English ditransitive verbs

These are the ditransitive verbs of Bruening's study of implicit arguments, from charge and pay to hand and lend. Their participants are the agent, the recipient and the theme, numbered 0, 1 and 2, and a diathesis with an implicit argument is one of the verb's frames with that argument left unexpressed (ArgumentFrame.leaveImplicit).

References

• [Bru21]

Verbs without the prepositional frame

def English.Verbs.charge : Verb

"charge" — either object may be implicit, the second as an indefinite and the first as a definite.

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def English.Verbs.cost : Verb

"cost" — either object may be implicit, the second as an indefinite and the first as a definite.

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def English.Verbs.fine : Verb

"fine" — the second object may be implicit, an indefinite; the first may not (They fined an astronomical amount).

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def English.Verbs.tip : Verb

"tip" — either object may be implicit, the second as an indefinite and the first as a definite.

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def English.Verbs.strike_ : Verb

"strike" — either object may be implicit, the second as an indefinite and the first as a definite.

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def English.Verbs.forgive : Verb

"forgive" — either object may be implicit, each a definite.

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def English.Verbs.spare : Verb

"spare" — the second object may be implicit, a definite; the first may not.

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def English.Verbs.deny : Verb

"deny" — the first object may be implicit, a definite; the second may not.

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def English.Verbs.permit : Verb

"permit" — the first object may be implicit, a definite; the second may not.

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def English.Verbs.begrudge : Verb

"begrudge" — neither object may be implicit.

Equations

• English.Verbs.begrudge = { valency := Verb.Valency.ofFrame ArgumentFrame.np_np, vendlerClass := some Aspect.VendlerClass.state, morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root "begrudge"] }

def English.Verbs.bet : Verb

"bet" — neither object may be implicit.

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Alternating verbs

def English.Verbs.pay : Verb

"pay" — the direct object may be implicit in the double object frame only, an indefinite; the first object may be implicit, a definite.

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def English.Verbs.assign : Verb

"assign" — the goal may be implicit, a definite, as a first object or as a PP; the theme may not.

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def English.Verbs.serve : Verb

"serve" — the direct object may be implicit in the double object frame only, an indefinite; the PP may be implicit, a definite.

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def English.Verbs.teach : Verb

"teach" — the direct object may be implicit in the double object frame only, and the PP may be implicit, each an indefinite.

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def English.Verbs.feed : Verb

"feed" — the direct object may be implicit in the double object frame only, an indefinite; the goal may not.

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def English.Verbs.show_ : Verb

"show" — the direct object may be implicit in the double object frame only, a definite (Show me); the goal may not.

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def English.Verbs.award : Verb

"award" — the PP may be implicit, a definite; the theme may not.

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def English.Verbs.forward_ : Verb

"forward" — the PP may be implicit, a definite; the theme may not.

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def English.Verbs.grant : Verb

"grant" — the PP may be implicit, a definite; the theme may not.

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def English.Verbs.offer : Verb

"offer" — the PP may be implicit, a definite; the theme may not.

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def English.Verbs.reserve : Verb

"reserve" — the PP may be implicit, a definite; the theme may not.

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def English.Verbs.pass : Verb

"pass" — the direct object may be implicit in the prepositional frame only, a definite (She wouldn't pass to me); the PP may be implicit, an indefinite. Its theme is participant 1 and its goal participant 2.

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def English.Verbs.hand : Verb

"hand" — Levin 11.1 Send verbs; neither argument may be implicit.

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def English.Verbs.mail : Verb

"mail" — transitive, ditransitive, or with a to-phrase (Paul mailed a letter).

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def English.Verbs.lend : Verb

"lend" — neither argument may be implicit.

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