Mandarin determiners

Mandarin has no articles. A bare noun serves as a unique definite, an anaphoric definite needs the demonstrative nà 'that', in donkey sentences too, and possession is marked with de. The quantifiers are cardinal, yīxiē 'some', méiyǒu 'no' and hěnduō 'many', proportional, shǎoshù 'a minority of', duōshù and dàbùfèn 'most', or universal, měi 'every', suǒyǒu and quánbù 'all'. Words that mean the same differ in what may follow them and in whether they need the adverb dōu. Měi must be followed by a classifier, as numerals and demonstratives must, hěnduō may be, and the other words stand directly before the noun. A preverbal phrase with měi, suǒyǒu, quánbù or dàbùfèn needs dōu before the verb, as in suǒyǒu shīrén dōu zuò báirìmèng 'all poets daydream', and one with hěnduō admits it. The existential verb yǒu introduces the cardinal phrases and not the universal ones.

Implementation notes

• Each quantifier denotes the set of generalized-quantifier readings available for it, which is empty for hěnduō, whose standard is left to context.
• On Tsai's analysis suǒyǒu, quánbù and dàbùfèn are not determiners but introduce sets of alternatives that dōu closes. That reading lives at another type and is not among the sets recorded here.

References

• [KY12]
• [Tsa15]
• [LT81]
• [Cha68]
• [Wan12]
• [Jen18]
• [Mor21]

Quantificational determiners

inductive Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord : Type

The quantificational determiners of Mandarin are the cardinal yīxiē 'some', méiyǒu 'no' and hěnduō 'many', the proportional shǎoshù 'a minority of', duōshù 'most' and dàbùfèn 'most', and the universal měi 'every', suǒyǒu 'all' and quánbù 'all'.

• yixie : QuantityWord
• meiyou : QuantityWord
• henduo : QuantityWord
• shaoshu : QuantityWord
• duoshu : QuantityWord
• dabufen : QuantityWord
• mei : QuantityWord
• suoyou : QuantityWord
• quanbu : QuantityWord

@[instance_reducible]

instance Mandarin.Determiners.instDecidableEqQuantityWord : DecidableEq QuantityWord

Equations

• Mandarin.Determiners.instDecidableEqQuantityWord x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[instance_reducible]

instance Mandarin.Determiners.instReprQuantityWord : Repr QuantityWord

Equations

• Mandarin.Determiners.instReprQuantityWord = { reprPrec := Mandarin.Determiners.instReprQuantityWord.repr }

def Mandarin.Determiners.instReprQuantityWord.repr : QuantityWord → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[instance_reducible]

instance Mandarin.Determiners.instFintypeQuantityWord : Fintype QuantityWord

Equations

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def Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.form : QuantityWord → String

The pinyin form.

Equations

• Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.yixie.form = "yīxiē"
• Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.meiyou.form = "méiyǒu"
• Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.henduo.form = "hěnduō"
• Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.shaoshu.form = "shǎoshù"
• Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.duoshu.form = "duōshù"
• Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.dabufen.form = "dàbùfèn"
• Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.mei.form = "měi"
• Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.suoyou.form = "suǒyǒu"
• Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.quanbu.form = "quánbù"

def Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.hanzi : QuantityWord → String

The characters.

Equations

• Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.yixie.hanzi = "一些"
• Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.meiyou.hanzi = "没有"
• Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.henduo.hanzi = "很多"
• Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.shaoshu.hanzi = "少数"
• Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.duoshu.hanzi = "多数"
• Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.dabufen.hanzi = "大部分"
• Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.mei.hanzi = "每"
• Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.suoyou.hanzi = "所有"
• Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.quanbu.hanzi = "全部"

def Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.toQuantifier (w : QuantityWord) : Quantifier

The word as a determiner record. No word restricts number, and the words that take a bare noun take a count or a mass noun alike, as in suǒyǒu de zhūròu 'all the pork' beside suǒyǒu de zhū 'all the pigs' ([KY12]).

Equations

• w.toQuantifier = { form := w.form, selectsMass := true }

def Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.toList : List QuantityWord

All the words.

Equations

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theorem Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.mem_toList (w : QuantityWord) : w ∈ toList

The classifier

def Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.TakesClassifier : QuantityWord → Prop

The word may stand before a classifier, as in měi-liàng chē 'every car' and hěnduō-tiáo kùzi 'many pairs of pants'. The others may not, as in the ill-formed *suǒyǒu-ge xuéshēng, *yīxiē-pǐ mǎ and *duōshù-ge xiǎohái ([KY12]). No source stars dàbùfèn before a classifier. It is entered with the others because its bùfèn 'part' is itself a partitive measure in [Cha68]'s list, as the xiē of yīxiē is, and [Tsa15] likens both bùfèn and the shù 'quantity' of duōshù to quantity-denoting classifiers, so the measure position of these words is filled.

