (the (1)-(2) groupings are by gloss and source, not stance — note yahari, in the same (1a) group, is emphasis), so this assignment is tentative.

Equations

• Kubota2026.Marker.kekkyoku = { form := Japanese.OutlookMarkers.kekkyoku, stance := Kubota2026.StanceType.emphasis, modalCompat := Semantics.Modality.ModalFlavor.all }

def Kubota2026.Marker.masani : Marker

Equations

• Kubota2026.Marker.masani = { form := Japanese.OutlookMarkers.masani, stance := Kubota2026.StanceType.emphasis, modalCompat := Semantics.Modality.ModalFlavor.all }

def Kubota2026.Marker.mushiro : Marker

Equations

• Kubota2026.Marker.mushiro = { form := Japanese.OutlookMarkers.mushiro, stance := Kubota2026.StanceType.contrary, modalCompat := Semantics.Modality.ModalFlavor.all }

def Kubota2026.Marker.kaette : Marker

Equations

• Kubota2026.Marker.kaette = { form := Japanese.OutlookMarkers.kaette, stance := Kubota2026.StanceType.contrary, modalCompat := Semantics.Modality.ModalFlavor.all }

def Kubota2026.Marker.yoppodo : Marker

Equations

• Kubota2026.Marker.yoppodo = { form := Japanese.OutlookMarkers.yoppodo, stance := Kubota2026.StanceType.contrary, modalCompat := Semantics.Modality.ModalFlavor.all }

def Kubota2026.Marker.semete : Marker

semete 'at least' selects deontic/desiderative ordering sources, not epistemic/ability ([Kub26] (46)).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Kubota2026.Marker.mashite : Marker

mashite 'let alone, much less' — an a-fortiori scalar marker, arguably the scalar opposite of semete; the .minimum grouping is the weakest stance assignment here.

Equations

• Kubota2026.Marker.mashite = { form := Japanese.OutlookMarkers.mashite, stance := Kubota2026.StanceType.minimum, modalCompat := Semantics.Modality.ModalFlavor.all }

def Kubota2026.Marker.nanka : Marker

nanka — the prototypical outlook marker; compatible with all flavors, evaluative force varying by flavor ([Kub26] (45)).

Equations

• Kubota2026.Marker.nanka = { form := Japanese.OutlookMarkers.nanka, stance := Kubota2026.StanceType.negative, modalCompat := Semantics.Modality.ModalFlavor.all }

def Kubota2026.Marker.kurai : Marker

Equations

• Kubota2026.Marker.kurai = { form := Japanese.OutlookMarkers.kurai, stance := Kubota2026.StanceType.minimum, modalCompat := Semantics.Modality.ModalFlavor.all }

def Kubota2026.Marker.koso : Marker

Equations

• Kubota2026.Marker.koso = { form := Japanese.OutlookMarkers.koso, stance := Kubota2026.StanceType.emphasis, modalCompat := Semantics.Modality.ModalFlavor.all }

def Kubota2026.Marker.all : List Marker

The classified Japanese outlook markers.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Modal selection ([Kub26] (45)-(46))

theorem Kubota2026.Marker.semete_rejects_epistemic : Semantics.Modality.ModalFlavor.epistemic ∉ semete.modalCompat

semete rejects epistemic modals ([Kub26] (46a)).

theorem Kubota2026.Marker.semete_accepts_deontic : Semantics.Modality.ModalFlavor.deontic ∈ semete.modalCompat

semete accepts deontic modals ([Kub26] (46d)).

theorem Kubota2026.Marker.nanka_accepts_all_modals (f : Semantics.Modality.ModalFlavor) : f ∈ nanka.modalCompat

nanka accepts every modal flavor (the evaluative force varies; [Kub26] (45)).

theorem Kubota2026.Marker.semete_only_documented_restriction : List.map (fun (x : Marker) => x.form.romaji) (List.filter (fun (m : Marker) => decide (Semantics.Modality.ModalFlavor.epistemic ∉ m.modalCompat)) all) = ["semete"]

semete is the only marker whose modal restriction [Kub26] documents (via (46)); the other markers carry the .all default, so this is a fact about the classification as recorded here, not a claim that semete is uniquely restricted in Japanese — [Kub26] notes that outlook markers often differ in modal compatibility and gives semete only as an example.

The paper's rows ([Kub26] (10), (37)-(46))

The judgment data live in Data/Examples/Kubota2026.json. The adapters read a row's paperFeatures back into the theory's vocabulary; the theorems restate the paper's generalizations as facts about the rows.

def Kubota2026.markerOf (row : Data.Examples.LinguisticExample) : Option Marker

The row's marker, as classified in Marker.all (by romaji form).

Equations

• Kubota2026.markerOf row = (row.feature? "marker").bind fun (r : String) => List.find? (fun (x : Kubota2026.Marker) => x.form.romaji == r) Kubota2026.Marker.all

def Kubota2026.flavorOf (row : Data.Examples.LinguisticExample) : Option Semantics.Modality.ModalFlavor

The row's modal flavor, from the modalFlavor feature.

Equations

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theorem Kubota2026.felicitous_iff_counterstance_salient (row : Data.Examples.LinguisticExample) : row ∈ Examples.all → row.feature? "phenomenon" = some "counterstance" → (row.judgment = Features.Judgment.acceptable ↔ row.feature? "counterstanceSalient" = some "true")

Counterstance requirement ([Kub26] (37)-(39)): an outlook-marked utterance is felicitous iff the discourse context makes a counterstance salient — (37)/(39)-Q1 follow an evaluative assertion or question, (38)/(39)-Q2 a neutral question.

def Kubota2026.predictedCompat (row : Data.Examples.LinguisticExample) : Option Bool

The theory's prediction for a marker–modal row: the row's flavor lies in the marker's selectional restriction.

