Gã Complement-Taking Predicates

[All21]

Inventory of Gã verbs that take embedded clausal complements, classified by the clause types they are attested with, the control relation of their ni-frame, and Karttunen implicativity. Several verbs alternate between frames — kai 'remember' takes the controlled irrealis ni-clause (ex 43) or a finite akɛ-clause (ex 89a), kɛɛ 'say/tell' takes akɛ (exx 47–49) or an object-control ni-clause (ex 117b) — and this C-selection is [All21]'s first non-finiteness diagnostic (§5.5.1, exx 104–108), so selects is list-valued. All entries are attested in her example data, cited by example number.

Identifier policy

ASCII identifiers; IPA orthography lives in .form strings. See Fragments/Ga/Basic.lean for rationale.

structure Ga.CTP : Type

A Gã complement-taking predicate: form, gloss, the embedded clause types it is attested with, the control relation of its ni-frame (ControlType.none exactly for verbs without one), and its Karttunen implicativity ([Kar71]: positive = complement entailed realized, negative = entailed unrealized, none = non-implicative). Implicativity has a grammatical reflex in Gã: implicatives alternate into realis complement frames, where the irrealis marker is impossible (Studies/Allotey2021.lean).

• form : String
• gloss : String
• selects : List EmbeddedClauseType

  Embedded clause types attested with this verb.

• control : ControlType

  The control relation of the verb's irrealis ni-frame.

• implicative : Option Implicative

  Karttunen implicative class; none for non-implicatives.

@[instance_reducible]

instance Ga.instReprCTP : Repr CTP

Equations

• Ga.instReprCTP = { reprPrec := Ga.instReprCTP.repr }

def Ga.instReprCTP.repr : CTP → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[instance_reducible]

instance Ga.instDecidableEqCTP : DecidableEq CTP

Equations

• Ga.instDecidableEqCTP = Ga.instDecidableEqCTP.decEq

def Ga.instDecidableEqCTP.decEq (x✝ x✝¹ : CTP) : Decidable (x✝ = x✝¹)

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Subject-control verbs (irrealis ni-clause)

def Ga.tao : CTP

'want' — subject control; ni optionally overt ([All21] ex 34: Mi-i tao (ni) ma na bo 'I want to see you'; the embedded 1SG is the irrealis portmanteau má, exx 88, 100).

Equations

• Ga.tao = { form := "tao", gloss := "want", selects := [Ga.EmbeddedClauseType.irrealisNi], control := ControlType.subjectControl, implicative := none }

def Ga.hiekano : CTP

'hope' (lit. 'face-place-upon') — subject control; ni obligatory ([All21] ex 35: Mi hiɛ-kã-nɔ ni ma ya skul gbi ko 'I hope to go to school one day').

Equations

• Ga.hiekano = { form := "hiɛ-kã-nɔ", gloss := "hope", selects := [Ga.EmbeddedClauseType.irrealisNi], control := ControlType.subjectControl, implicative := none }

def Ga.hiekpano : CTP

'forget' (lit. 'face-stop-upon') — subject control; ni obligatory ([All21] exx 37–38: O hiɛ-kpa-nɔ ni o kɔ aspaatere lɛ 'You forgot to pick up the shoe'). Negative implicative (forget to entails the complement unrealized — textbook [Kar71], not her classification), and its ni-clause duly carries the irrealis marker (exx 102–103: ó, é).

Equations

• Ga.hiekpano = { form := "hiɛ-kpa-nɔ", gloss := "forget", selects := [Ga.EmbeddedClauseType.irrealisNi], control := ControlType.subjectControl, implicative := some Implicative.negative }

def Ga.miamihie : CTP

'try' (lit. 'squeeze-my-face') — subject control; ni obligatory ([All21] exx 36, 60a: 'I tried to close the door').

Equations

• Ga.miamihie = { form := "mia-mi-hiɛ", gloss := "try", selects := [Ga.EmbeddedClauseType.irrealisNi], control := ControlType.subjectControl, implicative := none }

def Ga.kai : CTP

'remember' — subject control in the ni-frame ([All21] exx 42–43: Mi kai ni ma he wolo 'I remembered to buy a book'); positive implicative. Alternates into a finite akɛ-frame 'remember that' whose realis past complement excludes the irrealis marker (ex 89a: Mi kai akɛ mi/*má he wolo lɛ); under matrix negation the ni-frame carries the marker (ex 117a: é).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Ga.nye : CTP

'manage / be able to' — subject control; ni optionally overt ([All21] ex 39: 'The children managed to buy a home'); positive implicative. Also attested with a bare complementizer-less realis past complement where the irrealis marker is excluded (ex 89b: Mi nyɛ mi/*má sha tsensii lɛ); the zero-frame is not a member of the three-way clause typology and is recorded only in Studies/Allotey2021.lean's marker data.

