English verbs by Levin class

This file defines the English verbs entered under the smaller of Levin's classes, from putting and removing through creation, perception, judgment, the body, emission, existence and appearance, motion and weather, each with the frames Levin's alternations require.

References

• [Lev93]
• [DT22]
• [MBB08]
• [Smi97]

Putting (§ 9)

def English.Verbs.place : Verb

"place" — Levin 9.1 Put verbs. Instantaneous placement.

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def English.Verbs.water : Verb

"water" — Levin 9.9 Butter verbs (denominal putting).

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def English.Verbs.pour : Verb

"pour" — Levin 9.5 Pour verbs. Manner of caused motion.

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def English.Verbs.spray : Verb

"spray" — Levin 9.7 Spray/Load verbs. Locative alternation.

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def English.Verbs.load : Verb

"load" — Levin 9.7 Spray/Load verbs. Locative alternation.

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Removing (§ 10)

def English.Verbs.remove : Verb

"remove" — Levin 10.1 Remove verbs.

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def English.Verbs.clean : Verb

"clean" — Levin 10.3 Clear verbs. Incremental by surface area. Also a degree achievement: closed scale (maximally clean).

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def English.Verbs.steal : Verb

"steal" — Levin 10.5 Steal verbs.

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Sending and Carrying (§ 11)

def English.Verbs.send : Verb

"send" — Levin 11.1 Send verbs. Alternates DOC/PP. Goal does not entail possession (prospective). The PP may be implicit, a definite; the theme may not ([Bru21]).

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def English.Verbs.drive : Verb

"drive" — Levin 11.5 Drive verbs (vehicle-mediated motion).

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Change of Possession (§ 13)

def English.Verbs.donate : Verb

"donate" — Levin 13.2 Contribute verbs.

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def English.Verbs.obtain : Verb

"obtain" — Levin 13.5.2 Obtain verbs.

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def English.Verbs.trade : Verb

"trade" — Levin 13.6 Exchange verbs.

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Learn, Hold, Conceal (§ 14–16)

def English.Verbs.learn : Verb

"learn" — Levin 14 Learn verbs.

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def English.Verbs.hold : Verb

"hold" — Levin 15.1 Hold verbs. Stative.

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def English.Verbs.hide : Verb

"hide" — Levin 16 Conceal verbs.

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Throwing (§ 17)

def English.Verbs.throw : Verb

"throw" — Levin 17.1 Throw verbs. Ballistic motion. Alternates DOC/PP. Implicit DO in PP frame only (definite).

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Contact (§ 19–20)

def English.Verbs.poke : Verb

"poke" — Levin 19 Poke verbs. Punctual contact.

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def English.Verbs.touch : Verb

"touch" — Levin 20 Touch verbs. Surface contact.

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Cutting (§ 21)

def English.Verbs.cut : Verb

"cut" — Levin 21.1 Cut verbs. Incremental by length of cut. [MBB08] place cutting at the predictable end of their first dimension, a sharp instrument pressed into a firm but yielding object.

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def English.Verbs.chop : Verb

"chop" — Levin 21.2 Carve verbs.

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Combining and Separating (§ 22–23)

def English.Verbs.mix : Verb

"mix" — Levin 22.1 Mix verbs. Incremental by proportion combined.

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def English.Verbs.separate : Verb

"separate" — Levin 23.1 Separate verbs.

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Coloring and Image Creation (§ 24–25)

def English.Verbs.paint : Verb

"paint" — Levin 24 Color verbs. Incremental by surface area.

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def English.Verbs.draw : Verb

"draw" — Levin 25 Image Creation verbs. Incremental by extent.

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Creation and Transformation (§ 26)

def English.Verbs.create : Verb

"create" — Levin 26.4 Create verbs.

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def English.Verbs.weave : Verb

"weave" — Levin 26.1 Build verbs.

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def English.Verbs.grow : Verb

"grow" — Levin 26.2 Grow verbs. Incremental by size.

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def English.Verbs.perform : Verb

"perform" — Levin 26.7 Performance verbs.

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Predicative Complements (§ 29)

def English.Verbs.appoint : Verb

"appoint" — Levin 29.1 Appoint verbs.

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Perception (§ 30)

def English.Verbs.hear : Verb

"hear" — Levin 30.1 See verbs. Stative perception. Also embeds finite clauses (optionally factive per [DT22]).

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Judgment and Assessment (§ 33–34)

def English.Verbs.blame : Verb

"blame" — a judgment verb by sense, absent from Levin's §33 member lists and named only for the blame alternation (§2.10).

