Documentation

Linglib.Fragments.HindiUrdu.Case

Hindi-Urdu case #

Hindi-Urdu nominals carry three layers of case-like marking (Masica §8.4, pp. 231–233). The first is inflection: a noun has a direct, an oblique and a vocative form in each number, and a declined adjective agrees with it in the direct–oblique contrast (Spencer (1)–(2); Mohanan p. 62). The second is the simple postpositions of HindiUrdu.Adpositions, which follow the oblique form and have one shape in both numbers (Masica p. 233; Mohanan pp. 60–63). The third is the complex postpositions, which follow a genitive, as bacce-ke liye 'for the child'.

Which of these are the cases is disputed. Masica treats the postpositions as formal cases under the traditional labels, and finds no accusative among them (pp. 238–239); Mohanan takes them to mark universal case features, ko both the accusative of objects and the dative of goals (p. 67); Spencer takes the three inflected forms to be the only cases, the postpositions being words that select the oblique. This file records the inflected forms, on which the three agree, as HindiUrdu.Case.

The alignment is split by aspect, as Blake describes it: in the perfective the transitive subject takes ne and the object the direct form, while elsewhere the subject is direct and the object takes ko when it is marked at all.

Main definitions #

HindiUrdu.Case, HindiUrdu.Case.label: the direct, oblique and vocative forms, and the comparative value each is named for.
HindiUrdu.Noun, HindiUrdu.nouns: Spencer's two nouns with a vocative, by the form of each case in each number.
HindiUrdu.alignment: the alignment of case marking by aspect.

Main results #

HindiUrdu.plural_larkaa_injective: the plural of laRkaa 'boy' keeps the three cases apart, the vocative laRko against the oblique laRkõ.
HindiUrdu.singular_oblique_eq_vocative: the singular has one form for the oblique and the vocative.

Implementation notes #

Hindi and Urdu are literary styles of one colloquial language, with virtually identical grammar and core vocabulary (Masica §2.3, p. 27). The sources describe the case system from Hindi data, and the fragment records it for both.

The forms are [Spe05]'s transcription, R a retroflex rhotic, doubled vowels long and a tilde marking nasalization. His table gives the inanimates makaan 'house' and mez 'table' no vocative, and they are left out.

References #

The inflected forms #

inductive HindiUrdu.Case :

The three inflected forms of a noun.

direct : Case
The direct form, the citation form and the form of an unmarked subject or object.
oblique : Case
The oblique form, which the postpositions follow.
vocative : Case
The vocative.

Instances For

@[instance_reducible]

instance HindiUrdu.instDecidableEqCase :

DecidableEq Case

Equations

HindiUrdu.instDecidableEqCase x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[instance_reducible]

instance HindiUrdu.instFintypeCase :

Fintype Case

Equations

HindiUrdu.instFintypeCase = { elems := { val := ↑HindiUrdu.Case.enumList, nodup := HindiUrdu.Case.enumList_nodup }, complete := HindiUrdu.instFintypeCase._proof_1 }

@[instance_reducible]

instance HindiUrdu.instReprCase :

Repr Case

Equations

HindiUrdu.instReprCase = { reprPrec := HindiUrdu.instReprCase.repr }

def HindiUrdu.instReprCase.repr :

Case → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

HindiUrdu.instReprCase.repr HindiUrdu.Case.direct prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "HindiUrdu.Case.direct")).group prec✝
HindiUrdu.instReprCase.repr HindiUrdu.Case.oblique prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "HindiUrdu.Case.oblique")).group prec✝
HindiUrdu.instReprCase.repr HindiUrdu.Case.vocative prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "HindiUrdu.Case.vocative")).group prec✝

Instances For

def HindiUrdu.Case.label :

Case → _root_.Case

The comparative value a case is named for, the nominative for the direct form.

Equations

Instances For

def HindiUrdu.Case.forms (direct oblique vocative : String) :

Case → String

forms direct oblique vocative assigns each case its form.

Equations

HindiUrdu.Case.forms direct oblique vocative HindiUrdu.Case.direct = direct
HindiUrdu.Case.forms direct oblique vocative HindiUrdu.Case.oblique = oblique
HindiUrdu.Case.forms direct oblique vocative HindiUrdu.Case.vocative = vocative

Instances For

structure HindiUrdu.Noun :

A noun by the form of each case in each number.

gloss : String
The gloss.
singular : Case → String
The singular form in each case.
plural : Case → String
The plural form in each case.

Instances For

def HindiUrdu.larkaa :

laRkaa 'boy', masculine ([Spe05] (1)).

Equations

HindiUrdu.larkaa = { gloss := "boy", singular := HindiUrdu.Case.forms "laRkaa" "laRke" "laRke", plural := HindiUrdu.Case.forms "laRke" "laRkõ" "laRko" }

Instances For

def HindiUrdu.larkii :

laRkii 'girl', feminine ([Spe05] (1)).

Equations

HindiUrdu.larkii = { gloss := "girl", singular := HindiUrdu.Case.forms "laRkii" "laRkii" "laRkii", plural := HindiUrdu.Case.forms "laRkiyãã" "laRkiyõ" "laRkiyo" }

Instances For

def HindiUrdu.nouns :

List Noun

The nouns.

Equations

HindiUrdu.nouns = [HindiUrdu.larkaa, HindiUrdu.larkii]

Instances For

theorem HindiUrdu.plural_larkaa_injective :

Function.Injective larkaa.plural

The plural of laRkaa keeps the three cases apart, the vocative plural -o against the oblique plural -õ ([Mas91] p. 239).

theorem HindiUrdu.singular_oblique_eq_vocative (n : Noun) :

n ∈ nouns → n.singular Case.oblique = n.singular Case.vocative

The singular has one form for the oblique and the vocative.

theorem HindiUrdu.singular_larkii_eq (c : Case) :

larkii.singular c = "laRkii"

The feminine singular has one form for all three cases.

Alignment #

def HindiUrdu.alignment :

Aspect.Perfectivity → Alignment.AlignmentType

The alignment is ergative in the perfective, where the transitive subject takes ne, and accusative otherwise.

Equations

Instances For