Documentation

Linglib.Fragments.Swahili.Relativization

Swahili Relativization Fragment #

Swahili amba-relative clauses use the overt complementizer amba (related to ku-amba 'say'), which agrees with the head noun in noun class via a suffix. The head appears before the complementizer.

Two Types of Resumptive Pronouns #

[Sco21] shows Swahili distinguishes two types of resumptive pronouns that coexist within the same language and are morphologically distinct:

Bound resumptives (person-matching): -mi (1SG), -we (2SG), -si (1PL), -nyi (2PL). These are base-generated bound pronouns that obligatorily match the extractee in person features. Found inside adjunct islands.
Movement resumptives (personless): -ye (class 1 SG), -o (class 2 PL). These are lower copies of Ā-movement chains, reduced by chain reduction at PF (PersP deleted by MaxElide). Found in parasitic gap constructions.

Resumption Trigger #

Resumption is phonologically motivated: it occurs only on objects of monosyllabic prepositions (na 'with', ya 'of', mwa 'in') to satisfy a bimoraic Minimality requirement. Multisyllabic prepositions (katika 'on') do not trigger resumption — they are dropped instead.

Resumptive Pronoun Paradigm #

Person	Singular	Plural
1st	-mi	-si
2nd	-we	-nyi
3rd	-ye	-o

The 3rd person forms -ye and -o are also the noun class 1/2 (animate) resumptive pronouns (Table 3). The theoretical analysis of why 1st/2nd person forms carry person features while 3rd person forms do not is in Studies/Scott2021.lean.

Naming convention #

Auxiliary types specific to the relativization paradigm carry the Rel prefix (RelPerson, RelGramNum, RelMonosyllabicWord, RelNonTriggeringWord) so they can live at top-level Swahili without colliding with morphology-side Person or number features defined in sibling Swahili Fragment files. This follows the mathlib convention of prefix-disambiguating small support types rather than nesting them under a sub-namespace.

def Swahili.ambaGap :

RelativeClause.Marker

The amba-complementizer with gap (subject and direct object extraction). Subject and object agreement are obligatory on the verb; no resumptive pronoun appears.

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def Swahili.ambaBound :

RelativeClause.Marker

The amba-complementizer with bound resumptive pronoun (person-matching). Objects of monosyllabic prepositions inside adjunct islands obligatorily surface with person features. [Sco21] examples (31)–(33).

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def Swahili.ambaMovement :

RelativeClause.Marker

The amba-complementizer with movement resumptive pronoun (personless). Objects of monosyllabic prepositions in parasitic gap constructions surface without person features. [Sco21] examples (36)–(37).

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def Swahili.relMarkers :

List RelativeClause.Marker

All Swahili relative clause markers.

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Swahili.relMarkers = [Swahili.ambaGap, Swahili.ambaBound, Swahili.ambaMovement]

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Swahili relativization profile (typological summary): gap on subjects (with amba-); resumptive on obliques; relative marker agrees in noun class.

def Swahili.Relativization.subjStrategy :

RelativeClause.SubjStrategy

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Swahili.Relativization.subjStrategy = RelativeClause.SubjStrategy.gap

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def Swahili.Relativization.oblStrategy :

RelativeClause.OblStrategy

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Swahili.Relativization.oblStrategy = RelativeClause.OblStrategy.pronounRetention

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def Swahili.Relativization.rcPosition :

RelativeClause.RCPosition

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Swahili.Relativization.rcPosition = RelativeClause.RCPosition.postNominal

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def Swahili.Relativization.lowestRelativizable :

RelativeClause.AHPosition

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Swahili.Relativization.lowestRelativizable = RelativeClause.AHPosition.oblique

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inductive Swahili.RelPerson :

Person feature in the Swahili relativization paradigm ([Sco21] Table 1). Prefixed Rel so it can live at top-level Swahili without colliding with morphology-side person features.

first : RelPerson
second : RelPerson
third : RelPerson

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@[implicit_reducible]

instance Swahili.instDecidableEqRelPerson :

DecidableEq RelPerson

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Swahili.instDecidableEqRelPerson x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Swahili.instReprRelPerson :

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Swahili.instReprRelPerson = { reprPrec := Swahili.instReprRelPerson.repr }

def Swahili.instReprRelPerson.repr :

RelPerson → ℕ → Std.Format

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Swahili.instReprRelPerson.repr Swahili.RelPerson.first prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Swahili.RelPerson.first")).group prec✝
Swahili.instReprRelPerson.repr Swahili.RelPerson.second prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Swahili.RelPerson.second")).group prec✝
Swahili.instReprRelPerson.repr Swahili.RelPerson.third prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Swahili.RelPerson.third")).group prec✝

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inductive Swahili.RelGramNum :

Number feature in the Swahili relativization paradigm.

sg : RelGramNum
pl : RelGramNum

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@[implicit_reducible]

instance Swahili.instDecidableEqRelGramNum :

