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Linglib.Studies.Dendikken1995Resultatives

Resultative — Small Clause Bridge #

[dD95] [GJ04]

[dD95]: resultative constructions instantiate SC predication with an adjectival or prepositional predicate:

"They hammered the metal flat" → V [SC DP AP]
"She kicked the ball into the field" → V [SC DP PP]

The result-state XP (AP or PP) is the SC predicate; the direct object DP is the SC subject to which the property/path is ascribed.

Resultative types as SC predicate categories #

[GJ04] five-way resultative typology maps onto SC predicate categories:

Resultative typeSC predExample
causativePropertyA"hammer the metal flat"
causativePathP"kick the ball into the field"
noncausativePropertyA"the river froze solid"
noncausativePathP"the ball rolled into the field"
fakeReflexiveA"She laughed herself silly"

Cross-references #

§1. Resultative types → SC predicate categories #

Property resultatives have AP predicates; path resultatives have PP predicates. Both are SC predication structures.

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def Dendikken1995Resultatives.resToSCPred :
GoldbergJackendoff2004.ResultativeType → Minimalist.SCPredCategory

Map resultative type to SC predicate category. Property resultatives → A (adjective phrase as SC predicate). Path resultatives → P (prepositional phrase as SC predicate). Fake reflexive → A (reflexive is the SC subject, AP is predicate).

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    def Dendikken1995Resultatives.ResultativeType.hasCausativeAgent :
    GoldbergJackendoff2004.ResultativeType → Bool

    Whether a resultative type involves a causative agent.

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      §2. Verification: categorization covers all types #

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      theorem Dendikken1995Resultatives.all_types_categorized :
      resToSCPred GoldbergJackendoff2004.ResultativeType.causativeProperty = Minimalist.SCPredCategory.A ∧ resToSCPred GoldbergJackendoff2004.ResultativeType.causativePath = Minimalist.SCPredCategory.P ∧ resToSCPred GoldbergJackendoff2004.ResultativeType.noncausativeProperty = Minimalist.SCPredCategory.A ∧ resToSCPred GoldbergJackendoff2004.ResultativeType.noncausativePath = Minimalist.SCPredCategory.P ∧ resToSCPred GoldbergJackendoff2004.ResultativeType.fakeReflexive = Minimalist.SCPredCategory.A

      All five resultative types map to either A or P.

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      theorem Dendikken1995Resultatives.property_resultatives_are_A :
      resToSCPred GoldbergJackendoff2004.ResultativeType.causativeProperty = Minimalist.SCPredCategory.A ∧ resToSCPred GoldbergJackendoff2004.ResultativeType.noncausativeProperty = Minimalist.SCPredCategory.A ∧ resToSCPred GoldbergJackendoff2004.ResultativeType.fakeReflexive = Minimalist.SCPredCategory.A

      Property resultatives all have SC predicate category A.

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      theorem Dendikken1995Resultatives.path_resultatives_are_P :
      resToSCPred GoldbergJackendoff2004.ResultativeType.causativePath = Minimalist.SCPredCategory.P ∧ resToSCPred GoldbergJackendoff2004.ResultativeType.noncausativePath = Minimalist.SCPredCategory.P

      Path resultatives all have SC predicate category P.

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      theorem Dendikken1995Resultatives.resultative_cats_are_A_or_P (rt : GoldbergJackendoff2004.ResultativeType) :
      resToSCPred rt = Minimalist.SCPredCategory.A ∨ resToSCPred rt = Minimalist.SCPredCategory.P

      Resultative SC predicates are always A or P.

      §3. SC construction from resultative data #

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      def Dendikken1995Resultatives.datumToSC (d : GoldbergJackendoff2004.ResultativeDatum) (dpId predId : ℕ) :
      Minimalist.SmallClause

      Build a small clause from a resultative datum.

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        theorem Dendikken1995Resultatives.datum_sc_cat_consistent (d : GoldbergJackendoff2004.ResultativeDatum) (dpId predId : ℕ) :
        (datumToSC d dpId predId).predCat = resToSCPred d.resType

        The SC predicate category is determined by the resultative type.

        §4. Per-datum SC categorization #

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        theorem Dendikken1995Resultatives.hammer_flat_is_AP :
        resToSCPred GoldbergJackendoff2004.hammer_flat.resType = Minimalist.SCPredCategory.A

        "She hammered the metal flat" — SC predicate is AP (property).

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        theorem Dendikken1995Resultatives.kick_into_field_is_PP :
        resToSCPred GoldbergJackendoff2004.kick_into_field.resType = Minimalist.SCPredCategory.P

        "She kicked the ball into the field" — SC predicate is PP (path).

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        theorem Dendikken1995Resultatives.freeze_solid_is_AP :
        resToSCPred GoldbergJackendoff2004.freeze_solid.resType = Minimalist.SCPredCategory.A

        "The river froze solid" — noncausative, SC predicate is AP.

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        theorem Dendikken1995Resultatives.roll_into_field_is_PP :
        resToSCPred GoldbergJackendoff2004.roll_into_field.resType = Minimalist.SCPredCategory.P

        "The ball rolled into the field" — noncausative path, SC predicate is PP.

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        theorem Dendikken1995Resultatives.laugh_silly_is_AP :
        resToSCPred GoldbergJackendoff2004.laugh_silly.resType = Minimalist.SCPredCategory.A

        "She laughed herself silly" — fake reflexive, SC predicate is AP.

        §5. Cross-construction bridge #

        Path resultatives share SC predicate category P with PVCs (particles). This follows from den Dikken's thesis: both involve a P head as the SC predicate. The difference is that in PVCs, the P is a particle (intransitive), while in path resultatives, the P heads a full PP (transitive).

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        theorem Dendikken1995Resultatives.path_res_shares_cat_with_pvc :
        resToSCPred GoldbergJackendoff2004.ResultativeType.causativePath = Minimalist.SCPredCategory.P ∧ resToSCPred GoldbergJackendoff2004.ResultativeType.noncausativePath = Minimalist.SCPredCategory.P

        Path resultatives and PVCs share SC predicate category P.

        §6. IsSmallClause companion-predicate witness #

        datumToSC constructs the predicate via mkLeafPhon (resToSCPred …).toCat, so the well-formedness invariant predicate.headCat = predCat.toCat holds by rfl.

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        theorem Dendikken1995Resultatives.datumToSC_consistent (d : GoldbergJackendoff2004.ResultativeDatum) (dpId predId : ℕ) :
        Minimalist.SO.headCat (datumToSC d dpId predId).predicate = some (datumToSC d dpId predId).predCat.toCat

        The well-formedness invariant for datumToSC holds by construction: the mkLeafPhon-built predicate is a leaf, so the computable outerCatC head category reduces definitionally to its stored predCat.

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        theorem Dendikken1995Resultatives.datumToSC_isSmallClause (d : GoldbergJackendoff2004.ResultativeDatum) (dpId predId : ℕ) :
        Minimalist.IsSmallClause (datumToSC d dpId predId).toSO

        Resultative SCs satisfy the IsSmallClause companion predicate over raw SyntacticObjects.