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def English.Verbs.evaluate : Verb

"evaluate" — Levin 34 Assessment verbs.

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Social Interaction (§ 36)

def English.Verbs.marry : Verb

"marry" — Levin 36 Social Interaction verbs.

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Animal Sounds (§ 38)

def English.Verbs.bark : Verb

"bark" — Levin 38 Animal Sound verbs.

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Body (§ 40–41)

def English.Verbs.breathe : Verb

"breathe" — Levin 40.1 Body Process verbs.

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def English.Verbs.laugh : Verb

"laugh" — Levin 40.2 Nonverbal Expression verbs.

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def English.Verbs.cough : Verb

"cough" — Levin 40.1 Body Process verbs. Semelfactive: single involuntary event, no result state ([Smi97] §2.4.3).

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def English.Verbs.hiccup : Verb

"hiccup" — Levin 40.1 Body Process verbs. Semelfactive: single involuntary body event ([Smi97] §2.4.3).

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def English.Verbs.blink : Verb

"blink" — a semelfactive, a single instantaneous eye movement by [Smi97]'s characterization of the class. Levin lists blink (eye) among the wink verbs (§40.3.1) and blink among the light-emission verbs (§43.1); this entry is the eye movement, a class the library does not name.

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def English.Verbs.knock : Verb

"knock" — Levin 18.1 Hit verbs (intransitive use). Semelfactive: single percussive contact event, [Smi97]'s standard example of the class.

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def English.Verbs.tap : Verb

"tap" — Levin 18.1 Hit verbs (intransitive use). Semelfactive: single light percussive contact event ([Smi97] §2.4.3).

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def English.Verbs.flash : Verb

"flash" — Levin 43.1 Light Emission verbs. Semelfactive: single instantaneous light event, by [Smi97]'s characterization of the class.

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def English.Verbs.flinch : Verb

"flinch" — Levin 40.5 Flinch verbs. Involuntary reaction.

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def English.Verbs.dress : Verb

"dress" — Levin 41.1 Dress verbs.

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Killing (§ 42)

def English.Verbs.drown : Verb

"drown" — Levin 42.2 Poison verbs. Manner-of-killing.

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Emission (§ 43)

def English.Verbs.glow : Verb

"glow" — Levin 43.1 Light Emission verbs.

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def English.Verbs.buzz : Verb

"buzz" — Levin 43.2 Sound Emission verbs.

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def English.Verbs.rumble : Verb

"rumble" — Levin 43.2 Sound Emission verbs.

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def English.Verbs.bleed : Verb

"bleed" — Levin 43.4 Substance Emission verbs.

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Existence, Appearance, Position (§ 47–50)

def English.Verbs.exist : Verb

"exist" — Levin 47.1 Exist verbs. Pure state.

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def English.Verbs.appear : Verb

"appear" — Levin 48.1 Appear verbs. Punctual emergence.

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def English.Verbs.fidget : Verb

"fidget" — Levin 49 Body-Internal Motion verbs.

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def English.Verbs.wiggle : Verb

"wiggle" — Levin 47.3 Modes of Being Involving Motion and 49 Body-Internal Motion verbs; transitive with a body part or small object ("wiggle a tooth").

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def English.Verbs.wriggle : Verb

"wriggle" — Levin 49 Body-Internal Motion verbs.

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def English.Verbs.sit : Verb

"sit" — Levin 50 Assume Position verbs. Stative.

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def English.Verbs.stand : Verb

"stand" — Levin 50 Assume Position verbs. Stative.

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Motion (§ 51)

def English.Verbs.walk : Verb

"walk" — Levin 51.3 Manner of Motion verbs.

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def English.Verbs.swim : Verb

"swim" — Levin 51.3 Manner of Motion verbs.

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def English.Verbs.fly : Verb

"fly" — Levin 51.4 Vehicle Motion verbs.

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def English.Verbs.roll : Verb

"roll" — Levin 51.3.1 Roll verbs (manner of motion).

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def English.Verbs.float : Verb

"float" — Levin 51.3.1 Roll verbs (manner of motion).

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Avoid, Linger, Rush (§ 52–53)

def English.Verbs.avoid : Verb

"avoid" — Levin 52 Avoid verbs. Stative.

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def English.Verbs.linger : Verb

"linger" — Levin 53.1 Linger verbs.

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def English.Verbs.rush : Verb

"rush" — Levin 53.2 Rush verbs.

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Weather (§ 57)

def English.Verbs.rain : Verb

"rain" — Levin 57 Weather verbs. Expletive subject.

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