DecidableEq RelGramNum

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Swahili.instDecidableEqRelGramNum x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Swahili.instReprRelGramNum.repr :

RelGramNum → ℕ → Std.Format

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Swahili.instReprRelGramNum.repr Swahili.RelGramNum.sg prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Swahili.RelGramNum.sg")).group prec✝
Swahili.instReprRelGramNum.repr Swahili.RelGramNum.pl prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Swahili.RelGramNum.pl")).group prec✝

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@[implicit_reducible]

instance Swahili.instReprRelGramNum :

Repr RelGramNum

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Swahili.instReprRelGramNum = { reprPrec := Swahili.instReprRelGramNum.repr }

def Swahili.RelGramNum.toNumber :

RelGramNum → Number

The relativization paradigm's number dimension, canonically.

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def Swahili.fullPronoun :

RelPerson → RelGramNum → String

Full pronoun form.

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Swahili.fullPronoun Swahili.RelPerson.first Swahili.RelGramNum.sg = "mimi"
Swahili.fullPronoun Swahili.RelPerson.first Swahili.RelGramNum.pl = "sisi"
Swahili.fullPronoun Swahili.RelPerson.second Swahili.RelGramNum.sg = "wewe"
Swahili.fullPronoun Swahili.RelPerson.second Swahili.RelGramNum.pl = "nyinyi"
Swahili.fullPronoun Swahili.RelPerson.third Swahili.RelGramNum.sg = "yeye"
Swahili.fullPronoun Swahili.RelPerson.third Swahili.RelGramNum.pl = "wao"

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def Swahili.resumptivePronoun :

RelPerson → RelGramNum → String

Resumptive (suffixal) pronoun forms ([Sco21] Table 2). Person-matching forms: 1st/2nd person specify [PERS]. Personless defaults: 3rd person = noun class agreement (no [PERS]).

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def Swahili.resumptiveByClass :

NounClass → String

Resumptive pronoun by noun class ([Sco21] Table 3). These forms express number and gender only (no person features). For animate classes 1/2, the forms -ye/-o are identical to the 3rd person resumptive pronouns — this identity is what the PersP-deletion analysis explains.

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def Swahili.resumptivePronounIsPersonMatching :

RelPerson → RelGramNum → Bool

Whether a resumptive pronoun form is person-matching (bound) or personless (movement copy). Theory-neutral observable.

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Swahili.resumptivePronounIsPersonMatching Swahili.RelPerson.first x✝ = true
Swahili.resumptivePronounIsPersonMatching Swahili.RelPerson.second x✝ = true
Swahili.resumptivePronounIsPersonMatching Swahili.RelPerson.third x✝ = false

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inductive Swahili.RelMonosyllabicWord :

Monosyllabic words that trigger resumption. [Sco21] §3.3: resumption is triggered when a monosyllabic word (na, ya, mwa, etc.) would otherwise be stranded, violating the bimoraic Minimality requirement. These include true prepositions and connectives (the form na functions as both).

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@[implicit_reducible]

instance Swahili.instDecidableEqRelMonosyllabicWord :

DecidableEq RelMonosyllabicWord

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Swahili.instDecidableEqRelMonosyllabicWord x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Swahili.instReprRelMonosyllabicWord.repr :

RelMonosyllabicWord → ℕ → Std.Format

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@[implicit_reducible]

instance Swahili.instReprRelMonosyllabicWord :

Repr RelMonosyllabicWord

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Swahili.instReprRelMonosyllabicWord = { reprPrec := Swahili.instReprRelMonosyllabicWord.repr }

inductive Swahili.RelNonTriggeringWord :

Words whose objects do NOT trigger resumption when relativized. For trisyllabic words like katika 'on', the preposition is dropped instead. Noun-like words (uvunguni 'under', chini 'below', kando 'beside') must be followed by a monosyllabic connective, so it is the connective (not the noun-like word) that determines resumption. [Sco21] (22)–(23).

katika : RelNonTriggeringWord

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@[implicit_reducible]

instance Swahili.instDecidableEqRelNonTriggeringWord :

DecidableEq RelNonTriggeringWord

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Swahili.instDecidableEqRelNonTriggeringWord x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Swahili.instReprRelNonTriggeringWord :

Repr RelNonTriggeringWord

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Swahili.instReprRelNonTriggeringWord = { reprPrec := Swahili.instReprRelNonTriggeringWord.repr }

def Swahili.instReprRelNonTriggeringWord.repr :

RelNonTriggeringWord → ℕ → Std.Format

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def Swahili.RelMonosyllabicWord.triggersResumption :

RelMonosyllabicWord → Bool

Monosyllabic words always trigger resumption.

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x✝.triggersResumption = true

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def Swahili.RelNonTriggeringWord.triggersResumption :

RelNonTriggeringWord → Bool

Trisyllabic words never trigger resumption.

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x✝.triggersResumption = false

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