Hungarian modals

The Hungarian modal expressions of Uegaki and Hannon's elicited dataset of force-flavor combinations, as distributed with the modal typology database of Guo, Imel and Steinert-Threlkeld.

Implementation notes

• The dataset records whether each expression is felicitous in contexts of three forces, necessity, weak necessity and possibility, and five flavors, epistemic, deontic, teleological, circumstantial and bouletic, with and without negation. An entry's meaning is its positive-polarity cells judged felicitous, with weak necessity entered as necessity and teleological as circumstantial; bouletic cells are left out, and so are the expressions with no other felicitous cell.
• Three forms are in standard spelling where the dataset writes otherwise: kellene for kellne, -hat ~ -het for -het- and kép- for kep-.

References

• [UH22]
• [GIST22]

def Hungarian.kell : Modality.ModalItem

The auxiliary kell 'must' expresses epistemic, deontic and circumstantial necessity.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Hungarian.kellene : Modality.ModalItem

kellene, kell with the conditional suffix, 'should', expresses deontic and circumstantial necessity.

Equations

• Hungarian.kellene = { form := "kellene", meaning := {Modality.ModalForce.necessity} ×ˢ {Modality.ModalFlavor.deontic, Modality.ModalFlavor.circumstantial} }

def Hungarian.muszáj : Modality.ModalItem

muszáj 'have to' expresses deontic and circumstantial necessity.

Equations

• Hungarian.muszáj = { form := "muszáj", meaning := {Modality.ModalForce.necessity} ×ˢ {Modality.ModalFlavor.deontic, Modality.ModalFlavor.circumstantial} }

def Hungarian.valószínűleg : Modality.ModalItem

valószínűleg 'probably' expresses epistemic necessity.

Equations

• Hungarian.valószínűleg = { form := "valószínűleg", meaning := {(Modality.ModalForce.necessity, Modality.ModalFlavor.epistemic)} }

def Hungarian.lehet : Modality.ModalItem

The auxiliary lehet expresses epistemic possibility.

Equations

• Hungarian.lehet = { form := "lehet", meaning := {(Modality.ModalForce.possibility, Modality.ModalFlavor.epistemic)} }

def Hungarian.hatHet : Modality.ModalItem

The verbal suffix -hat ~ -het expresses epistemic, deontic and circumstantial possibility.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Hungarian.tud : Modality.ModalItem

The verb tud- 'can' expresses circumstantial possibility.

Equations

• Hungarian.tud = { form := "tud-", meaning := {(Modality.ModalForce.possibility, Modality.ModalFlavor.circumstantial)} }

def Hungarian.kép : Modality.ModalItem

kép- expresses circumstantial possibility.

Equations

• Hungarian.kép = { form := "kép-", meaning := {(Modality.ModalForce.possibility, Modality.ModalFlavor.circumstantial)} }

def Hungarian.modals : List Modality.ModalItem

The modal inventory.

Equations

• Hungarian.modals = [Hungarian.kell, Hungarian.kellene, Hungarian.muszáj, Hungarian.valószínűleg, Hungarian.lehet, Hungarian.hatHet, Hungarian.tud, Hungarian.kép]