Japanese particles

The clause-final particles of Japanese questions and their distribution over matrix, embedded and quoted clauses: the question particle ka, obligatory in embedded questions and optional in matrix ones, its informal counterpart no, the declarative complementizer koto, the meta-question particle kke, which asks the addressee to remind the speaker of an answer and occurs only in matrix questions and quotations, and the conjectural darō, which embeds declaratives and questions alike. The colloquial polarity particles un 'yes' and uun 'no' are Japanese.PolarityParticle: in the truth-based system of [Hol16], un confirms the negative alternative of a negative question, Kimi tukarete nai? — Un (tukarete nai) 'Are you not tired? — Yes (I'm not tired)'.

Main definitions

• Japanese.Particles.ka, no_, koto, kke, daroo — the clause-typing particles with their embedding distributions
• Japanese.PolarityParticle — the polarity particles

References

• [Day25]
• [Hol16]
• [RU21]
• [SY17]
• [UR18]

def Japanese.Particles.ka : Particle

ka — clause-typing Q-morpheme. Obligatory in subordinated interrogatives, optional in matrix (can be dropped). Marks CP as +WH. Licensed in quotation as well.

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def Japanese.Particles.no_ : Particle

no — clause-typing particle for questions (informal).

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def Japanese.Particles.koto : Particle

koto — complementizer for declarative clauses. Contrast with ka: having ka in the embedded clause suffices for interrogative interpretation, while koto marks a declarative ([Day25]: (15)). Subordinated clauses only.

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def Japanese.Particles.kke : Particle

kke — meta question particle (MQP). Only in matrix questions and quotations ([SY17]). Has a "remind-me" presupposition: speaker has forgotten Ans(Q) and believes the addressee knows it.

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def Japanese.Particles.daroo : Particle

darō だろう — conjectural/epistemic copula. With declarative complement: "x thinks p" (⟦daroo⟧({p})(x) = INQ_x ⊆ {p}↓). With interrogative complement: "x wonders Q" (⟦daroo⟧(Q)(x) = INQ_x ⊆ Q). The dual reading arises from the absence of an ignorance component, unlike wonder ([RU21], [UR18]). Appears in matrix and quasi-subordinated contexts but not in subordinated interrogatives (which use ka).

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def Japanese.Particles.allParticles : List Particle

The clause-typing particles.

Equations

• Japanese.Particles.allParticles = [Japanese.Particles.ka, Japanese.Particles.no_, Japanese.Particles.koto, Japanese.Particles.kke, Japanese.Particles.daroo]

inductive Japanese.PolarityParticle : Type

The Japanese colloquial polarity particles.

• un : PolarityParticle

  un 'yes'.

• uun : PolarityParticle

  uun 'no': Kare-wa koohii-o noma nai no? 'Does he not drink coffee?' — Uun, nomu yo 'No, he drinks'.

@[instance_reducible]

instance Japanese.instDecidableEqPolarityParticle : DecidableEq PolarityParticle

Equations

• Japanese.instDecidableEqPolarityParticle x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[instance_reducible]

instance Japanese.instReprPolarityParticle : Repr PolarityParticle

Equations

• Japanese.instReprPolarityParticle = { reprPrec := Japanese.instReprPolarityParticle.repr }

def Japanese.instReprPolarityParticle.repr : PolarityParticle → ℕ → Std.Format

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@[instance_reducible]

instance Japanese.instFintypePolarityParticle : Fintype PolarityParticle

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def Japanese.PolarityParticle.form : PolarityParticle → String

The spelling of a polarity particle.

Equations

• Japanese.PolarityParticle.un.form = "un"
• Japanese.PolarityParticle.uun.form = "uun"