Hindi-Urdu postpositions

The simple postpositions of Hindi-Urdu, ne, ko, se, kaa, mẽ, par and tak, as Adposition entries. They follow the oblique form of the noun and have one shape in both numbers (Masica p. 233), and they are clitics rather than affixes: a pause may separate them from the noun, and one may scope over coordinated nouns, madraas aur haiderabaad-se 'from Madras and Hyderabad' (Mohanan pp. 61–62; Masica p. 234). Each is an enclitic. The values marked are Mohanan's labels, ko both accusative and dative (p. 61), with se the instrumental, sociative and ablative at once (Masica p. 238); tak is the clitic Mohanan adds to the six (p. 61). Kaa alone agrees, with the possessed noun, as Spencer notes.

Main definitions

• HindiUrdu.Adpositions.inventory: the simple postpositions.

Implementation notes

• The sources agree that these are clitics and disagree on whether they realize case: Mohanan takes them to mark case features, Masica treats them as formal cases, and Spencer as postpositions that select the oblique, the only cases being the inflected forms of HindiUrdu.Case.
• Kaa is recorded in its masculine singular direct form.

References

• [Mas91]
• [Moh94]
• [Spe05]

def HindiUrdu.Adpositions.ne : Adposition

ne, marking the agent of a perfective verb.

Equations

• HindiUrdu.Adpositions.ne = { morphs := [Morphology.Morph.encl "ne"], linearization := {Adposition.Linearization.post}, functions := {Case.erg}, complements := {some Adposition.Complement.np} }

def HindiUrdu.Adpositions.ko : Adposition

ko, marking the goal and the object.

Equations

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def HindiUrdu.Adpositions.se : Adposition

se, marking the instrument, the source and the companion.

Equations

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def HindiUrdu.Adpositions.kaa : Adposition

kaa, marking the possessor.

Equations

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def HindiUrdu.Adpositions.me : Adposition

mẽ 'in'.

Equations

• HindiUrdu.Adpositions.me = { morphs := [Morphology.Morph.encl "mẽ"], linearization := {Adposition.Linearization.post}, functions := {Case.loc}, complements := {some Adposition.Complement.np} }

def HindiUrdu.Adpositions.par : Adposition

par 'on, at'.

Equations

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def HindiUrdu.Adpositions.tak : Adposition

tak 'until', as in kal-tak 'until yesterday'.

Equations

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def HindiUrdu.Adpositions.inventory : List Adposition

The simple postpositions.

Equations

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