Equations

• Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.mei.TakesClassifier = True
• Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.henduo.TakesClassifier = True
• x✝.TakesClassifier = False

def Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.TakesBareNoun : QuantityWord → Prop

The word may stand before the noun with no classifier between them, as in hěnduō yìngzhēngzhě 'many applicants' and suǒyǒu shīrén 'all poets'. Měi may not, *měi chē, the noun rén 'person' apart. [KY12] star hěnduō kùzi in their survey of classifiers and give hěnduō before a bare noun elsewhere, as does [Tsa15].

Equations

• Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.mei.TakesBareNoun = False
• x✝.TakesBareNoun = True

def Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.RequiresClassifier (w : QuantityWord) : Prop

The word needs a classifier, as [LT81] say of měi.

Equations

• w.RequiresClassifier = (w.TakesClassifier ∧ ¬w.TakesBareNoun)

def Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.ExcludesClassifier (w : QuantityWord) : Prop

The word cannot precede a classifier.

Equations

• w.ExcludesClassifier = (¬w.TakesClassifier ∧ w.TakesBareNoun)

@[instance_reducible]

instance Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.instDecidablePredRequiresClassifier : DecidablePred RequiresClassifier

Equations

• x✝.instDecidablePredRequiresClassifier = { decide := decide x✝.TakesClassifier && decide ¬x✝.TakesBareNoun, reflects_decide := ⋯ }

@[instance_reducible]

instance Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.instDecidablePredExcludesClassifier : DecidablePred ExcludesClassifier

Equations

• x✝.instDecidablePredExcludesClassifier = { decide := decide ¬x✝.TakesClassifier && decide x✝.TakesBareNoun, reflects_decide := ⋯ }

theorem Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.takesClassifier_or_takesBareNoun (w : QuantityWord) : w.TakesClassifier ∨ w.TakesBareNoun

Every word combines with a noun one way or the other.

theorem Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.requiresClassifier_iff {w : QuantityWord} : w.RequiresClassifier ↔ w = mei

theorem Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.takesClassifier_and_takesBareNoun_iff {w : QuantityWord} : w.TakesClassifier ∧ w.TakesBareNoun ↔ w = henduo

Hěnduō alone takes both a classifier and a bare noun.

theorem Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.excludesClassifier_iff {w : QuantityWord} : w.ExcludesClassifier ↔ w ≠ mei ∧ w ≠ henduo

The adverb dōu

def Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.RequiresDou : QuantityWord → Prop

A preverbal phrase headed by the word needs dōu before the verb, as in {měi-ge, suǒyǒu-de, dàbùfèn-de} rén *(dōu) mǎi-le shū 'every person, all people, most people bought a book', against hěnduō rén (dōu) mǎi-le shū 'many people bought a book' ([Tsa15]) and duōshù shīrén huì zuò báirìmèng 'most poets daydream' ([KY12]).

Equations

• Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.mei.RequiresDou = True
• Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.suoyou.RequiresDou = True
• Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.quanbu.RequiresDou = True
• Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.dabufen.RequiresDou = True
• x✝.RequiresDou = False

The available readings

@[instance_reducible]

noncomputable instance Mandarin.Determiners.QuantityWord.instDenotesSetFamily : Semantics.Denotes QuantityWord (Set Quantifier.GQ.Family)

The readings available for a word, as generalized quantifiers on every finite domain. Yīxiē reads as Quantifier.GQ.some, méiyǒu as no, shǎoshù as few, duōshù and dàbùfèn as most, and měi, suǒyǒu and quánbù as every; hěnduō has no reading, its standard being a value judgment left to context ([KY12]). Speakers judging dàbùfèn accept its majority reading far more often than a relative one ([Wan12]).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Demonstratives and the possessive

def Mandarin.Determiners.zhe : DemonstrativeDeterminer

zhè 这 'this', the proximal demonstrative, which stands before a classifier.

Equations

• Mandarin.Determiners.zhe = { form := "zhè", deixis := Person.first.participantSets }

def Mandarin.Determiners.na : DemonstrativeDeterminer

nà 那 'that', the distal demonstrative and the obligatory exponent of anaphoric definites, donkey anaphora included ([Jen18]).

Equations

• Mandarin.Determiners.na = { form := "nà", deixis := Person.first.participantSetsᶜ, definiteUses := {Reference.DefiniteUse.anaphoric, Reference.DefiniteUse.donkey} }

def Mandarin.Determiners.de : PossessiveDeterminer

de 的, the marker of possession and of nominal modification.

Equations

• Mandarin.Determiners.de = { form := "de" }

def Mandarin.Determiners.inventory : Determiner.Inventory

The determiner inventory holds the demonstratives, the quantifiers and the possessive marker, there being no articles.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

theorem Mandarin.Determiners.marking : inventory.markingStrategy = Reference.MarkingStrategy.markedAnaphoric

Mandarin's inventory derives the .markedAnaphoric cell of [Mor21]: only the demonstrative marks a definite use, and the use it marks is the anaphoric one.