Gã Complement-Taking Predicates

[All21]

Inventory of Gã verbs that take embedded clausal complements, classified by the clause type they select and (where the semantic class is clear) their [Lan15] predicate class.

All entries here are attested in [All21]'s example data (the only verb-list source). The single exception is kee 'say', which the paper uses in passing as the standard akɛ-clause exemplar but does not pull out as part of its CTP inventory; it is kept because without at least one finite-complement verb the OC-vs-non-OC contrast cannot be exhibited end-to-end. The docstring on kee records this.

Coverage

• Subject-control verbs selecting irrealis ni-clauses: tao 'want', nye 'manage/be.able', kpleno 'agree', kpang 'plan', hiekpano 'forget' (Allotey ex 37–38)
• Object-control verbs selecting irrealis ni-clauses: kenya 'urge', dai 'force', laka 'persuade', wa 'help'
• Finite-clause verb selecting akɛ-clauses: kee 'say' (standard exemplar; see note above)

Identifier policy

ASCII identifiers; IPA orthography lives in .form strings. See Fragments/Ga/Basic.lean for rationale.

inductive Ga.Control : Type

Whether a Gã CTP induces subject control or object control over the embedded ni-clause subject. none for finite-complement verbs that are not control verbs.

• subjectControl : Control
• objectControl : Control
• noneControl : Control

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Ga.instDecidableEqControl : DecidableEq Control

Equations

• Ga.instDecidableEqControl x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Ga.instReprControl : Repr Control

Equations

• Ga.instReprControl = { reprPrec := Ga.instReprControl.repr }

def Ga.instReprControl.repr : Control → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• Ga.instReprControl.repr Ga.Control.subjectControl prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Ga.Control.subjectControl")).group prec✝
• Ga.instReprControl.repr Ga.Control.objectControl prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Ga.Control.objectControl")).group prec✝
• Ga.instReprControl.repr Ga.Control.noneControl prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Ga.Control.noneControl")).group prec✝

structure Ga.CTP : Type

A Gã complement-taking predicate.

The Landau predicate class is recorded for verbs whose semantic classification is clear; for verbs like wa 'help' (no clean fit in any of Landau's eight classes), it is left as none — paralleling the treatment of English try in Landau2015.try_unclassifiable.

• form : String
• gloss : String
• selects : EmbeddedClauseType
• control : Control
• landauClass : Option Landau2015.LandauPredicateClass

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Ga.instReprCTP : Repr CTP

Equations

• Ga.instReprCTP = { reprPrec := Ga.instReprCTP.repr }

def Ga.instReprCTP.repr : CTP → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Ga.instDecidableEqCTP : DecidableEq CTP

Equations

• Ga.instDecidableEqCTP = Ga.instDecidableEqCTP.decEq

def Ga.instDecidableEqCTP.decEq (x✝ x✝¹ : CTP) : Decidable (x✝ = x✝¹)

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Ga.CTP.controlTier (c : CTP) : Option Landau2015.ControlTier

The control tier induced by a Gã CTP, derived from its Landau class. Returns none for unclassifiable verbs and finite-complement verbs.

Equations

• c.controlTier = Option.map (fun (x : Landau2015.LandauPredicateClass) => x.controlTier) c.landauClass

def Ga.tao : CTP

'want' — desiderative, subject control. Logophoric tier.

Equations

• Ga.tao = { form := "tao", gloss := "want", selects := Ga.EmbeddedClauseType.irrealisNi, control := Ga.Control.subjectControl, landauClass := some Landau2015.LandauPredicateClass.desiderative }

def Ga.kpleno : CTP

'agree' — desiderative, subject control. Logophoric tier.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Ga.kpang : CTP

'plan' — desiderative, subject control. Logophoric tier.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Ga.hiekpano : CTP

'forget' — implicative (negative), subject control. Predicative tier. Allotey ex 37–38: e-hiɛ-kpa-nɔ akɛ è-fee shi̇kpɔ̃ɔ̃ lε 'he forgot to do that work'. Like English forget ([Kar71]): failure entails the complement.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Ga.nye : CTP

'manage / be able to' — implicative (modal-flavored), subject control. Predicative tier. Allotey treats it as a modal/implicative verb; the semantics parallels English manage.

