Swahili relativization

This file defines the Swahili amba relative clause and its resumptive pronouns as Scott describes them. The head precedes the complementizer amba, which takes the relative concord of the head's class, vi-azi amba-vyo u-li-vi-menya 'the potatoes that you peeled'. A relativized subject or direct object leaves a gap, with subject and object agreement obligatory on the verb, and no pronoun may fill it. The object of a monosyllabic preposition or connective, na 'with', ya 'of' or mwa 'in', is instead resumed by a pronoun suffixed to it, since a stranded monosyllable would fall below the two-unit minimal word; a trisyllabic preposition such as katika 'on' is dropped instead. The resumptive pronouns are the prepositional pronouns of matrix clauses, and the third person ones are the concords of classes 1 and 2, the animate gender, which carry number and gender but no person. Inside an adjunct island the resumptive is a bound pronoun matching the head in person; in a parasitic gap it is a movement copy without person, the analysis of Studies/Scott2021.lean.

Main definitions

• Swahili.amba, Swahili.relativizers: the relativizer amba
• Swahili.pronoun, Swahili.resumptive: the full and the resumptive pronouns by person and number
• Swahili.NounClass.concord?: the relative concord of classes 1 to 10
• Swahili.Preposition, Preposition.TriggersResumption: the prepositions and connectives with their syllable count, and the minimal-word condition on resumption

Main results

• Swahili.resumptive_third: the third person resumptives are the concords of classes 1 and 2
• Swahili.Preposition.triggersResumption: the monosyllables trigger resumption and the trisyllable does not

Implementation notes

• Scott gives the concords of classes 1 to 10 only, so concord? is partial. The concord is also the suffix of the emphatic copula ndi- of the clefts Scott's data come from.
• The syllable count is recorded rather than read off the form, since a syllabic nasal, as in mtu, would need the phonology.

References

• T. Scott, Two Types of Resumptive Pronouns in Swahili (2021)

The amba relative clause

def Swahili.amba : Relativizer

The complementizer amba with the relative concord of the head's class. A relativized subject or direct object leaves a gap, and the verb agrees with both. The object of a monosyllabic preposition is resumed by a pronoun suffixed to it, a bound pronoun, the only option inside an adjunct island, or a movement copy without person, diagnosed by parasitic gaps.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Swahili.relativizers : List Relativizer

The relativizers.

Equations

• Swahili.relativizers = [Swahili.amba]

Pronouns

def Swahili.pronoun : Agreement.Paradigm Morphology.Morph

The full personal pronouns.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Swahili.resumptive : Agreement.Paradigm Morphology.Morph

The resumptive pronouns, suffixed to the monosyllabic preposition; they are also the prepositional pronouns of matrix clauses, ni-li-kutana na-ye 'I met with her'.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Swahili.NounClass.concord? : NounClass → Option Morphology.Morph

The relative concord of a class, the suffix of amba and the resumptive pronoun of a noun of the class, for classes 1 to 10.

Equations

• Swahili.NounClass.cl1.concord? = some (Morphology.Morph.suff "ye")
• Swahili.NounClass.cl2.concord? = some (Morphology.Morph.suff "o")
• Swahili.NounClass.cl3.concord? = some (Morphology.Morph.suff "o")
• Swahili.NounClass.cl4.concord? = some (Morphology.Morph.suff "yo")
• Swahili.NounClass.cl5.concord? = some (Morphology.Morph.suff "lo")
• Swahili.NounClass.cl6.concord? = some (Morphology.Morph.suff "yo")
• Swahili.NounClass.cl7.concord? = some (Morphology.Morph.suff "cho")
• Swahili.NounClass.cl8.concord? = some (Morphology.Morph.suff "vyo")
• Swahili.NounClass.cl9.concord? = some (Morphology.Morph.suff "yo")
• Swahili.NounClass.cl10.concord? = some (Morphology.Morph.suff "zo")
• x✝.concord? = none

theorem Swahili.resumptive_third : resumptive.realize (Agreement.Bundle.personNumber Person.third Number.singular) = Gender.genderA.singularClass.concord? ∧ resumptive.realize (Agreement.Bundle.personNumber Person.third Number.plural) = Gender.genderA.pluralClass.concord?

The third person resumptives are the concords of classes 1 and 2, the animate gender, and so carry number and gender but no person.

Resumption and the minimal word

structure Swahili.Preposition : Type

A preposition or connective with its number of syllables, the size that decides whether its object is resumed.

• form : String

  The form.

• gloss : String

  The gloss.

• syllables : ℕ

  The number of syllables.

def Swahili.instDecidableEqPreposition.decEq (x✝ x✝¹ : Preposition) : Decidable (x✝ = x✝¹)

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[instance_reducible]

instance Swahili.instDecidableEqPreposition : DecidableEq Preposition

Equations

• Swahili.instDecidableEqPreposition = Swahili.instDecidableEqPreposition.decEq

@[instance_reducible]

instance Swahili.instReprPreposition : Repr Preposition

Equations

• Swahili.instReprPreposition = { reprPrec := Swahili.instReprPreposition.repr }

def Swahili.instReprPreposition.repr : Preposition → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Swahili.Preposition.na : Preposition

na 'with, to, by'.

Equations

• Swahili.Preposition.na = { form := "na", gloss := "with, to, by", syllables := 1 }

def Swahili.Preposition.ya : Preposition

The connective ya 'of', the class 9 concord on -a.

Equations

• Swahili.Preposition.ya = { form := "ya", gloss := "of", syllables := 1 }

def Swahili.Preposition.mwa : Preposition

The connective mwa 'in', the class 18 concord on -a.

Equations

• Swahili.Preposition.mwa = { form := "mwa", gloss := "in", syllables := 1 }

def Swahili.Preposition.katika : Preposition

katika 'on, in'.

Equations

• Swahili.Preposition.katika = { form := "katika", gloss := "on, in", syllables := 3 }

def Swahili.Preposition.TriggersResumption (p : Preposition) : Prop

A preposition's object is resumed when stranding the preposition would leave a word below the two-unit minimum, that is, when the preposition is monosyllabic.

Equations

• p.TriggersResumption = (p.syllables = 1)

@[instance_reducible]

instance Swahili.Preposition.instDecidablePredTriggersResumption : DecidablePred TriggersResumption

Equations

• x✝.instDecidablePredTriggersResumption = { decide := x✝.syllables.beq 1, reflects_decide := ⋯ }

theorem Swahili.Preposition.triggersResumption : na.TriggersResumption ∧ ya.TriggersResumption ∧ mwa.TriggersResumption ∧ ¬katika.TriggersResumption

The monosyllables na, ya and mwa trigger resumption, and the trisyllable katika does not, its object being relativized with the preposition dropped.