Gã complementizers and embedded clause types

The three complementizers of [All21] (Gã, ISO 639-3 gaa; Kwa, Ghana) as Complementizer entries, and the three-way embedded clause typology they head, each type with the complement ArgumentFrame a verb selecting it records. The frames are the frames the complementizers type (ArgumentFrame.typedBy), so complementizer selection is read off the entries rather than restated. The pronouns are in Fragments/Ga/Pronouns and the complement-taking verbs in Fragments/Ga/Verbs.

Implementation notes

The paper's finiteness diagnostics (tense restriction, focus fronting, NPI licensing, negation placement; exx 104–125) all split the ni-clause from the other two, so they are not stored as clause properties: finiteness is read off the complementizer (Complementizer.IsFinite), and each diagnostic is a theorem over the paper's rows in Studies/Allotey2021. The verb-movement diagnostic (exx 120–125, after [Pol89]) needs phrase-structure substrate this fragment does not carry. Lean does not accept ɛ in plain identifiers, so names use Latin letters (ake, keji) and the orthography lives in the morphs.

References

• [All21]
• [Noo07]
• [Pol89]

Complementizers

def Ga.ake : Complementizer

akɛ — the finite declarative complementizer, typing the complements of utterance and attitude verbs (exx 47–49, 89a).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Ga.keji : Complementizer

kɛji — the finite complementizer of conditional clauses (ex 97a) and, under le 'know', of polar and alternative questions ('know if they will come', 'know whether you or he bought it', exx 104, 108); glossed COND throughout the paper.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Ga.ni : Complementizer

ni — the irrealis complementizer of controlled clauses, glossed C with the complement's verb glossed INF: a weak CP with no focus fronting and no independent tense (exx 107–109). Optionally overt with some control verbs (tao 'want', ex 34) and obligatory with others (hiɛ-kã-nɔ 'hope', ex 35); homophonous with the focus marker (ex 27).

Equations

• Ga.ni = { morphs := [Morphology.Morph.free "ni"], coding := some Complement.Coding.infinitive, verbForm := some UD.VerbForm.Inf }

def Ga.complementizers : List Complementizer

The three clause introducers that can head an embedded C (§5.5.1).

Equations

• Ga.complementizers = [Ga.ake, Ga.keji, Ga.ni]

Embedded clause typology

def Ga.akeFrame : ArgumentFrame

The finite declarative frame akɛ types is definitionally the library's generic ArgumentFrame.finiteClause.

Equations

• Ga.akeFrame = ArgumentFrame.typedBy Ga.ake

def Ga.kejiFrame : ArgumentFrame

The finite interrogative frame kɛji types.

Equations

• Ga.kejiFrame = ArgumentFrame.typedBy Ga.keji

def Ga.niFrame : ArgumentFrame

The controlled irrealis frame ni types is [Noo07]-infinitival, the paper's own term, with a subject that is an overt pronoun in the subjective (nominative) form of Table 3, never null and never a lexical DP (exx 40–42).

Equations

• Ga.niFrame = ArgumentFrame.typedBy Ga.ni (some (Clause.EmbeddedSubject.overt (some Case.nom)))

inductive Ga.EmbeddedClauseType : Type

The three embedded clause types of [All21], named by the complementizer heading them (§5.5.1). The ni type is the controlled irrealis clause; ni also introduces true subjunctives with lexical subjects (ex 105) and, under dwɛŋ 'think', finite low-tone complements (exx 110–111), which are not of this type.

• ake : EmbeddedClauseType
• keji : EmbeddedClauseType
• ni : EmbeddedClauseType

@[instance_reducible]

instance Ga.instDecidableEqEmbeddedClauseType : DecidableEq EmbeddedClauseType

Equations

• Ga.instDecidableEqEmbeddedClauseType x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[instance_reducible]

instance Ga.instReprEmbeddedClauseType : Repr EmbeddedClauseType

Equations

• Ga.instReprEmbeddedClauseType = { reprPrec := Ga.instReprEmbeddedClauseType.repr }

def Ga.instReprEmbeddedClauseType.repr : EmbeddedClauseType → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
• Ga.instReprEmbeddedClauseType.repr Ga.EmbeddedClauseType.ake prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Ga.EmbeddedClauseType.ake")).group prec✝
• Ga.instReprEmbeddedClauseType.repr Ga.EmbeddedClauseType.ni prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Ga.EmbeddedClauseType.ni")).group prec✝

def Ga.EmbeddedClauseType.complementizer : EmbeddedClauseType → Complementizer

The complementizer heading the clause type.

Equations

• Ga.EmbeddedClauseType.ake.complementizer = Ga.ake
• Ga.EmbeddedClauseType.keji.complementizer = Ga.keji
• Ga.EmbeddedClauseType.ni.complementizer = Ga.ni

def Ga.EmbeddedClauseType.frame : EmbeddedClauseType → ArgumentFrame

The complement frame a verb selecting the clause type records.

Equations

• Ga.EmbeddedClauseType.ake.frame = Ga.akeFrame
• Ga.EmbeddedClauseType.keji.frame = Ga.kejiFrame
• Ga.EmbeddedClauseType.ni.frame = Ga.niFrame