Equations

• Ga.nye = { form := "nyɛ", gloss := "manage", selects := Ga.EmbeddedClauseType.irrealisNi, control := Ga.Control.subjectControl, landauClass := some Landau2015.LandauPredicateClass.implicative }

def Ga.kenya : CTP

'urge' — desiderative, object control. Logophoric tier.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Ga.laka : CTP

'persuade' — desiderative, object control. Logophoric tier.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Ga.dai : CTP

'force' — implicative causative, object control. Predicative tier. Treated like English force per [Lan15]'s (4a): coercive causatives pattern as implicatives.

Equations

• Ga.dai = { form := "dai", gloss := "force", selects := Ga.EmbeddedClauseType.irrealisNi, control := Ga.Control.objectControl, landauClass := some Landau2015.LandauPredicateClass.implicative }

def Ga.wa : CTP

'help' — object control. Landau class left unspecified (help does not fit any of Landau's eight classes cleanly).

Equations

• Ga.wa = { form := "wa", gloss := "help", selects := Ga.EmbeddedClauseType.irrealisNi, control := Ga.Control.objectControl, landauClass := none }

def Ga.kee : CTP

'say' — utterance verb, finite akɛ-clause.

Not pulled out as a CTP entry by [All21], but used in passing as the canonical example of an akɛ-clause selector (the cross-Kwa standard utterance verb). Kept here so that the library can exhibit the OC-vs-non-OC contrast end-to-end.

Equations

• Ga.kee = { form := "kɛɛ", gloss := "say", selects := Ga.EmbeddedClauseType.finiteAke, control := Ga.Control.noneControl, landauClass := some Landau2015.LandauPredicateClass.propositional }

theorem Ga.tao_irrealisNi : tao.selects = EmbeddedClauseType.irrealisNi

theorem Ga.hiekpano_irrealisNi : hiekpano.selects = EmbeddedClauseType.irrealisNi

theorem Ga.nye_irrealisNi : nye.selects = EmbeddedClauseType.irrealisNi

theorem Ga.kpleno_irrealisNi : kpleno.selects = EmbeddedClauseType.irrealisNi

theorem Ga.kpang_irrealisNi : kpang.selects = EmbeddedClauseType.irrealisNi

theorem Ga.kenya_irrealisNi : kenya.selects = EmbeddedClauseType.irrealisNi

theorem Ga.laka_irrealisNi : laka.selects = EmbeddedClauseType.irrealisNi

theorem Ga.dai_irrealisNi : dai.selects = EmbeddedClauseType.irrealisNi

theorem Ga.wa_irrealisNi : wa.selects = EmbeddedClauseType.irrealisNi

theorem Ga.kee_finiteAke : kee.selects = EmbeddedClauseType.finiteAke

theorem Ga.hiekpano_predicative : hiekpano.controlTier = some Landau2015.ControlTier.predicative

theorem Ga.nye_predicative : nye.controlTier = some Landau2015.ControlTier.predicative

theorem Ga.dai_predicative : dai.controlTier = some Landau2015.ControlTier.predicative

theorem Ga.tao_logophoric : tao.controlTier = some Landau2015.ControlTier.logophoric

theorem Ga.kpleno_logophoric : kpleno.controlTier = some Landau2015.ControlTier.logophoric

theorem Ga.kpang_logophoric : kpang.controlTier = some Landau2015.ControlTier.logophoric

theorem Ga.kenya_logophoric : kenya.controlTier = some Landau2015.ControlTier.logophoric

theorem Ga.laka_logophoric : laka.controlTier = some Landau2015.ControlTier.logophoric