Equations

• Ga.nye = { form := "nyɛ", gloss := "manage", selects := [Ga.EmbeddedClauseType.irrealisNi], control := ControlType.subjectControl, implicative := some Implicative.positive }

def Ga.kpleno : CTP

'agree' — subject control; the ni-frame requires the irrealis marker ([All21] exx 52, 89c: *mi/má; also 109, 122a). Alternates into akɛ with a true subjunctive complement ('agree that…', ex 105: Osa kplɛnɔ ni/akɛ Taki á-tsɛ́ Momo).

Equations

• Ga.kpleno = { form := "kplɛnɔ", gloss := "agree", selects := [Ga.EmbeddedClauseType.irrealisNi, Ga.EmbeddedClauseType.finiteAke], control := ControlType.subjectControl, implicative := none }

def Ga.kpang : CTP

'plan / decide' — subject control; only ni — never akɛ or kɛji — introduces the complement ([All21] ex 106), and the irrealis marker is obligatory (ex 89d: *mi/má).

Equations

• Ga.kpang = { form := "kpaŋ", gloss := "plan", selects := [Ga.EmbeddedClauseType.irrealisNi], control := ControlType.subjectControl, implicative := none }

Object-control verbs (irrealis ni-clause)

def Ga.wa : CTP

'help' — object control ([All21] exx 44, 54: Mi wa Ama ni e-ya skul 'I helped Ama to go to school'). Whether help is (partially) implicative is contested in the post-Karttunen literature; left unclassified.

Equations

• Ga.wa = { form := "wa", gloss := "help", selects := [Ga.EmbeddedClauseType.irrealisNi], control := ControlType.objectControl, implicative := none }

def Ga.kenya : CTP

'urge / encourage' — object control ([All21] exx 55, 60b).

Equations

• Ga.kenya = { form := "kenya", gloss := "urge", selects := [Ga.EmbeddedClauseType.irrealisNi], control := ControlType.objectControl, implicative := none }

def Ga.dai : CTP

'force' — object control ([All21] ex 56). Coded positive implicative: forcing entails the forced event realized, though two-place coercives postdate [Kar71]'s one-place inventory.

Equations

• Ga.dai = { form := "dai", gloss := "force", selects := [Ga.EmbeddedClauseType.irrealisNi], control := ControlType.objectControl, implicative := some Implicative.positive }

def Ga.laka : CTP

'persuade / coax / deceive' (context-dependent, the paper's fn 4) — object control ([All21] exx 57–58).

Equations

• Ga.laka = { form := "laka", gloss := "persuade", selects := [Ga.EmbeddedClauseType.irrealisNi], control := ControlType.objectControl, implicative := none }

def Ga.bi : CTP

'ask' — object control ([All21] ex 59: 'I asked Ayele to tell me a story').

Equations

• Ga.bi = { form := "bi", gloss := "ask", selects := [Ga.EmbeddedClauseType.irrealisNi], control := ControlType.objectControl, implicative := none }

def Ga.kee : CTP

'say / tell' — finite akɛ-clause as the paper's standard utterance-verb exemplar ([All21] exx 47–49: Jojo kɛɛ akɛ … 'Jojo said that …'), and object control in the ni-frame ('tell someone to …', ex 117b: John é-kee-ee Mary ni é he noko-noko 'John didn't tell Mary to buy anything'; tell is on her object-control predicate list).

Equations

• Ga.kee = { form := "kɛɛ", gloss := "say", selects := [Ga.EmbeddedClauseType.finiteAke, Ga.EmbeddedClauseType.irrealisNi], control := ControlType.objectControl, implicative := none }

Finite-complement-only verbs

def Ga.le : CTP

'know' — selects a finite kɛji-clause for if/whether complements ([All21] exx 104, 108: 'know if they will be coming', 'doesn't know whether you or he bought the book').

Equations

• Ga.le = { form := "le", gloss := "know", selects := [Ga.EmbeddedClauseType.finiteKeji], control := ControlType.none, implicative := none }

def Ga.gaCTPs : List CTP

The attested complement-taking predicate inventory.

Equations

• Ga.gaCTPs = [Ga.tao, Ga.hiekano, Ga.hiekpano, Ga.miamihie, Ga.kai, Ga.nye, Ga.kpleno, Ga.kpang, Ga.wa, Ga.kenya, Ga.dai, Ga.laka, Ga.bi, Ga.kee, Ga.le]