Equations

• Kubota2026.predictedCompat row = do let __do_lift ← Kubota2026.flavorOf row let __do_lift_1 ← Kubota2026.markerOf row pure (decide (__do_lift ∈ __do_lift_1.modalCompat))

theorem Kubota2026.modal_row_acceptable_iff_compat (row : Data.Examples.LinguisticExample) : row ∈ Examples.all → row.feature? "phenomenon" = some "modalInteraction" → (row.judgment = Features.Judgment.acceptable ↔ predictedCompat row = some true)

Modal selection over the rows ([Kub26] (45)-(46)): a marker–modal row is acceptable iff the marker's modalCompat contains the row's flavor — the selectional restrictions in Marker are exactly the attested judgment pattern.

Outlook denotation and perspective shift

An outlook marker denotes an Outlook ([Cop18]): a counterstance presupposition plus an outlook-relative evaluation. Perspective shift ([Kub26] (42)) is then derived — the CI tracks the outlook, so under an attitude verb (which supplies the holder's outlook) it shifts to the holder, unlike a pure expressive.

def Kubota2026.saltDenotation : Pragmatics.Expressives.Outlook Unit Bool

[Kub26] (42) (Examples.ex42_perspective_shift): "My advisor thought I wouldn't get into SALT (nanka/dōse)." O := Bool (advisor's pessimistic outlook vs. speaker's confident one); the negative evaluation holds exactly at the pessimistic outlook.

A minimal model: prejacent/counterstance are stubbed to fun _ => True, isolating the outlook-relative evaluation — the only field the perspective-shift result turns on.

Equations

• Kubota2026.saltDenotation = { prejacent := fun (x : Unit) => True, counterstance := fun (x : Unit) => True, evaluation := fun (pessimistic : Bool) (x : Unit) => pessimistic = true }

theorem Kubota2026.saltDenotation_not_rigid : ¬saltDenotation.IsRigid

Perspective shift, derived ([Kub26] (42)): the marker's CI is not rigid — it differs across outlooks, so an attitude verb shifts it to the holder. Routed through the substrate's Outlook.not_isRigid_of_evaluation_ne; this is the structural fact mirrored by the allowsPerspectiveShift diagnostic (see outlookMarker_shifts_unlike_expressive).

theorem Kubota2026.expressive_rigid (t : Pragmatics.Expressives.TwoDimProp Unit) : (Pragmatics.Expressives.Outlook.ofTwoDimProp t).IsRigid

Contrast: a pure expressive (Outlook.ofTwoDimProp) is rigid — it cannot perspective shift. The difference between this and saltDenotation_not_rigid is the allowsPerspectiveShift diagnostic.

theorem Kubota2026.saltDenotation_projects (o : Bool) : saltDenotation.toPartialProp.neg.presup = saltDenotation.counterstance ∧ (saltDenotation.toTwoDimProp o).neg.ci = saltDenotation.evaluation o

The counterstance projects through negation (via PartialProp.neg), and the CI tier projects at each outlook (via TwoDimProp.neg) — the dual presupposition/CI projection.

Diagnostic fingerprint ([Pot07] (27))

The theory-neutral diagnostic profile [Kub26] argues outlook markers exhibit. The allowsPerspectiveShift field is the editorial counterpart of the structural saltDenotation_not_rigid above; the discrimination theorems below pin which diagnostics separate the profile from a pure expressive and from a presupposition trigger.

def Kubota2026.outlookMarkerProfile : Pragmatics.Expressives.SecondaryMeaningProperties

Diagnostic profile of outlook markers ([Kub26] §3): shares descriptive ineffability and immediacy with expressives, but lacks independence and nondisplaceability and allows perspective shift (the structural counterpart is saltDenotation_not_rigid).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Kubota2026.hardPresupProfile : Pragmatics.Expressives.SecondaryMeaningProperties

Diagnostic profile of an anaphoric/additive presupposition trigger (mata 'again'), for contrast ([Kub26]'s comparison class). It shares allowsPerspectiveShift with outlook markers — but for a different reason: an ordinary presupposition shifts by local satisfaction in the attitude holder's alternatives ([Hei92]), not by CI non-rigidity.

Equations

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theorem Kubota2026.outlookMarker_shifts_unlike_expressive : outlookMarkerProfile.allowsPerspectiveShift ≠ Pragmatics.Expressives.expressiveProperties.allowsPerspectiveShift

Outlook markers perspective-shift, pure expressives do not — the diagnostic that the saltDenotation_not_rigid vs expressive_rigid contrast realizes ([Kub26]; [Pot07]).

theorem Kubota2026.outlookMarker_patterns_with_hardPresup : outlookMarkerProfile.allowsPerspectiveShift = hardPresupProfile.allowsPerspectiveShift ∧ outlookMarkerProfile.requiresDiscourseAntecedent = hardPresupProfile.requiresDiscourseAntecedent

Outlook markers pattern with (anaphoric) presupposition triggers on displaceability and discourse-antecedent need ([Kub26]): the two added diagnostics do not separate them.

theorem Kubota2026.outlookMarker_ineffable_unlike_hardPresup : outlookMarkerProfile.descriptivelyIneffable ≠ hardPresupProfile.descriptivelyIneffable

What does separate outlook markers from presupposition triggers: descriptive ineffability (the expressive-like diagnostic; [Kub26], [Pot07]).